初中英语句子成分讲解(精品).doc

初中英语句子成分一. 句子的成分：句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。主要成分：主语 和 谓语句子的成分次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语 等(一) 主语：主语是一个句子的主要成分，也是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，Subject 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。注意：在there be结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。例如：Tom is a good boy. (名词) We often speak English in class. (代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式)（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、Predicate “是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下：1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：I like apples. ( 动词 )He practices running every morning. （动词短语）2. 复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成；例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由（系动词+表语）构成。 We are having a quick breakfast.（三） 表语：表语用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主语“是什么”Predicative 或“怎么样”。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, remain, become, get. grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）之后。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。 如： My mother is a doctor. (名词) Is it yours? (代词) The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （现在分词） The door is closed. （过去分词） Three times seven is twenty one. （数词） His job is to teach English. （不定式） His hobby is playing football. （动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. (副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）（四） 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,和及物Object 动词一起说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式和宾语从句。如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. （数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me. （不定式） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词） I think (that) he is fit for this job. （宾语从句）宾语种类： 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please.间宾 直宾 直宾 间宾 有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语和常用来指物的直接宾语 可带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。“七 给” 一 “带” to不少, “ 买 ” 画 “ 制作” for来了。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括如下：1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring) 8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“ vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如：He lent some money to me. 类似动词的还有：get, mail, offer,pay, promise, read, sell, take, teach等2、“buy” (买) ；“draw” (画) ；“make” (制作) 三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成 “vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如：Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, leave, order等。3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后如：Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。把它给我4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask, teach, tell, owe, pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如：They elected him their monitor. 宾语 宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、Object Complement形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+ 宾语 + 宾补。例如： His father named him Dong Ming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. （副词） I ask him to go home now. (不定式) We saw her entering the room. （现在分词） He found the door locked. （过去分词） We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句)（六） 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、形容词、Attributive 代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等来充当。 Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词） China is a developing country. （现在分词） America is a developed country. （过去分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词） His maths is very good. （形容词性物主代词） I am the last person to leave the classroom. （不定式） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn German. （介词短语）（七）状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示行为发生的时间、Adverbial 地点、目的、方式、程度等。一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。如： Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组) He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式) He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语) Wait a minute. （名词） Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句） 状语种类：时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、伴随状语、比较状语等。如： How about meeting again at six? （时间状语） Last night he didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （条件状语从句） Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. （地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语） She came in with a book in her hand. （伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语从句） She