非谓语动词练.doc

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。非谓语动词的含义：即是动词的形式，但不是做谓语，而是在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语。1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.(具体)(2)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither.What I would suggest is to start work at once. 2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。To see is to believe. /To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing,wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people./His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。(3)分词作表语:现在分词/过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。凡表示主语“令人的”用-ing，凡是表示主语自己“感到的”用-ed。换句话说，interesting -interestedexciting -excited delighting -delighted disappointing disappointed encouragingencouraged pleasing-pleasedpuzzlingpuzzled satisfying -satisfiedsurprising -surprisedTravelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.The argument is very convincing. /They were very excited at the news.3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1）不定式做宾语：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help2)不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式Ask,get,prompt,allow/permit/advise/forbid,prefer,announce,force,press,inspire request/require,remind,beg,invite, order,warn,enable,need ,urge,encourage,wish(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语: 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)/forget doing忘记做过(此事已做过或已发生)2)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)/remember doing记得做过某事(已做) 3) regret to do对要做的事遗憾/regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 4)stop to do (停下去做另一件事)/stop doing（停止一直做的那件事）5)try to do努力、企图做某事、try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要、mean doing意味着7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)、go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)8) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念9) need, want, deserve，require +doing/to be done5.不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1)现在分词作状语时现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作它们之间的关系是主系。He went out shutting the door behind him.Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.2)过去分词作状语时,表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.(目的)2)分词作状语放在句首，表原因，时间或条件。动词不定式作状语，表目的，结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch. (原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before. (时间)Reading carefully，youll learn something new. (条件)His family was too poor to support him. (结果)We are glad to hear the news. (原因)二、分词作状语 1分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。2分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)/Be careful while / when crossing the street.(时间)Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened at it.(原因)Given a chance,I can surprise the world. (条件)The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)3独立成分作状语有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generally /Frankly speaking;Judging from/by;Considering考虑到To tell you the truth ,believe it or not注意:1，can not help but do,can not but do,cannot choose but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative to doWhen I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.2 2.不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门:下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make,let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。At that time, I found him crying in the street He was caught stealing. Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.T The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.3. 3.作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in./There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with. /Here is some paper for you to write on.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live (in). /We found a way to solve this problem (in).2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send是“你”去寄）Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？三、不定式的主动和被动1不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如：Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)2不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)I know what to do. (I do what.)3.不定式作表语形容词的关语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如：This book is difficult to understand.This kind of fish is nice to eat.4在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)四、不定式符号to 的保留问题：有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。如：1）I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.2）Are you on holiday ? No,but Id like to be.3I didnt tell him the news.我没有告诉他那个消息。 Oh,you ought to have. 1._in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut.A.To make high scores B.Making high scoresC.To make low goal D.Making low goal2.I found _ to answer all the questions within the time given.A.no possibilityB.there was impossibility C.impossibleD.it impossible3.The students expected there _ more reviewing classes before the final exams.A.is B.being C.have been D.to be 4.Youre going to England next year. You should now practise _ English as much as possible.A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about 5.If we dont start out now, we must risk _ the train.A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss 6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. A.to bring B.brining C.is brought D.brings 7.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair_. A. to sit B.for to sit on C.to sit on D.for sitting 8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort _ her?A.please B.pleased C.to please D.having pleased 9.Lots of empty boots were found under the old mans bed. He must have done nothing but_.A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk 10.The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president. A.to be set up B.being set upC.to have been set upD.having been set up1 11.I heard him _the doorA. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking1 12.He does nothing but_A.complainingBto complainingC.complainD.to complain 13.The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exam.A. is B. being C have been D. to be 14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.A.to be robbed B.robbedC.to have been robbedD.having been robbed 15.I appreciated _the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.Ahaving been given B.having beenC.to have been givenD.to have given16.There is no point _further.A.argueB.to argueC.arguing D.being arguing 17.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A.combinedB. having combined C. combineD. being combined 18.They stopped _, but now Im getting interested.A.listening B.to listen C. listen D. having listening19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted _A.to cheatB.to cheating C.cheating D.cheat 20.He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,_ insufficiently popular with all members. A. A.being consideredB.considering.C.to be consideredD.having considered21._of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South.A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed22._exceptions, the rule may stand.A.Allow forB.Allowing for C.To allowD.To allow for23.All flights_ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.A. were canceled B. had been canceledC. having canceled D. having been canceled2 24.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands _A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded2 25.Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _place in our ever-changing world.A.taking B.to take C.take D.taken2 26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _the last bus.A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught2 27.I have got a loaf of bread ; now Im looking for a knife_.A. to cut it with B.to cut with itC.with it to cut D.it to cut with2 28.The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was _large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. A.to provideB.providingChaving providingDprovide2 29.His victory in the final was no more _than I had expected.A. convincing B. convinced C.to convince D.being convincing330.I recommend you _ what he says.A.do B. doing C.to do D. to doing331.How about _ there?A. to go B. go C. going D.to going332.He is an _teacher. A.advancing B.advanced C being advancing