「定语从句在写作中的运用 教师[参考资料]」.doc

定语从句在写作中的运用 根据所掌握的定语从句的知识，熟练地使用定语从句也是高考英语写作的一项基本要求。定语从句属于较为复杂的语法结构，根据内容要点在短文中适当地运用定语从句有助于提高写作的得分。.合并句子 把下面各题中的句子合并为一个含有定语从句的主从复合句 1a. Seeing these changes, we cannot forget them. b. They gave us unselfish help when we were in trouble. Seeing these changes, we cannot forget those who gave us unselfish help when we were in trouble.2a. I feel greatly honored to host the contest. b. The contest is sponsored by the Students Union. I feel greatly honored to host the contest, which is sponsored by the Students Union.3a. They sent the elderly some fruits, cleaned the rooms and had a good chat with them. b. The elderly always feel lonely.They sent the elderly who always feel lonely some fruits, cleaned the rooms and had a good chat with them.4a. The library is not far from here. b. The writer often does some reading there.The library where the writer often does some reading is not far from here. 5a. Ive always longed for the days. b. I will be able to be independent then.Ive always longed for the days when I will be able to be independent. II. 改写句子“I see many running creatures. They are made of metal and glass. Their feet are round. They have four eyes. Two of the four eyes are red. Inside I see soft shapes. They can move.”I see many running creatures which / that are made of metal and glass. Their feet are round and they have four eyes, two of which are red. Inside I see soft shapes that can move.Our class is a big family ; It consists of 12 girls and 50 boys. Most of them are mainly from the countryside. Zhao Qiang is a kind-hearted boy. He is always ready to help others. He is such a good boy that we all like him.Our class is a big family which consists of 12 girls and 50 boys, most of whom are mainly from the countryside. Zhao Qiang is a kind-hearted boy, who is always ready to help others. He is a good boy whom we all like.III. .翻译句子 用定语从句翻译下列句子 1不努力学习的学生不会通过考试。_ The students who dont study hard will not pass the exam. 2她上周买的房子非常好看。_The house, which she bought last week, is very nice.3这就是他爸爸工作的地方。_This is the place where his father works.4你们已经取得了很大的进步，这使老师非常高兴。_You have made great progress, which makes your teacher very happy. 5众所周知，吸烟有害健康。_ As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to our health. 6北京是中国的首都，它是一座美丽的城市。_Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city. 7鲁迅的原名(real name)是周树人。他一生中写了很多小说。_Lu Xun, whose real name is Zhou Shuren, wrote many novels in his whole life. 8杰克来自加拿大，他在我们学校已经学习了三年。他不仅经常帮助我们学英语，而且中文也讲的很不错。_ Jack comes from Canada. He is a student of our school where he has studied for three years. Not only does he often help us learn English but he speaks Chinese fluently as well. 9.我们去年在医院一直照顾(take care of)的老太太死了.The old lady whom we had taken care of in the hospital last year died.10. 你想娶(marry)的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。The girl whom you want to marry stole my wallet yesterday.11. 孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。The book that Mt. Sun wrote is the best book in the world.12. 你喜欢的女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。The girl who you like is the girl who I like.13. 昨天被我家的狗咬（bite）的人今天又被你家狗咬了。The man who was bit by my dog yesterday was bit by your dog today again.14. 你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？Do you know the reason for which he is going to marry you?Do you know the reason why he is going to marry you?15. 我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。I hate the hotel where I lived.I hate the hotel in which I lived.16. 我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。I will never forget the autumn when I studied and lived with you.I will never forget the autumn in which I studied and lived with you.17. 他爱了20年的那个女孩昨天嫁人了。The girl whom he had been in love with for 20 years married someone yesterday. 18. 她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。She is the beautiful girl that I have ever seen.19. 有什么事我能帮你吗？Is there anything that I can do for you?20. 昨天死的那个老太太留下了100万。The old lady who died yesterday left one million.21. 那个医生告诉我他为我的朋友什么也做不了了。The doctor told me that there is nothing that he could do for my friend.22.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页.This is the page where you can find the answer.This is the page which you can find the answer on.23.正像老师昨天说的那样，他没有通过考试。As the teacher told me yesterday, he didnt pass the exam.24. 正像我们刚才讨论的那样，学习英语很容易。As we was discussing just now, its easy for us to study English.25. 正像我妈昨天告诉我的那样，我的女朋友根本不爱我。As my mother told me yesteray , my girlfriend didnt love me at all.26.正像你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。As you know, the money is very important.27. 我们现在学商务英语非常有用。We are studying the business English, which is very useful for us in the future.Business English that we are studying is very useful for us in the future .29. 你知道你们家狗要死的原因吗？Do you know the reason why your dog is going to die?30. 她就是那个到明年年底，会攒一万美元的那个女孩。She is the girl who will have made ten thousand dollars by the end of nest year.31. 你认识那个警察一直在找的小偷吗？Do you know the thief whom (who) the policeman has been looking for?32. 昨天他告诉我，是谁吃了我妈妈给我买的那个苹果。Yesterday, He told me who had eaten my apple which my mother bought for me.33. 你知道你们班长喜欢的那个女孩吗？Do you know the girl who (whom) your monitor likes?同位语（从句）在写作中的应用什么是同位语(画出下列句子中的同位语)1 Linda, a mother of a four-year-old boy ,is our English teacher.2 My sister ,Lucy ,26 years old ,graduated from Beijing University.3 Zhu Jiayi ,a girl of 18,my best friend, is studying in Huaqiao Senior High School.同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。1 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。our new teacher是Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。2 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 a friend of my brothers是Tom的同位语,指同一人。如何应用同位语优化句子：Mrs zhang是我们的数学老师。她40岁了。我们都喜欢她。Mrs zhang is our math teacher. She is 40 years old. We all like her.We all like our math teacher ,Mrs zhang , a women of 40.同位语手段在基础写作的应用此方法多用于介绍人物、事物或地点等。例1 介绍事物(2008广东)背景：射击最初(at first)只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。 1. Shooting is a means of survival at first. 2. It developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. Shooting, a means of survival at first, developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. 例2介绍人物(2009广东)时间: 上周末 对象: 眼科医生(eye-doctor)王教授主题: 我国中小学生近视(eye-sightedness)问题 1 Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang.2 Professor Wang is an eye-doctor.3 we concerned the issue of short-sightedness of the school children in China. Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang, an eye-doctor, concerning the issue of short-sightedness of the school children in China. 例3介绍地点姓名：李华身份：育才中学学生职位：学生会主席(the Student Union )校址：你们大学附近 1.Im Li Hua.2. I am a student of Yucai Middle School .3. I am the Chairman of the Student Union. 4.Yucai Middle School is close to your university Im Li Hua, Chairman of the Student Union of Yucai Middle School, which is close to your university.一、使用同位语翻译以下句子。1. Mrs zhang是我们的数学老师。她40岁了。我们都喜欢她。_2. 李明是很英俊的一个男生，他很爱睡觉。_3. 射击最初(at first)只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。_4. 李华，我们的班长，是一个非常诚实的一个学生。_5. 博罗，著名的渔米之乡，是我的家乡。（ home of fish and rice）_6. Lily是一个来自黄山的一个16岁的女孩，不仅喜欢古典音乐而且对摄影也感兴趣。_7. 姚明，中国篮球的标志(symbol)和骄傲， 1980年9月12日生于上海。_8. 周杰伦，中国台湾华语流行歌手，有“亚洲流行天王”之称. (Asian King of Pop )_二、把以下句子合成一个句子，必要时使用同位语、分词结构或者非限定性定语从句。1. Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang. Professor Wang is an eye-doctor. We concerned the issue of short-sightedness of the school children in China._2. Im Li Hua. I am a student of Yucai Middle School. I am the Chairman of the Student Union. 4.Yucai Middle School is close to your university._3. Zhong Nanshan was born in Guangzhou in 1941. Zhong Nanshan is one of the greatest doctors in China._4. Li Ming is a girl. She is 18 years old. She studies in Guanghua Middle school. She is my neighbour and my best friend._5. Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong Province. It is located in the middle of Guangdong Province. It is the culture and economy center of Guangdong Province._6. Zhang Hai is male. He is 23 years old. He graduated from Hunan University last year._7. Li Hua is a student. She is a girl. She is 16. Her dad is a teacher. Her mother is a teacher, too. She is our monitor. She is very strict with us. This makes us angry. We all like her. _8. Zhang Manyu is a Chinese. She is an actress. She is famous. She is from HongKong. She acted many films. HERO is one of the films._【实践演练】2009 年广东高考英语基础写作你是校报小记者，最近进行了一次采访。以下是这次采访的情况：时间: 上周末对象: 眼科医生（eye-doctor）王教授主题: 我国中小学生近视（short-sightedness）问题基本信息: （1）发生率: 略高于50（2）人数: 世界第一专家解读: （1）原因: 很复杂（2）治疗: 没有哪一种药物能治愈近视（3）建议: 不要过度用眼；多参加户外活动（4）特别提示: 如何握笔也和近视有关 写作内容根据以上情况写一篇采访报道，并包括如下内容：1.采访的时间、对象和主题；2.中小学生近视的发生率及人数；3.专家解读。写作要求只能使用5个句子表达全部内容。评分标准句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。高考英语语法填空题考点分析与解题技巧 语法填空题的设置是高考英语试题的一项创新，它将语法知识的考查置于一篇英语短文中，通过设置纯空格题填空和给词填空两种形式来表现，突出考查了学生通过语境运用语法知识的能力，更能客观、准确地考量学生的语法知识水平。此题虽然只有15分，占英语全卷分数的十分之一，但也是英语考卷的重要组成部分，不容忽视。要想此题有好的发挥，学好语法，注重运用必不可少，这是基础；了解考点，掌握解题技巧才是确保得分的关键。一、语法填空题命题原则及考点分析。（一）命题原则：1.短文题材：题材多样，或体现文化内涵、文化交往，或给人以启迪等。2.短文长度：约200词，一般不超过12句话，设10个空，句首不设空。3.短文难度：没有超出课标的生词，但有课标单词的派生词，此题考查考生在特定语境中语法的分析和运用能力。4.考点设置：只能填一个词的纯空格题：设6-7个小题；用所给的词填空题：设3-4小题。纯空格题通常考冠词、介词、代词和连词等词；给词填空通常考谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、此类转换等，答案可能是一个单词、两个单词或两个以上单词。5.常常会出现所填词位于句首，目的是考查该单词的第一个字母要大写。（二）考点分析：语法填空题主要考查的是语法和上下文的连贯性，而语法是重点。它主要考查的内容为高中英语大纲要求的基本语法知识、词汇、习语和较为简单的英语表达方式的掌握情况。具体考点和命题特点如下：1每一个空格的设置都必定涉及到某一条或某几条语法规则，不会单纯考查单词的拼写和词组的用法。【例1】In Greece women had little freedom.Wealthy women hardly left their houses,but they _(allow) to attend weddings and some festivals.【解析】 因allow 与 they 在逻辑上是动宾关系，要用被动语态，用 be allowed;由 had 和 left 可知 be 是过去式；主语是复数 they, be 的过去式应是 were, 答案就是 were allowed. 此题就涉及到动词的时态、语态和主谓一致三条语法规则。【例2】The _ why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.【解析】因为why引导的定语从句，前面的先行词一定是reason.此题看起来是考查填入适当的名词。但实际上是考查定语从句.2.考虑语境。既然采用短文形式来考查语法，其目的就是要利用短文以较强的语境特点来命题，否则，就不如用单句来考查语法了，考生要想填出正确答案，至少要理解整个句子的意思或各分句之间的逻辑关系，或者需要理解前后几个句子，甚至整个段落或篇章。【例3】Several changes have brought wild animals to the _.Foremost, air and water quality in many cities have improved as a result of the 1970s pollution control efforts.【解析】：在冠词the后必定是名词，再根据下句确定填cities。本题若只根据设空格本身，而不阅读并理解下文。是无法填出正确答案的。3.考点分散。基本上一个空格代表一个语法点，十个空格有可能涉及十个或十个以上的语法点。至少也得有7个语法点。因此，重复考查某项语法的可能性较小，填词相同的空格几乎没有可能。4.适当提示。涉及到动词的时态，语态、非谓语动词、词类转换等需要词形变换的空格，要紧扣上下文的信息提示。【例4】Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,_(reach) a record $57.65 a barrel on April 4. 【解析】reach及后面的内容是伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果。用现在分词作状语，故填reaching。【例5】It would be _(believe) that such an honest fellow should have betrayed his friends!【解析】因为在系动词be后作表语。要用believe的形容词形式believable，由句意“这样一个老实人竟会出卖朋友，真难以置信”可知，要加前缀变为反义词。故答案是unbelievable。5.考题一般涉及到的语法项目：1）动词与介词或副词搭配构成的固定动词短语；2）冠词的用法；3）连词的用法，包括从属连词和并列连词；4）派生词的用法。5）动词的适当形式（包括谓语动词的时态和语态以及非谓语动词的用法等）；6）情态动词的用法；7）定语从句。名词性从句、状语从句的引导词等。8）代词的用法：人称代词、指示代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词等。特别提醒：1）适当注意倒装句中的助动词和强调谓动词的助动词的用法；2）名词的数和所有格有可能在给词填空中考察；4）要填写的词位于句首要注意大写；5）考生需要具备句子结构分析的能力:首先，应熟练掌握简单句的五大基本句型；其次，要充分了解词类及语法功能；再次，要会分析并列句，主从复合句等；要懂得两个简单句间不用分号或句号，就必须用连词，否则句子结构不完整。二、语法填空题解题思路和做题技巧。通过对命题思路和考点的分析。考生对此题要“考什么”和“怎么考”有了明确的认识。接下来要弄清楚的是“如何做题”和确保考试得分的问题了。下面就谈一谈这方面的事。（一）解题思路。做语法填空题时，可以用一种由大及小的思路去（其根据是此题的特点-语境与语法相结合）思考答案。也就是说，可以从“篇章，句子，词汇”三个层面去思考。1.通读全文，了解大意，弄清文脉。考生不要读一句就填一个答案，首先要把括号有提示的空格视为已知条件，通读全文，了解文段内容及要点。2.结合语境，试填空格，先易后难。基本了解文章大意后，就可以动手填空了。分析句子结构与空格、边读边填，遇到一时想出来的答案，不要用太多时间停留在此题上，先跳过去，做后面的题，待填完其他空格后，再回过头来细细推敲此空的语义，填入最佳单词。具体体现为八条思路：思路1：根据语法知识填空。根据已学语法，分析空格及句意，填入正确答案。【例1】He must be _ (mental) disabled.【解析】disabled是形容词，修饰它的词应是副词，作状语，故填mentally.【例2】lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,_(send) supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.【解析】根据句意和句子结构可知were working 为谓语，空格表示伴随，因此答案为sending.思路2：根据逻辑关系填空。通读全文，把握作者的思路，联系上下文语义，分析归纳，填入符合词义、句意和上下文情景的正确答案。【例3】On Sunday morning in August I went to local music festival. I left it early because I had an appointment _ (late) in the day.【解析】根据上下文内容可知，作者“先去音乐节，随后早些离开因为要去赴约”，late要用其比较级later，表示赴约在后。思路3：根据语篇的标志填空。语篇是指比单个句子长的语言单位（句群、段落、篇章等）。语篇间往往有标明内在关系的词，我们称这些词为“语篇标志词”。如表示结构层次的有first，second，third，finally等；表示转折关系或变换话题的有 however，but,by the way等；“语篇标志词”对迅速理清文章脉络，弄清上下文关系很有帮助。【例4】Because when money is spent, we can earn it back. However, when time is _ , it it will never return. Therefore we should make _ use of our time to study hard so as to serve our country in the future.【解析】由表示转折的However 可知，第一个空格是表示时间的“失去”，应填gone/lost;由表示结果的Therefore可知，应充分利用时间，第二个空格应用full或good 来修饰名词use.思路4：根据固定词组填空。熟练掌握一些常见的词组，如：as a matter of fact, make up ones mind, take part in depend on/upon, by the way, keep in touch with, earn ones living,等，对解题有很大帮助。【例5】It is easy for him to make up _ mind and also easy to change it.【解析】表示“下决心”是固定词组make up ones mind, 因此答案是his.思路5：根据句型搭配，如so/suchthat;It is(for sb) to do sth; There is no doubt that; There is no sense in doing sth等来解题。【例6】_ is known to all that the time we can use is limited.【解析】是It isthat主语从句的句型，作形式主语要用it,故填 it.【例7】He feels it his duty _ (help) others.【解析】句中it 是形式宾语。要用to help (others)作真正宾语，故填to help.思路6：根据词汇知识填空。指根据某些词语在用法上的特殊搭配来解题。如下列各类动词必须牢记：只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词； 只能接to do 作宾语的动词; 接to do 作宾语补足语的动词；接to do 作宾语补足语的动词；接 done 作宾语补足语的动词；对句式搭配要求较为特别的词语等。【例8】The temple in bad condition needs _ (repair).【解析】need实义动词是“需要”的意思，其后如果表示主动，用to do,如果表示被动，就用v-ing 或 to be done,故答案为repairing 或to be repaired.思路7：根据生活常识填空。【例9】Do not put off what can be done today _ tomorrow.【解析】结合生活常识，不难理解句意为“不把今天能做的事情推迟到明天去做”，答案自然是表示“直到”的till/untill.思路8：根据文化背景填空。【例10】After the flood Mr Deng was as poor as a church _.【解析】这句话的意思是“水灾后邓先生一贫如洗了”。as poor as a church mouse 是谚语“一贫如洗”的意思。因此此处填mouse.3.验证复查，清除难点。将所有答案填入空格，并把整篇文章从头至尾读一遍，对所填写的内容进行检查修正，以最后确定答案。（二）解题技巧。所谓解题技巧指的是：遵循一般规律，分析具体情况，结合语境做出正确判断。1.纯空格题的解题技巧。首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词；然后，根据句子意思确定填什么词或根据两句间的逻辑关系，确定用什么样的关联词。具体有以下七种技巧：技巧1：缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词（代词考的更多）。【例1】i can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and _ gets there in almost a second.【解析】and 连接前后两个句子，and 后面的句子缺主语，应填名词或代词；结合前一个分句，不难推知，空格处应填it, 代替前句的message.技巧2：名词前若没有限定词（冠词，形容词性物主代词，不定代词等），很可能要填限定词。【例2】the head of the village was tying his horse to my car to pull it to_ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.【解析】因单数可数名词town 前还没有限定词，应填限定词，根据句意，天不定冠词a,表示“一个”。技巧3：句子不缺主语、表语，动动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词前面一定是填介词。【例3】who should have the honour of receiving me _ a guest in their house.【解析】完全符合技巧3的情况，填介词无疑，根据句意可知，此介词的意思是“作为”，用介词as.技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能填连词。【例4】these paintings by two world-famous artists,Pablo Picasso _ Candido Portinarni, which are worth millions of dollars.【解析】空格之后两个名词之间没有连词，再根据句意，这里需要并列连词and.技巧5：若两句之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填并列连词或从属连词。【例5】I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days _ I was to return to Guangzhou.【解析】空格前后是两个句子，它们之间要填连词，根据两句之间的逻辑关系，可知“参观”在“回广州”之前，故填before.技巧6:若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文的时态不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词（do,does,did等）。【例6】What is acceptable in one country _ be considered extremely rude in another.【解析】符合技巧6的情况，再根据句意及语气，填may(表示“可能”)。技巧7：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。这些特殊句式有：强调句式、倒装句、it用作形式主语或形式宾语、so/suchthat句型和morethan等。【例7】and _ was only after I he