2015年人教版八年级上册U1-3知识点和语法及习题.doc

八年级上册（短语和句型）UNIT 1 Where did you go on vacation?【应该掌握的句子】Where did you go on vacation? -I went to New York City, Did you go out with anyone? -No. No one was here. Everyone was on vacation.Did you buy anything special? -Yes, I bought something for my mother. - No, I bought nothing.Why didnt you buy anything for yourself? -I didnt really see anything I liked.How was the food? -Everything tasted really good!Did everyone have a good time? -Oh, yes. Everything was excellent.How did you like (feel about )it? What did you think of it? -Everything was really interesting.What do people usually do on vacation?【应掌握的词组】 1. stayed at home2. visited my grandfather3. went to summer camping 4. went to the mountains/the beach5. buy me a book =buy a book for me 6. take(took) photos 7. most of 8. shop=go shopping=do some shopping 9. Keep a diary 10. decided to do sth. 11. show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb. 12. get back=come back13. feel like 14. in the past 15. enjoy doing sth.16. Walk around 17. try to do sth.努力做某事Try doing sth.尝试做某事18. because of 【练习】I had a trip to Aruba on my vacation. We 1 the Holiday Hotel in Aruba at about 1:30 am. We were pretty glad 2 it was our first trip to Aruba. The flight (飞行) was fine and the bus ride from the 3 was great. We stayed at the Holiday Hotel. We saw the rooms one 4 one because we wanted to have a room to 5 the sea (海洋). I would say that the beach was 6 but the weather was awful every day. 7 the Holiday Hotel, it was okay with us. The room was clean, the waiters were friendly and the food was good. I 8 the food of the hotel restaurant. One night we had 9 at the Moomba Restaurant. It is on the third floor. The food there was really good. The Moomba was a good place to 10 . I hoped to go there again. ( ) 1. A. leftB. arrived atC. walkedD. thought of( ) 2. A. because B. whenC. beforeD. if( ) 3. A. hotelB. beachC. airport D. home( ) 4. A. toB. at C. withD. by( ) 5. A. seeB. visitC. talk aboutD. look for ( ) 6. A. badB. beautifulC. crowded D. delicious( ) 7. A. AboutB. OnC. To D. Of ( ) 8. A. hatedB. disliked C. madeD. liked ( ) 9. A. breakfastB. lunch C. supper D. meals ( ) 10. A. playB. eat C. walkD. cook 【语法加油站不定代词】不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义someanynonone/each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another复合不定代词不可数含义muchlittle,a littleall/复数含义manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. / They will go there some day. some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如： Have you got any questions to ask?any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(2)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school. / -Would you like this one or that one? Both.all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(3)every和each用法：every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard. / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do. (4)either和neither的用法：either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如：I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. / -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train.(5)other、the other和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如： Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking. / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one? / I want another four books.another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?/ I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another. Others与the others的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(6)many和much的用法：many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如：I dont have many friends here./ We can learn much with the help of him. many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground. / They havent got much work to do. / There are too many people in the room.(7)few、little、a few、a little的用法：few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：He is very poor and he has little money. / Dont worry. There is still a little time left. / In that polar region there live few people. / You can get a few sweets from him.(8)复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door. /Did you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday? /He has nothing much to do today. (9)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代which等。如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one? / I dont like the green ones. (10)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如： I dont think so. (11)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的区别：五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many；plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。如：A lot of people think that time is money. / I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time. / I have a number of letters to write today. / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping. (12)none、no one、nobody的区别：no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket. / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.( / None of my friends came to see me that day.练一练1. I have two pens . One is red , is blue . A. the other B. others C. other D. another 2. There wrong with my radio . A. are something B. are anything C. is anything D. is something 3. Im not busy . I havent to do . A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything 4. His parents are doctors . A. each B. all C. both D. no one 5. Of the three foreign friends , one is from London, two are from New York .A. other B. the other C. others D. the others 6. Mary wanted to have a word with Tom . She had to tell him . A. important something B. nothing important C. anything important D. something important 7. There wrong with the machine . A. arent something B. arent anything C. isnt something D. isnt anything 8. My parents and I are interested in music . A. both B. all C. neither D. no 9. Look at those students . Some are cleaning the window , are sweeping the floor . A. the other B. other C. others D. the others 10. You may keep the book for two weeks , but you mustnt lend it to . A. other B. others C. the others D. the others 11. If you need a rubber , Ill lend you . A. some B. one C. another D. the one 12. We have books to read . A. many B. much C. a lot D. any 13. Would you like some wine ? Yes . Just . A. little B. very littl C. a little D. little bit 14. is here today except Li Ping . A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Somebody D. Nobody 15. Is there in the library ? Yes, is in . A. somebody , anybody B. anybody , nobody C. anybody , somebody D. anybody , everybody 16. Now , is here . Lets begin our meeting . A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Anybody 17. has taken my pencil by mistake . I cant find it . A. Somebody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. everybody 18. Did they find in the garden ? No , they found there . A. anybody , nobody B. somebody , everybodyC. anybody , somebody D. everybody , anybody 19. She made mistakes in her exercises . A. any B. another C. no D. one20. There are fifty pupils in their class . of them are League members . A. Both B. Either C. All D. No one UNIT 2 How often do you exercise?【应该掌握的句子】 What do you (usually) do on weekends? -I sometimes go to the beach. How often do you eat vegetables? -Every day./Once a day. Most students do homework every day. How many hours do you sleep every night? -Nine. What you favorite exercise? -I like to play basketball. It is healthy for the mind and the body. The answers to our questions about watching TV were very interesting. A: How often do you eat/drink., XXX?B: I eat/drink every day .A: Do you like it ? B: No/. But my mother wants me to drink it. She says its good for my health/.【应掌握的词组】 1. go to the movies 11.look after = take care of2. surf the internet 12. healthy lifestyle 3. keep healthy=stay healthy 13. exercise=take(much)exercise=do sports 4. eating habits 14. take more exercise 5. the same as 15.be different from 6. once a month 16.twice a week 7. make a difference to 17.junk food垃圾食物 8. be good for / be bad for 18. Help sb. To do sth. 9. as for 至于 19.of course = certainly = sure当然 10. get good grades 20. hardly=not nearly / almost not几乎不【语法加油站频度副词】一、 频度副词的含义：频度副词表示动作发生的频率。常用的频度副词按照频率发生的高低分别是：always(总是)usually(通常)often（经常）sometimes（有时）seldom(很少)never（从不）二、频度副词的位置：一般位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。但sometimes比较灵活，可放在句首也可放在句中，还可以放在句尾；often可以放在句中,也可放在句尾,习惯上不放在句首。eg.：He usually gets up at7:00 in the morning.I am never late for school. I sometimes think that it is a great mistake. Sometimes I help my mother in the house. We have been there quite often. 三、频度副词与not连用时,表示部分否定；对频度副词进行提问时,要用how often。如: We go to the cinema sometimes.(对划线部分提问) How often do you go to the cinema?练一练1. -Does Alice often work until 2 a.m.?-No, she _ does.A. nearly B. certainly C. seldom D. always2. I didnt know you take a bus to school.-Oh, I _ take a bus, but it is snowing today.A. hardly B. never C. sometimes D. usually3. -Were you often late for school last term, Tom?-No, _. I got to school early every day.A. Always B. Usually C. Sometimes D. Never4. How often do you go to a concert?-_ ever. Im not interested in that at all.A. Usually B. Hardly C. Almost 5. -John sings so well. Has he ever been trained? -No. He learns all by himself. He _ goes to any training class. A. usually B. often C. never D. even 【小试牛刀】( )1. -_ do you have a sports meeting ? Once a year.A. How soon B. How long C. How often ( )2. Many children still like to eat junk food , _ it is not good for their health.A. because B. so C. although( )3. I like sports and _ play basketball.A. never B. hardly C. often( )4. Its good _ our health_ vegetables.A. for ; to eat B. to ;eat C. at ; eating( )5. I think eating more _ food can help you keep _. A. healthy ; health B. healthy ; healthy C. health ; healthy( )6. I always keep healthy _ exercise .A. with B. on C. through( )7. Do you know the _ of the exam ? -Yes , I got an A.A. time B. results C. place( )8. Mary has _ sister.A. a 8-year-old B. an 8-year-old C. an 8 years old( )9.The answers _ these questions were very _.A. of ; interesting B. to ; interested C. to ; interesting ( )10 . He was so excited at the news that she could _say a word.A. almost B. ever C. hardly 书面表达 (10分) 假如Helen是你最好的朋友，请你从以下几个方面向大家介绍她：1. 在学校学习努力，平时喜欢看英文书，有时上网冲浪；2. 身体健康，每周锻炼两三次，天天步行去学校；3. 饮食习惯很好，喜欢吃不同种类的蔬菜和水果，每周吃五次蔬菜。 要求：60词左右。_ Unit 3 Im more outgoing than my sister【应该掌握的句子】1. Sam has longer hair than Tom2. For me ,a good friend likes to do the same thing.3. I dont really care if my friends are the same as me or not.4. A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart.5. Who is smarter, your mother or your father?6. So its not easy for me to make friends.7. Everyone want to wine. But the most important thing is to learn something new and have fun.8. Thats why I reading books and study harder in class.【应掌握的词组】1. care about 关心，在意2. as long as 只要，既然3. be different from4. In fact 事实上5. Be similar to6. primary school7. talk about 讨论8. reach for【语法加油站形容词和副词的比较级和最高级】形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2、规则变化:(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.3、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：1、 原级（同级）比较：asas; not as(so)asWell give you as much help as we can.She isnt as(so)active in sports as before.2. 比较级：表示两者之间比 更可用状语much, a little, even等修饰： He made fewer mistakes than I did.He is even richer than I.3、 高级：形容词最高级前必须加the, 副词最高级前常省略the，后面多用of， in短语表示范围：It was the most/least interesting story I have ever listened.He is the tallest of the three.4、 如果在两者之间表示“最”时要在比较级前加the，而且还用of the two, of the pair短语：John is the clever of the two boys. Of the two boys, John is the clever.三、 重点与难点：1、 asas结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。Youre a boy as good as Tom.=Youre as good a boy as Tom.2、 (1)tooto与 sothat sb.cant的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：The man was too angry to be able to speak./The man was so angry that he wasnt able to speak.The milk was too hot to drink./The milk was so hot that we cant drink it.(2) tooto与 not enough to句型的转换：He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.The book is too difficult for me to read.=The book is not easy enough for me to read.3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义：约翰不象迈克那么苯。John is not so stupid as Mike.John is less stupid than Mike./John is cleverer than Mike.4、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。John is taller than any other boy in the class.John is the tallest boy in the class.John is taller than :any other boy.any of the other boy.any of the others.any one else.5、 the more. the more.表示“越越”:The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.The more food you eat, the fatter you are.6、 more and more.表示“越来越”:More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Mid-Autumn FestivalMid-Autumn Day练一练 一、选择( )1. Children, dont speak so . Your grandma is sleeping now.A. quietlyB. easily C. loudlyD. quickly ( )2. Where do we go on vacation this summer, Mary? I have no idea. Lets get some about traveling on the Internet. A. i