高中英语非谓语动词详解.doc

第二讲 非谓语动词教学重点1，非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别；2，非谓语动词的各种形式和应用；3，非谓语动词的考点解析。 一、非谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别1. 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。如： Miss Mary teaches us English . 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches是谓语动词。） Mr Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周末来到了我们教室和我们谈话。（to have a talk不定式作状语） 2. 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。如： Tom likes the pop music. 汤姆喜欢流行音乐。（动词用第三人称单数形式） Tom has nothing to do today. 汤姆今天没有什么事要做。（do用原形）2、 非谓语动词的各种形式和应用非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。其动能和形式如下：非谓语功能形式动名词具有名词功能，常在句中作主语，宾语主动式doing被动式being done完成式having done/having been done现在分词表主动和正在进行， 常在句中作定语， 状语，宾补一般式doing完成式having done 过去分词表被动和已完成，常在句中作定语，状语，补语一般式done进行式being done 完成式having been done动词不定式表将来具体某一次，常在句中作主语，定语，状语，补语，宾语等一般式to do/to be done进行式to be doing完成式to have done/to have been done成分形式主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词非谓语动词在句中所做的成分如下：三、考点解析非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。解答非谓语动词的题目时，一定要解析句子结构，确定所设空是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，以及非谓语动词在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补)；找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)；搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。 1 动名词和不定式作表语如果表语是不定式，主语也是不定式；表语是动名词，主语也是动名词。如：To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.动名词作主语的句型。如：It is no use/no good/useless doing sth.It is a waste of time doing(也可用It is a waste of time to do)动词不定式和动名词的复合结构：动词不定式的复合结构有两种：It is difficult/easy/possible/necessary/.for sb. to do sth.和It is kind/wise/foolish/considerate/.of sb. to do。动名词的复合结构是由名词所有格或“物主代词动名词”构成。在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。如：His coming made me happy.I cant imagine his/him living there alone.动名词被动式作主语(过去分词不可作主语)。如：Being exposed to the sunlight for a long time does harm to your skin.完成下列句子：Its foolish _(你相信他说的话)Its impossible _(他做这样的事)Do you mind _(我抽烟)?Its no use _(你和他争辩)_(go) abroad is an honour to me._(take) abroad is an honour to me._(devote) to his work made him succeed.【答案】of you to believe what he saidfor him to do such a thingmy/me smokingyour/you arguing with himGoingBeing takenBeing devoted动名词和不定式作宾语 下面的动词要求用不定式作宾语：attempt(企图)，afford(负担得起)，demand(要求)，long(渴望)，desire(渴望)，expect，hope，wish，want，swear(发誓)，volunteer(自愿)，offer(提供)，fail(未能)，plan，care(关心，喜欢)，happen(碰巧)，prepare(准备)，learn(学习)，choose(选择)，hesitate(犹豫)，claim(要求)，promise，undertake(承接)，appear(似乎)，seek(寻觅)，refuse(拒绝)，decide(决定)，determine(决定)，manage(设法)，pretend(假装)，agree(同意)，bother(烦恼)，intend(想要)，wait(等待)下面的动词只能用动名词作宾语：acknowledge(承认)，admit(承认)，deny(否认)，mention(说到，讲到)，tolerate/stand/bear(忍受)，dislike(不喜欢)，advocate(提倡，主张)，appreciate(感激，欣赏)，avoid(避免)，enjoy(享受)，envy(嫉妒)，delay(延迟)，postpone(延迟，延期)，escape(逃跑，逃避)，excuse/pardon/forgive(原谅)，fancy(幻想，爱好)，imagine(想象)，favour(造成，偏爱)，mind(介意)，miss(错过)，finish(完成)，resist(抵抗)，risk(冒险)，involve(包含)，practise(实践)，suggest/advise/recommend(建议)，prevent(阻止)，keep(保持)，quit/abandon(放弃，停止)，understand(理解)，include(包括)后接动名词作宾语的动词短语和句型有：have(no/much/some/.) difficulty/trouble/a hard time(in)，take pleasure in，spend time/money (in)，waste time(in)，be worth，be busy，feel like，be committed toto作为介词的短语有：look forward to，pay attention to，object tobe opposed to，be devoted to，stick to，come close to(差一点)，get down to(开始认真做)，get/be accustomed/used to(doing), lead tocontribute to(sb. doing/being done)allow，permit，forbid，advise，recommend的用法：allow/permit/forbid/advise/recommenddoingallow/permit/forbid/advise/recommendsb.to do如：I dont allow smoking in my room.I dont allow him to smoke in my room.用所给词的适当形式填空：We agreed _(meet) here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief _(catch)Janey pretended _(write) when her mother came in.I can hardly imagine Peter _(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.The doctor advised him _(stop) smoking.【答案】to meetbeing caughtto be writingsailingto stop 注意区别下列动词后接不定式和动名词 forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)remember to do sth.记得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth.记得做过某事(已做)stop to do停止(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或经常做的事go on to do继续(去做另外一件事情)go on doing继续(原先没有做完的事情)regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾(遗憾地要去做某事)regret doing sth.对过去做过的事或未做过的事感到后悔(后悔做过或未做过某事)try to do努力、企图做try doing试验、试一试某种办法mean to do(人)打算，有意要mean doing(物)意味着cant help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事用所给词的适当形式填空：Dont you remember _(see) the man before?I regret _(inform) you that the meeting has been cancelled.Lets try _(do) the work some other way.I didnt mean _(hurt) your feeling.Im so busy that I cant help _(clean) the house with you.After we finished our homework，we went on _(review) the new lesson.【答案】seeingto informdoingto hurt(to) cleanto review不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 不定式作表语，一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。过去分词作表语，表示“感到，觉得”，现在分词作表语，表示“令人”。此类词有：embarrass，excite，interest，delight，disappoint，encourage，inspire，please，puzzle，satisfy，surprise，worry，convince等。用所给词的适当形式填空：His wish is _(go) abroad.His hobby is_(collect) stamps.The most important thing is _(negotiate) with them about the future of the plant.What he should do is _(work) hard.He felt _(embarrass)【答案】to gocollectingto negotiateworkembarrassed分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别 下面的动词要求用不定式作宾补(动词宾语动词不定式)：ask(请，叫)，tell(告诉)，get(使，让)，prefer(喜欢，宁愿)，like(喜欢)，force(强迫)，press(迫使)，require(要求)，request(请求)，advise(劝告)，pray(请求)，remind(提醒)，beg(请求)，invite(吸引，邀请)，command(命令)，order(命令)，intend(想要，企图)，drive(驱赶)，train(训练)，cause(引起)，instruct(指示)，direct(指导)，warn(告诫)，enable(使能够)，need(需要)，urge(激励，力说)，inspire(鼓舞)，encourage(鼓励)，want(想要)，lead(引起，使得)，teach(教)，wish(希望)。感官动词，如：see，watch，observe，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel等。感官动词后可接不带to的不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。使役动词have，make的用法(注意have作为“有”的用法)：使役动词have可接不带to的不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语；make后接不带to的不定式、过去分词、名词、形容词作宾语补足语。catch，find，get，leave，keep，set，send后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。用所给词的适当形式填空：I often hear him _(sing) the song.I often hear the song_(sing)I heard him _(sing) the song when I passed by.I heard the song _(sing) when I passed by.Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything _(take) to your son?I wont have you _(talk) to him like that!I had him _(repair) my bike.I had my bike _(repair)You shouldnt have the light _(burn) all the night.His letter left me _(feel) pretty bad.He left the work_(unfinish)You can leave him _(finish) the work.What she said set me _(think)The push sent him _(fall) down.【答案】sing；sung；singing；being sungto be taken；talking；repair；repaired；burningfeeling；unfinished；to finish；thinking；falling分词和动词不定式作状语的区别 分词作状语，除表示伴随之外还表示时间、让步或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的，还表示结果、情感或心理状态原因。尤其注意表示特性的形容词(comfortable，difficult，easy等)后接的不定式要用主动形式表示被动意义。用所给词的适当形式填空：_(turn) to the right，you will find the hospital._(give) more time，I will finish the work._(wait) for a bus，I met a friend of mine.He was excited _(hear) the news.He did all he could _(help) people in need.The place he referred to is hard _(find)【答案】TurningGivenWaitingto hearto helpto find不定式和分词作定语的区别 不定式作定语，表示将来；现在分词作定语，表示正在发生或主动；过去分词作定语，表示过去或被动。此外，在warning，ability，failure，determination，wish，decision等词后面用不定式作定语；不定式作定语还可用来修饰序数词、最高级或no，all，any等限定语。用所给词的适当形式填空：The meeting_(hold) tomorrow is important.The meeting_(hold) now is important.The meeting _(hold) yesterday was important.【答案】to be heldbeing heldheld现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时，与它所补充说明的名词之间是主动关系；而过去分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时，与它所补充说明的名词之间是被动关系。用所给词的适当形式填空：_(see) from the top of the hill，the people on the street look like ants._(see) the scene，the people on the street let out a cry of joy.The room_(face) south is our classroom.The room _(paint) white is mine.When I returned，I found the door _(lock)When I returned，I found him _(watch) TV.【答案】Seen；Seeingfacing；paintedlocked；watching“疑问词不定式”结构 疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语。用所给词的适当形式填空：When_(start) has not been decided.【答案】to startonly to do，never to do，only doing only to do意为“结果却”；never to do意为“结果却再没有”；only doing意为“只是做”。用所给词的适当形式填空：He was busy writing a story，only_(stop) once in a while to smoke a cigarette.He hurried there，only _(tell) the train had left.He left home，never_(hear) from.【答案】stoppingto be toldto be heard一致性 不定式和分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致，否则只能用从句或独立主格结构。完成下列句子：_ the film(看电影的时候)，he cried._ the film(看电影的时候)，tears came down his face.【答案】When he saw/SeeingWhen he saw/He seeingwith复合结构 with后面的宾补可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词(表主动)、过去分词(表被动)、不定式(表将来)。with复合结构在句中作原因或伴随状语，还可以作定语。用所给词的适当形式填空：With a lot of homework _(finish)，I cant go with you.With a lot of homework _(finish)，I went home and had a rest.With a boy _(help) us，we found the place easily.【答案】to finishfinishedhelping独立主格结构 独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)现在分词(与前面构成主动关系)；名词(代词)过去分词(与前面构成被动关系)；名词(代词)不定式(表将来)；名词(代词)副词；名词(代词)形容词；名词(代词)介词短语；名词(代词)名词。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.The test finished, we began our holiday.There being no bus, we had to walk home.He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night.完成下列句子：Many people were missing，most of _ women.Many people were missing，most of _were women.Time _(permit)(If time permits)，we will go there.Time _(give)(If time is given)，I will finish it alone.【答案】them；whompermittinggiven评注性分词 评注性分词有：judging from/by(按照判断)，considering(就而言)，generally speaking(总的来说)，talking/speaking of(说起)。但是注意区别judge和consider作为及物动词时的用法。用所给词的适当形式填空：_(judge) from his accent，he is from Hunan._(judge) to be the best，he was honoured._(consider) his age，he has done well._(consider) as one of the biggest cities in the world，Shanghai is very popular now.【答案】Judging；JudgedConsidering；Considered被动形式表主动意义的几个动词 be seatedsit，be locatedlie，be dressed inwear，be leftremain，be devoted todevote oneself to。用所给词的适当形式填空：Do you know the girl_(seat) under the tree?There are many problems_(remain) to be solved.There are many problems _(leave) unsolved._(devote) to science，he will be remembered forever._(devote) all his life to science，he will be remembered forever.【答案】seatedremaining；leftDevoted；Devoting非谓语动词的完成式和否定式 当非谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，要用完成式。非谓语动词的否定式放在不定式、动名词或分词前。用括号里所给词的适当形式填空：_(see) his mother，the child smiled._(see) the film many times，I know it well._(show) around the lab，the visitors were taken to the library.His mother told him _(not leave) his work unfinished.He looked forward _(not cancel) the concert._(not receive) his answer，I decided to write to him again.【答案】SeeingHaving seenHaving been shown/Shownnot to leaveto not cancellingNot having received判断用并列谓语还是非谓语 有时要区分用谓语还是非谓语。现在分词作状语，表伴随动作和谓语动词的动作同时进行。并列谓语之间有and, 用在最后一个谓语前，构成A and B, 或A、B and C; 否则，要把其中一个变为非谓语。At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch.A. sittingB. having sat C. to sit D. satAs the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _， and asked myself what I was going to do.A. moved B. movingC. to move D. being moved【答案】DB判断表示原因、伴随、结果还是表目的 Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A. sending B. to sendC. having sent D. to have sentI explained the theory as clearly as possible, _ to make it easy _.A. to hope; to understandB. hoped; understoodC. hoping; to understandD. to hope; to be understood【答案】ACthere be 结构 therebe名词doing/done/to do；deny/appreciate/mind/imagine/admit介词there being；want/expect/hope/wish/like/hate/would like/prefer/mean/intendthere to be。there being是独立主格结构。There is no doing 意为“不可能，无法”。用所给词的适当形式填空：There is a great deal of evidence _(indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.The students expected there _(be) more reviewing classes before the final exams.Ann never dreams of there _(be)for her to be sent abroad very soon.There _(be) no money left, I cant buy the book.【答案】indicatingto bebeingbeing不定式to后的省略 一般保留动词不定式符号to，若to后有助动词have, be, have been, 则也要保留。The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not toIn my opinion, life in the twentyfirst century is much easier than _A. that used to beB. it is used toC. it was used toD. it used to beYou should have worked harder. I know I _A. ought to B. ought to haveC. should D. willHe wasnt helped yesterday. He ought to _ A. have B. beC. have been D. have done【答案】ADBC不定式to的省略 不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式时，to要省略；不定式作感官动词和使役动词的宾语补足语时，要省略to；由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to；注如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。如：Its easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语时，不定式可以不带to；“why not省略to的不定式(动词原形)”表示建议，意为“为什么不”；“why 省略to的不定式(动词原形)”表示不赞成；动词不定式作but, except的宾语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式时，要省略to；不定式构成的特殊句式：too 与ready, easy, willing, eager, anxious等形容词连用，此时不定式没有否定意义，too相当于very。如： I am too willing to help you.too在not, never, only, all, but后，不定式表示肯定含义。If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meetingC. meet D. to meetIts a long time since I saw my sister._ her this weekend?A. Why not visitB. Why not to visitC. Why not visitingD. Why dont visitThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not makeB. not to makeC. not makingD. do not make【答案】DAB连接词不定式 连接词和不定式连用相当于一个缩短了的从句。如：She must have time in which to grow calm.She has some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.She had no money _ a birthday present for her children.A. to buy withB. buyingC. boughtD. with which to buyIve worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expectingD. expects【答案】DB1. (2014江苏卷)The lecture _， a lively questionandanswer session followed. A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given2. (2014福建卷)_ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.A. Spending B. SpentC. Having spent D. To spend3. (2014湖南卷)_ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.A. Having freed B. FreedC. To free D. Freeing4. (2014浙江卷)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _ to guard her.A. to appointB. appointingC. appointedD. having appointed5. (2014天津卷)Clearly and thoughtfully _， the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.A. writingB. to writeC. writtenD. being written6. (2013江苏卷)Lionel Messi，_ the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A. set B. settingC. to set D. having set7. (2013安徽卷)_ in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.A. To foundB. FoundingC. FoundedD. Having founded8. (2013湖南卷)The sun began to rise in the sky，_ the mountain in golden light.A. bathed B. bathingC. to have bathed D. having bathed9. (2013全国新课标卷)They might just have a place _ on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try?A. leave B. leftC. leaving D. to leave10. (2012重庆卷)Were having a meeting in half an hour.The decision _ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.A. to be madeB. being madeC. madeD. having been made【答案】1. D2. C3. C4. C5. C6. D7. C8. B9. B10. A一、选择题1. _ on a clear day，far from the city crowds，the mountains gave him a sense of peace.A. While walkingB. WalkingC. He was walkingD. When he was walking2. _ with Lei Feng，we still have a long way to go.A. ComparingB. ComparedC. To compareD. Being compared3. Can I have the document right now?Of course. Wait a minute and Ill have my secretary _ it for you.A. to print B. printingC. printed D. print4. I really like this song as it is often heard _everywhere in China.A. singing B. sungC. having sung D. to sing5. The door _ tomorrow will get dry the day after tomorrow.A. paintedB. to be paintedC. being paintedD. to paint6. _ that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis，people are optimistic about the future of the country.A. ConvincingB. ConvincedC. To convinceD. Having convinced7. He could do nothing but _ what he h