语法讲义-从句.doc

语法讲义一.状语从句状语从句是英语句法中比较重要的环节，可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、方式、比较和让步等。1. 时间状语从句1) 由as, while引导时，表主句和从句动作同时发生，或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的过程中；2) 由after, when引导时，表示主句动作在从句动作之后；3) 由before, when引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前；4) 由whenever, every / each time引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生；eg: We can leave when you are ready. (你什么时候准备好，我们就可以动身了。动身这个动作是在这个人准备好了之后发生的。)5) 由as soon as引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可做连词用，引导定语从句，意思是as soon as。）； 6) 由just/ hardlywhen, no soonerthan引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之前。eg: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.2. 原因状语从句，由because, as, since或复合连接词now that，in that等引导。（注意：for是连词，虽然也可以表示因为，但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句，而非从句。） eg: Now that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. 3. 地点状语从句，由where, wherever引导。 eg Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded where other more well-informed experimenters failed. 4. 条件状语从句，由if, as (so) long as和unless引导。条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。当从句所表达的条件是有可能实现的、有可能是真实的条件时，用真实条件句；如果从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时，用虚拟条件句。真实条件句在使用中也有需要注意的事项：从句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。eg：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train.5. 目的状语从句，由so that, in order that, in case等引导。注意：这类从句中常常用情态动词may/ might, can/ could, should等，以保证语气通顺自然。I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment.6. 结果状语从句由so that, sothat, suchthat等引导。注意：sothat与suchthat的区别在于：前者的省略号处是形容词或副词，而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。“最终”的意思是，该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词，但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。7. 让步状语从句，由though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter how/ what/ who等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容。1) 使用though, although时，务必避免与but连用。2) even if, even though和as if, as though不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。eg: Ive already told you that Im going to buy it, however much it costs.8. 比较状语从句，由than, thethe, asas引导。eg: They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning. 9. 方式状语从句, 由in the same way, as等引导。eg: Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed.二.定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名次性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 一、 限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略。 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoe.g. Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.三.名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因这四种从句在句中均具有名词性特征，因此，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句是历年高考的热点，因此，在复习名词性从句时要特别注意以下几个方面： （一）引导词的判断与选择 名词性从句的引导词很多，归纳起来可分为以下三类： 功能例词从属连词只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成份that,whether,if连接代词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语who,whom,whose,which,what连接副词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语when,where,how,why 连词多、语义抽象、确定难度大是这类试题的难点之一。多数名词性从句的连词都有其特定含义，称为有意连词，例如：what 表“的内容”，when表“的时间”，where表“的地方”，why表“的原因”，how表“的方式”，who 表“谁、哪一个”，if /whether表“是否”。没有实在意义的连词叫无意连词，无意连词只有that一个。解题时应先分析名词性从句意义是否完整，确定使用有意连词还是无意连词，然后再根据从句所缺含义确定特定连词。 考例1 I think Father would like to know _ Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.（2004湖南） A. which B. why C. what D. how解析答案为C。根据从句中的谓语部分be up to（正在做）可知此处缺宾语，填上what意为：“正在做什么”。（二）从句中的语序 在名词性从句中，从句中一律使用陈述句语序。特别要注意由连接代词和连接副词引导的从句，且不可受特殊疑问句的影响而用了疑问句语序。例如：I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁。The question is when well complete the project. 问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much. 她来与不来没有多大关系。考例1Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _. （2000上海） A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is解析答案为D。see 后接who 引导的应是宾语从句，要用陈述句的语序。如果所谈到的那个人双方当事人都不清楚是男是女时，要用it来指。 考例2 He asked _ for the violin. （1992全国）A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 解析答案为D。以上五句都是考查宾语从句的语序。在宾语从句及其他所有从句中，均使用陈述语序。此外还要注意从句中时态与主句时态一致。（三）从句中的时态 在名词性从句中，要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致关系。1. 在宾语从句中，当主句是一般现在时、现在完成时、一般将来时等，宾语从句可以根据需要用各种时态。例如:Tom isnt lazy. Tom is doing well in his lessons.She will ask Mr. Wu to give Tom some work. Tom may fall behind the other students.考例As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him.（2005北京） A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come解析 答案为A。本题考查宾语从句中的时态和语序。本句意为：“他一回来，我会告诉他你将在什么时候来他”。考生常会误以为此题是状语从句，实际是宾语从句，时态应用将来时。 如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。例如： She missed us very much. She said that she was writing a letter. She would visit the Great Wall.考例1 Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didnt want her parents to know what she _. （2005上海） A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing解析答案为C。本题考查宾语从句中的动词时态。Susan不想让他父母知道她正在干什么，所以用进行时表示，根据全句来看应用过去进行时才符合主从一致原则。考例2 He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere.（2004湖北） A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen 解析答案为D。本题旨在考查宾语从句中的时态。题干中谓语用了一般过去时；wondering.为现在分词短语作伴随情况的状语，其中whether又引导宾语从句，从句谓语动词用过去完成时，表示这一动作发生在过去的过去。 如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理，其谓语动词则仍用一般现在时。例如：The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 老师说光比声传播得快。2. 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 也要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。关键要注意动作发生的先后关系。例如：Who will be sent abroad has not been decided. 派谁去国外，还没有决定。(主句是现在完成时, 从句是一般将来时) The earth of today is not what it was millions of years ago. 今天的地球不是几百年前的地球。(主句是一般现在时，从句是一般过去时)（四）从句中的虚拟语气 在某些宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气。1. 宾语从句中 在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”之类的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用 “should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。这样的动词有：一个“坚持”：insist；两个“命令”：order，command；三个“建议”：suggest，advise，propose；四个“要求”：ask，demand， request，require。例如：The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.The experiment has failed! I suggest you try again.He demanded that he (should) be sent to work there. 需特别注意的是：动词suggest表示“暗示、表明”，insist表示 “坚持说 (认为)”时, 其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词则要用相应的陈述语气。例如： On the dead boys face there was a half smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country. The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel. 在动词wish后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望；用“had + 过去分词”，表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾事情；用“should / would / might / could + 动词原形”表示与将来事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。例如：I wish I remembered her address now. 我希望我现在记得她的地址。I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望我昨天见到了你。She wishes she would try again. 她希望她能再试一次。考例 I wish I _ you yesterday. （1988全国） A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see解析 C。由 yesterday这一信息词可知。wish后的宾语从句中，用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 2. 主语从句中 在“It is / was + 形容词 (或过去分词) + 主语从句” 的句型中, 从句中的动词形式不论人称和数, 都可以用“should + 动词原形”结构，should可省略。本句型中常用的形容词有：necessary，important，strange，natural，essential等；常用的过去分词通常是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，例如suggested，ordered，demanded，required，requested，proposed，advised，decided等。例如：It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立即派他到那里去。It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已决定推迟举行会议。 3. 表语从句和同位语从句中 在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。这类名词有：idea，proposal，suggestion，order，plan，decision，advice，desire，requirement等。例如：My proposal is that the meeting (should) be put off. 我的建议是推迟举行会议。The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. 教授命令实验在五点半之前完成。Our plan is that we have a sports meet next week. 我们计划下周举办一个运动会。 （五）宾语从句的否定转移 在动词think, believe, expect, suppose, guess 等后带that宾语从句时，若从句是否定句，常将否定词 not转移到主句中。例如：I dont think (that) it will be very cold today. 我认为今天不会很冷。 注意：这类句子后若带有附加疑问句，应采用肯定形式来反问，反问部分主语应与从句主语一致。例如： I dont believe she knows it, does she?（六）几组易混连接词的区别 1. what与that 在名词性从句中，what 和that 都可作引导词，其区别在于：what 在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)， 因此，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“什么；所的事(物、话)，”相当于the thing that。 that 本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句和表语从句中的that 往往省略。例如：What you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事或许对别人有害处。What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 是什么引起这次事故完全是个谜。I think (that) you will like the stamps. 我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。My idea is (that) we should get more comrades to do the work. 我的想法是我们应当找更多的同志来做这项工作。考例1 _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.（1996全国） A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what解析 答案为A。what引导名词性从句，并在从句中充当宾语。而 that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分。考例2 _ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春招） A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because解析 B。what 引导主语从句，在主语从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用。 2. whether与if whether 和 if 都可以引导名词性从句，表示“是否”，一般情况下可以通用，但在下列情况下，用whether不用 if。例如： 介词后的宾语从句用 whether，不用if。例如： Everything depends on whether the situation will improve. 一切取决于形势是否好转。 在 whether or not 结构中，不可用 if 代替 whether。例如： I dont know whether or not hell come. 我不知道他