奥林匹克篇改.doc

奥林匹克篇奥林匹克精神- the Olympic spirit requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. 奥林匹克精神：相互了解，友谊，团结和公平竞争奥林匹克格言Citius, Altius, Fortius, Faster(Swifter), Higher, Stronger 芬兰Citius，Altius，Fortius，更快，更高，（更强）奥林匹克信条Olympic Creed“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well”在奥林匹克中最重要的事情不是取胜而是参与，正如生活中最重要的不是胜利，而是奋斗。重要的不是打客服，而是打的不错。网球的规则Draw 抽签The process by which matches are arranged and scheduled for a tournament. Generally, seeded players are given byes or scheduled before the draw, and names of the other entrants are then randomly selected to determine match-ups and order of play. Seed 种子Before a tournament, certain players are ranked, based on their ability and recent performances. The process is called “seeding”, the rankings are called “seeds”, and the top-ranked player is called “the top seed”. Matches are then arranged so that the top-seeded players will not meet until the later rounds of the tournament.Bye 轮空The right to advance to the next round of a tournament without playing a match. Top-seeded players are often given byes in the first round. Wild card 外卡A special “invitation” given to players ,regardless of ranking, to compete in a tournament. Often given to top players who have missed the entry deadline and young players who have demonstrated outstanding potential.Open tournament 公开赛In the early days of tennis, clubs held two types of tournament: “closed”, to which only club members were admitted, and “open”, which non-members could also enter. With the advent of professionalism, “open” came to mean a tournament that could be entered by amateurs and professional alike. Today, all major tournaments are open. PeriodTournamentLocationSurfaceJanuary Australian Open澳网MelbourneHard (Plexicushion)May-JuneFrench Open法网ParisClayJune-JulyWimbledon温布顿LondonGrassAugust-SeptemberUS Open美国New York CityHard (DecoTurf)网球四大满贯网球裁判有哪些一场正规的网球比赛中有12名裁判： 一名主裁判，一名副裁判，4名边裁，2个底线裁判，2个发球中线裁判，2个发球线裁判，另外还有六个球童。除主裁判以外，场上所有裁判和球童每小时换一次，确保他们得以休息，准确裁决。主裁判 Tennis referee副裁判 Tennis deputy referees边裁 Tennis linesman底线裁判 Bottom line tennis referee发球线裁判 Tennis half-way between the referee发球中线裁判 Tennis center line for the referee发球区中线 His tennis court Central Line球童 The tennis ball boy电子裁判 Tennis electronic referee排球的规则发球： serve 救球 dig 拦网 block 一传 pass 二传 set 扣球 spikeSetter the second passer whose job is to position a pass to the hitter.Libero a substitute defensive player especially adept at digging. Antenna 标志杆 Vertical poles attached to the outside edge of the net, that extend 80 centimeters above the net and delineate where the ball has to crass the net. The antemma is considered part of the net and is out of bounds. Attack line （three meters line） 进攻线A line 3 meters from, and parallel to, the net. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off on his jump from behind this line.排球比赛中每方六个队员，每个人都是有自己位置的，从1号位到6号位（以前没有自由人）。2到4号在前排，其余在后排。前排与后排以三米线来区分。进攻时位置在后排的队员不许在三米线上或前面起跳扣球，否则犯规。从三米线后起跳扣球就是后排进攻了。 Crossing space 过网区The zone above the net and between two antennae through which the ball must pass during a rally. Center line End lineSide lineFront zone Area abound the court (free zone ) 无障碍区 The free zone surrounds the court with a recommended minimum width of 3 meters.Service zone 发球区 The service zone is a 9 meters wide area behind each end line, it is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the sidelines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth , the service zone extends to the end of the free zone. 发球区宽9米，位置在端线后(不包括端线)。两条端线后各画一条长15厘米、垂直并距离端线20厘米的短线，两条短线之间的区域为发球区，短线宽度包括在发球区之内。发球区的深度延至无障碍区的终端。Ready position - The flexed, yet comfortable posture a player assumes before moving to the point of contact.Forearm Pass sometimes referred to as the “bump” or “dig”. Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. Introduced in the late 1940s as a desperation play, the forearm pass is now rated by many as the most important fundamentals in volleyball.Overhand pass- a pass with both hands open, and controlled by the fingers with the face below the ball. A ball-handling skill using both hands simultaneously to contact the ball above the head and direct it to the intended target.Spikealso hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team who intend to terminate the ball on the opponents floor or off the opponents blocker.Block - a defensive player by one or more front row players meant to intercept a spiked ball. The combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.Team starting line-up There must always be six players per team in play. The teams starting line-up, i.e. the players serving order, indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set. Attacker also hitter or spiker. A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her teams favor.Main attacker, ace spikerSecond spike, side player排球翻译There are normally three outside hitters on the court who function as the primary passers and are among the top defensive players. They hit the ball from the left or right side of the court, including the back row and are essential to an effective offence.The serve can be made from anywhere behind the end line, although players can land inside the court if jumping to serve.得一分：成功地让球接触到对方的场地或是对手失误或是对手受到处罚。赢得一局：先赢得25分并至少领先两分时赢得一局（决胜局，第五局除外）。如出现24平，比赛继续直到一方领先2分。赢得比赛：先赢得3局的队伍获得比赛胜利。如出现2平决胜的第五局采用15分制，也要至少领先两分。Scores a point:-by successfully grounding the ball on the opponents playing court;-when the opponent team commits a fault-when the opponent team receives a penaltyWin a set:A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the team which firt scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two point lead is achieved.Win a match:The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th)is played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points. 篮球：（slam) dunk：(强力)灌篮 bank shot：擦板球 double pump：拉杆式投篮fade-away shot：后仰式跳投 hook shot：钩射投篮 jump shot：跳投layup：带球上篮 perimeter shot：中距离投篮 set shot：立定投篮 three-point shot：三分球 assist：助功 block shot：阻攻，盖火锅儿 defensive rebound：防守篮板球 field goal percentage：投球命中率 field goal：投球命中 free throw percentage：罚球命中率 free throw：罚球 offensive rebound：进攻篮板球 rebound：篮板球 scoring：得分 steal：抄截/抢断three-point shot percentage：三分球命中率 turnover：失误 backboard：篮板 back court：后场 freethrow lane：罚球圈，禁区 freethrow line：罚球线 front court：前场 game clock：比赛用时钟 halftime：中场休息时间 hoop：篮框，篮圈 mid-court：中场 net：篮网 painted area：罚球圈，禁区 restricted area near the basket：禁区内篮框下的小圆圈区域 rim：篮框，篮圈 scoring table：记录台，记分台 shot clock：时限钟（进攻方在24秒内必须投篮，并且球必须触及篮框，否则即 违例) three-point line：三分（球）线 top of the circle：靠近禁区顶端之三分（球）线附近 wing：（左、右两边）底线区域 blocking foul：阻挡犯规 charging foul：（带球）撞人（犯规） defensive basket interference：防守方干扰投篮得分 delay of game：阻碍比赛之正常进行 disqualification：犯满离场，毕业 ejection：驱逐出场 expiration (of game, first half)：全场比赛first half：上半场 first (second, third, fourth) period：比赛的第一(第二，第三，第四)节 flagrant foul：恶性犯规 foul：犯规 foul trouble：快要犯满离场，领到一张准毕业证书 held ball：持球（双方均持球不放） illegal defense：防守违例 illegal offense：进攻违例（见isolation） isolation：四位进攻球员在一边，而由第五位球员单吃对方防守球员 jump ball：争球，跳球 out of bound：球出界线（千万不要说outside） overtime：加时赛，延长赛 referee：裁判 second half：下半场 shot clock violation：违反24秒内必须投篮(并且球必须触及篮框)时限之规定 substitute：换人(上场、下场) technical foul：技术犯规 three-second violation：（篮下）3秒钟之违例 throw in：发球入场 traveling：（带球）走步 walking：（带球）走步 动作篇 (throw a) baseball pass：（快攻时)长传 behind-the-back dribble：背后（换手）运球 cross-leg dribble：胯下运球 dribble：运球 driving to the hoop：带球上篮 four-point play：投进3分球后因被犯规再罚进一分 hacking：打手犯规 holding：拉手犯规 make the basket：投篮得分 make the hoop：投篮得分 nothing but the net/swish：空心球（入篮） shoot behind the arc：投三分球 score a basket：投篮得分 three-point play：投进2分球后因被犯规再罚进一分 球队球员篇 backcourt：后卫组（包括控球后卫及得分后卫） backup：后备（替换，支持）球员 bench：（指全体）后备（替换，支持）球员 center中锋（又称5号位置球员） coach：教练 frontline：锋线（包括大前锋，小前锋，中锋） MVP：最有价值球员 one-guard：控球后卫 point guard：控球后卫 power forward：大前锋（又称4号位置球员） rookie：第二年球员，菜鸟（球员） shooting guard：得分后卫 sixth man：第六人 small forward：小前锋（又称3号位置球员） starter：（指个人）先发球员 starting lineup：（指全体）先发球员 比赛篇 away game：客场比赛 home game：主场比赛 final：总决赛 first round：首轮比赛 guest team：客队 home team：主队 home court：主场 home court advantage：主场优势 losing streak：连败场数，连败纪录 post season：季后赛 赛事：NBA（National Basketball Association）世界篮球锦标赛：Basketball World CupNCAA：National Collegiate Athletic Association1. In a basketball game, teams constantly trade possession of the ball. At any given movement, the offense is the team that has the ball, and the defense is the team without the ball. For the offensive team, its success depends on its members playing together. On offense, only one player handles the ball at a time, but the other players are always moving and positioning themselves to try to create scoring opportunities, either for the ball handler for themselves. 翻译：在篮球比赛中，两支队伍不断地交换持球权。在任何一场比赛中，进攻方拥有持球权，而防守方没有持球权。对于进攻的一方，他们的胜利取决于队员们一起的表现。每次进攻时，只有一个运动员持球，其他队友通过不断移动自己的位置试着为持球者或者自己创造得分机会。2.Play bigBigger players can force their way closer to the basket, creating shorter shots for themselves and opening up space for the guards on the perimeter to hit jump shots. Playing big also gives a team an advantage in rebounding, the disadvantage of playing big is that smaller, quicker opponents may use their speed to play a fast-break game. 翻译：大块头的运动员。大块头的运动员们能强势往前冲使自己更靠近篮板，为他们自己创造更近的（篮下的）投篮得分机会，在禁区内为防守队员打开空间创造跳投得分的机会。大块头的队友也给自己队伍的篮板球带来很大的优势，但是他们的劣势在于对方小个子、速度快的队员会利用他们的速度打出快攻。 3. A teams three-point game certainly depends on having excellent shooter, but it also depends on players setting good, solid screens that get shooters open and on players using the w