高考英语阅读理解精品抓分训练（38）.doc

2014高考英语阅读理解抓分训练精品（38）及答案阅读理解-ato whom it may concern: on march 5, 2012 , i bought a perfect muffin kit(松饼粉 ) from your store at midfield shopping center. the cashier who assisted me was george. george was very friendly and told me that the perfect muffin kit would live up to the guarantee on the box: “perfect muffins every time!”. unfortunately, this product did not live up to what it promised . the muffins i made were far from perfect . i followed the directions in the package very carefully . first , i removed the bag of mix from the box. then , i poured it into a bowl. next, i added the correct amount of water to the mix and stirred it. according to the directions, after stirring the mixture , i added half a cup of dried prapes, nuts , berries, or another favorite ingredient(配料 ) . my favorite ingredient happens to be hot sauce (沙司 ). i find that a bit of hot sauce makes pizza and soup taste very delicious. so, continuing to follow the directions, i added half a cup of hot sauce to the mix and stirred it. finally, i poured the mix into muffin tins and baked it in the baker at 350 degrees for exactly 20 minutes.when the muffins finished baking, i was very excited to eat the “perfect muffins” as promised on the box. you can imagine my disappointment when, upon tasting the muffins, i discovered that they were not perfect. these muffins were , in fact , absolutely terrible. not even my dog was interested in eating these supposedly “perfect” muffins. i would appreciate a full refund(退款 ) of $3.99 for this product as soon as possible. enclosed are the receipt, the empty box, and one of the un-perfect muffins so that you can experience it for yourself . thank you for your attention to this matter.sincerely ,michelle bauer56. this letter is most likely addressed to _.a.george, the cashier who sold the muffin mixb. the owner of the muffin mix company c. the clerk at a local muffin bakery d. a local storeowner57. the tone(语气 ) of the author can best be described as _.a. disappointed b. hopeless c. embarrassed d. disgusted58. the author was unhappy with the product because_.a. the directions of the product contained a mistake b. it was too difficult to follow the directionsc. it was not up to the promise made on the boxd. it was worth less money than she paid for it59. the authors main purpose in writing this letter is to _.a. prevent others from making the same mistakeb. get back all the money paid from the shopc. persuade the company to change the wording on their boxd. complain about how bad the muffins tasted参考答案 56-59 dacb c42013福建卷 cthis is what a real silver dollar looks like if you trust in the yen, the euro, and the dollar stop reading. because this is a story about the silver coin everybody wants.you read the headlines. you know that troubled economic times have put global currency on a rollercoaster (过山车)ride. but millions have found a smarter way to build longterm value with highgrade collectable silver. and right now, those people are lining up to secure some of the last 2012 u. s. mint silver eagles, americas newest silver eagle dollars. today, you can graduate to the front of that line. buy now and you can own these brilliant uncirculated silver dollars for only $38.95!you cant afford to losewhy are we releasing (发行) this silver dollar for such a remarkable price? because we want to introduce you to what hundreds of thousands of smart collectors and satisfied customers have known since 1984new york mint is the place to find the worlds finest highgrade coins. thats why were offering you this brilliant uncirculated 2012 u. s. silver eagle for as little as $37.45 (plus s/h)timing is everythingour advice? keep this to yourself. because the more people who know about this offer, the worse it is for you. demand for silver eagles in 2011 broke records. experts predict that 2012 silver eagles may break them all over again. due to rapid changes in the price of silver, prices may be higher or lower and are subject to(受影响) change without notice. supplies are limited. call immediately to add these silver eagles to your holdings before its too late.offer limited to 40 per household 2012 american silver eagle coinyour cost14 coins $38.95 each s/h 59 coins $38.45 each s/h 1019 coins $37. 95 each s/h 2040 coins $37.45 each s/hnote: $10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchasefor fastest service, call tollfree 24 hours a dayffer code (代码) ase17704please mention this code when you call.new york mint 14101 southcross drive w，dept. ase17704 burnsville, minnesota 55337 www. newyorkmint. com64. what is stressed in the ad?a. the coin is of high quality and worth collecting.b. the coin can be circulated as a currency.c. limited supplies guarantee a stable price of the coin.d. demand for the coin is bound to break records.65if you buy six 2012 u. s. mint silver eagles by post, you should pay at least _a. $230.7 b. $233.7c. $240.7 d. $243.766the ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by _a. shopping online b. making a phone callc. lining up in front of the stores d. writing to the company【要点综述】 这是一篇关于推荐购买银币的广告。文章告诉读者经济困难时期各种货币都不保险，唯有银币最保值，鼓励人们购买银币。64a细节理解题。可用排除法结合本文目的(广告的目的就是吸引人们购买产品)推断正确答案为a。65c推理判断题。每块银币38.45元，六块共230.7元，再加上每宗买卖有10元邮寄费，总共240.7元。66b文中说到“for fastest service, call”，所以选择b 项。一、阅读理解考查的能力1理解事实、辨认细节的能力。2理解主旨大意、综合事实的能力。3理解字面意思、表层含义以及深层含义的能力。4猜测词义的能力。因此，我们要让学生学会判断题目所属的类型以及它们常见的形式，掌握每种类型的解题方法，理顺思路，这样才能有利于他们在训练中及时反馈，提高解题的针对性，真正提高解题的能力。二、阅读理解题的构成高考的阅读理解题一般由三部分构成：原文、题目和选项(一个正确项与三个非正确项)。阅读理解试题是通过一定的文章内容，针对高考对考生能力测试的要求设计题干和选项的，因此，考生只有弄清楚以上几者之间的相互关系才能真正解决问题。考生要通过题干的桥梁作用，从选项中找出与原文意义完全相符的一项。尤其是细节题，命题者比较喜欢采用同义、近义复述或重复的方法来设计阅读理解题的正确答案，即选项与原文的意思相同，只不过表达不一样罢了。可见，阅读理解的语言解码关键在于解读试卷中不同的语言表达。而像推理题等考查深层含义的试题主要考查考生的思维模式是否与作者写作时的思维相吻合。实际上，作者是按照一定的思维模式去写作的，而命题者则根据作者的写作语言特点和高考测试能力的要求来设置试题的题干和选项 考生要以原文语言为依据，尽可能利用文章中的有用信息，使自己的思路与作者写作时的思路相吻合。因此，要想做好阅读理解题，必须让学生学会合理地处理好题干、选项与原文的关系。若题于是细节题，不妨采取以下步骤：(1)确定题目关键词，也就是明确出题点。(2)查找文章对应处，寻找题目关键词的对应词(一般是同义词或近义词)，因为对应词周围就是前后测试点，找到对应词也就找到了解题的依据。(3)回到题目，逐一核对选项，挑出与出题点内容一致的选项，即答案。对于深层理解题，由于不能直接从文章中获得答案，因此第(2)个步骤应该改为跳读文章，从文章诸多的信息中梳理出最有用的信息。如果考生的思路与文章作者相一致，就很容易把握文章的主旨大意、结构脉络，作者的语气态度，人物的性格特征等等，顺利解题也就水到渠成了。三、正确选项与干扰选项之间的关系分析许多基础不错的学生在做阅读理解题时都有这样的感觉：文章并不难读得懂，也能找到解题的依据，但正确率并不高。究其原因，是因为有些阅读理解题，特别是高考阅读试题干扰项的编制水平非常高，命题者深知干扰项只有涉及语篇内容才能发现。干扰项往往与原文某几个词或语句形式、结构上很相似；有些干扰项似乎合情合理，从意义上一时难以区分，在视觉和思维的双重干扰下，由于考生对阅读理解的命题规律一无所知，往往会落人命题者设置的“陷阱”。因此，教师要指导学生分析、研究阅读理解题的选项，把握其命题和解题规律，理顺解题思路，这样才能提高解题的正确率。可以说，逐一核对选项、排除干扰项的过程是不可缺少的，常用的方法如下：1正与误看干扰项与文章的内容是否矛盾，有明显矛盾的可轻松排除，这时正确选项与干扰项之间为正与误的关系。还要特别注意以下几种常见的干扰项设置形式：f1)干扰项是以假乱真、无中生有类的错误。此类干扰项出现频率较高，也较易排除。命题者常用文章中出现的一些词或某个句子结构来伪造信息。(2)干扰项是张冠李戴、偷换概念的错误，即把文章里a的情况说成是b的情况。有时，命题者把文章中作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或问的是文章中他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。(3)干扰项是扩大或缩小范围的错误。也就是说，在选项里增加或减少其修饰成分，使得选项的意义过分扩大或缩小，从而产生偏差。2虚与实假如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，看上去似乎有一定的道理。这时干扰项与正确答案为虚与实的关系，就要看干扰项在原文中有无相关的信息支持点，有没有文字依据。有些看起来似乎合情合理但脱离原文的干扰项，充其量只是“似是而非”。3偏与正如干扰项与文章的内容相符，而且在文章中可找到依据，这时干扰项之所以不成立是因为客观存在在某种程度上偏离了题目的要求，它与最佳答案之间成了偏与正的关系。这种“以偏概全”类的错误在概括题与推理题中出现得特别多，难度也最大。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，由事物局部得出关于事物整体的结论，即通常所说的“以点代面”。常见的有：主与次的混淆以及绝对与相对的混淆等，其具体表现经常是合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位，即考生的思维未能与作者的思维相一致，造成理解偏差。排除干扰项是解题中颇为关键的环节。我们可以遵循这样的三级思考过程：(1)如干扰项明显与文章相矛盾的，可直接排除，这时只要我们认真、细致地把选项与原文对号入座，“以假乱真”类的错误就逃不出我们的法眼。(2)如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据的，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可排除。(3)如干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也可以找到相关的文字依据，但发现它未能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式作为出发点，未能充分体现它的严谨性和最大的合理性，这种即使不错、但不是最佳答案的“偏”的选项也可以排除。只要我们对选项经过“是否矛盾?”(误否?)“是否有依据?”(虚否?)“是否以偏概全?”(偏否?)的逐级思考过程来分析甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得到很大提高。正确利用“排除法”，排除了其中三项而剩下的一项无疑就是正确答案。总之，要想在高考阅读理解这个题型上取得好成绩，考生除了要花大力气提高自己的语言基本功，如熟识考纲中的词汇、词组及习语搭配，掌握必要的语法知识之外，还要多阅读、多做题，尽可能扩充自己的生活经验和文化背景知识。更重要的是，作为老师，应指导学生认真分析高考阅读理解的命题特点，让他们掌握一定的命题规律和解题思路，并由此养成良好的阅读、解题习惯。只有当学生具备了一定的批判性思考及分析的能力，他们的阅读和解题能力才能得到真正的提高，才能在高考阅读理解测试中立于不败之地。【考点定位】 2013考纲解读和近几年考点分布时事新闻类阅读材料在近年高考中屡屡涉及。这类材料往往语言地道，内容时新。 一、材料特点 阅读材料的组成有一个共同的特点，即都是由标题(headline)、导语(introduction)、背景(background)、主体(main body)和结尾(end)五部分构成。此类文章主题突出，文章的第一句话或第一自然段往往就是对整篇文章的高度概括，因此读懂首句或首段至关重要。下面分别叙述这五个部分在阅读理解中的作用。 探求结果到结尾。结尾往往是新闻事件的结果或动态展望，也是中心思想的概括并常常与新闻导语相呼应，命题者也乐于在此设题。广告类阅读题的五大特点 1. 材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。 2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。 3. 形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容(产品或服务等)买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。 4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有以下“三多”特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。 5. 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。 【考点pk】 名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。1.直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：a giant dam was built many years ago to control the colorado river in the u.s.this dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.this huge dam is in the black canyon.it is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.this dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.the elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.there is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from new york to san francisco.thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.this huge dam was called boulder dam when it was finished in 1936.later it was renamed hoover dam in honor of a president of the united states.hoover dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of arizona and nevada. q：hoover dam lies_ .a.between arizona and nevadab.in the black canyonc.between new york and san franciscod.both a and b【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是d项。2.间接事实题 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。“its really a hard job for me.i wont enter for such competition any more.anyhow，i am quite lucky.i am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since i won the title.this time，in shanghai，id love to make a deep impression on my tv audience，”said luo lin with a sweet smile.q：which of the following is not true?a.luo lin is a native of shanghai.b.luo lin moved to hongkong with her parents.c.luo lin won the title of miss asia in 1991.d.asia tv station helped luo lin to become miss asia.【解析】a、c和d项都可在原文找到答案，而b项原文所给的是：taken to hongkong可判断不是moved to hongkong with her parents，因此选b。 3、数据推算。if you register both the view qualification course and the forum at the same time,you will save_ .a.$100 b.$300 c.$350 d.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1.短文的标题（title,headline）；2.短文或段落的主题（subject）；3.中心思想(main idea)； 4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。 二、此类题的设问方式1.what would be the best title for the text?2.what does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.what is the passage mainly about?4.the main purpose of announcing the above events is_.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.we can infer from the passage that_.2.what can be inferred from the passage?3.which of the following can be inferred from the passage?4.it can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.5.the author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.the writer implies that_.7.it can be inferred that_. 8.it can be concluded from the passage that_.9.on the whole,we can conclude that_.10.from the text we can conclude that_.11.after reading the passage we may conclude that_.12.what conclusion can be drawn from the passage?13.the author is inclined to think that_.14.when the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.in the writers opinion,.近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如according to the passage.,it can be inferred from the passage that.；it can be concluded from the passage that.等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如it can be inferred from the passage that.；it can be concluded from the passage that.等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.the word “.”in line.means/can be replaced by.2.as used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.from the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.the word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。 2.同位法。如:they traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。we are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如:she is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.but the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.sometimes the weakness was permanent.so the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。c42013湖南卷 aplanning a visit to the uk? here we help with ways to cut your costs.avoid big eventsbig sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. a standard double room at the thistle brighton on the final friday of the brighton comedy festival (19 oct.) cost 169.15 at b. a week later, the same room cost 118.15.if you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoidor youre looking for a big event to pass your timecheck out sites such as w, which allow you to search for events in the uk by city, date and category.stay away from the stationif traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.dont be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at travelodges central euston hotel in london for saturday 22 september was 95.95. a room just a tube journey away at its covent garden hotel was 75.75. and at farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95. look after yourselfreally central hotels in cities such as london, edinburgh and cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. as an alternative consider checking into a selfcatering flat with its own kitchen. often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. a great example is the historic oneill flat on edinburghs royal mile, available for 420 for five days in late september, with room for four adults.get on a bikelondons “boris bikes” have attracted the most attention, bu