英语 - 长难句结构分析经典627句

长难句结构分析经典627句该文档包括以下内容：长难句结构分析最新经典100句精彩TOEFL句子结构100句1995-2002年考研长难句24句阅读难点关键句200句 GRE难句分析经典134句胡敏长难句69句*精彩TOEFL句子结构100句1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2. Of the millions who saw Haleys comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本 已 当作 用的 。5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.，最 都 用或 的 。6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.一 的人多，对，通和currency1的 “会大。7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure ones meaning.，fifl，有 的作难于， ”的。8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 现 的动， 们 用 的内 有 。9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.和 的 在于 是 的， 是 的。10. The knee is the jointswheresthe thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.是大和 的 flcurrency1。11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.是一 物，它在 于 有 的 和对的 性， 能够 色植物染料变红。12. Billie Holidays reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.Billie Holidays作一 爵士布鲁斯乐杰 歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲 情深度的能 。13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.论在本质 是对认识 的现实的一 抽象和符号的。14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.儿童在能说或能听懂语 之，很久会通过 情和靠发 噪声 与人 。15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas swheres once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.受当灌溉(技术施)之赐，农作物在原 只有仙人掌和荞科植物才能 的 旺盛的 长。16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.机械 器的发展促 人们寻“更精确的晷，以便校准机械 器。17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.人类学是一门科学，因人类学家采用一整套 有 的 法和技术 记录观测结果，这样记录下 的观测结果是供他人核查的。18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.真菌在 过程中十分重 ， 过程将学物质回馈于土壤，提高肥 ，分解动物粪便。19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.音叉 敲击 ， 几乎纯质的音调，音量经久 衰。20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南 但是在北至俄亥俄州及 州 能看见它们。21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.用 人的 法 解 通 称寻 羊。22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.一 国家的 物是 ，大体 于 作物在 和土壤 下 长 最 。23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.在大量的实 中， 一 发 的几 于它 发 的几 24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid.大多 物质 ， 以他们的 度在 高于 。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.大 记的机 人。26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.到 二十一世纪中currency1，美国家和“家在世fifl 内对术 重大。27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center. ，一 重 的和”中， 于新 州的东 。28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.Elizabeth Blackwell，美国一 ，建 一fi性 。29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.Alexander Graham Bell 家人，他更 人记他是子的 ， 的发 。30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.采 下的 树currency1 衰，因 人们 树与 在一 。31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. 看 是 的，但它 有一的 性， 能够 受 当的击。32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.科学家 ： 是 能 物的。33. Researchsintosthe dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.对 动 学的研 是 提高 测 少 ， 人伤 。34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.通 确 的钱 与 款的价值 同。35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.未 ，二十世纪早期的一 术思潮。拒绝一 传统， 通过 调机械和动 美 活。36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades swheres wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Everglades是美国境内最荒凉和人迹罕至的 之一， currency1有大量的野 动植物 大多受(法律) 护。37. Lucretia Motts influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.Lucretia Motts的巨大， 以一 权威 门认她美国权动的人。38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.国际场研 的活动fl 国内场研 广阔。39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowingsintosthe Atlantic Ocean from those flowingsintosthe Pacific.大陆分岭是指北美洛矶山脉 的一道想象线，该线 大 洋 域和 平洋 域分 。40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.对 球引 的研 ，在 寻 的负荷之下 壳和 幔会发 位移。41. The annual worth of Utahs manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.尤它州”的年 值大于和农的总和。42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.墙之 以叫墙，是因弱的枝干经 靠墙壁或顺石崖 长，以便有 依附。43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.社会学的 焦点是人与人之间的往， 是他们各 活中的 。44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williamsenthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.给美国的新移民增加教育施比 社会动都更多的激发 Elizabeth Williams的热情。45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to springsintosfull flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.典型的鹌鹑都长有短圆的翅膀，凭 他们 以在受惊 一跃 ，飞离它们的躲藏 。46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.根据人类学家的说法，fi立行走的人的鼻祖 轮廓与黑猩猩 似，额 倾，眉毛突 。47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.fi到1866年一 横跨大 洋的 缆才完全 功的架通。48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述 他认是由科学技术给社会带 的精神贫困。49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.父母的教导如果坚， 如一和性，孩子有 能充满。50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.北美远古的Hopewell人很 能 植 玉米和他农作物，但 和采集对他们的经 是至关重 的。51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.用多 多样的符号 以在一 大量的 。52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.这 描述的是一 论和 度，它们的 共同点在于 是有 的， 有 的。53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.恐 有 对大多 美国人的 活能 过 的 . 。54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.用精 的 ， 以 语 学科 多基本的 。55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.是由一 的 人 ， 大 以 到最早的 。56. Perfectly matched pearls, strungsintosa necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.currency1“的， 一 fi，能fl到比 多的价钱。57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.十世纪 ， 是 的”长，该 的 是 的 州和俄亥俄州。58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.在 子的百 中，有的全长 到一，有的能在二十 内长 。59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter. 的在 ，会研 ，记录的 的位，以便对各 能 现的情到有 。60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.在 有的经 作物中， 树 到的研 最少。61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.和 都 该 技术的新发展，原因很 ，因技术能够 已经 活动。62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter. 和由于 子 currency1机 以实现的 用 的增加 现 机的功能。63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.人类 有二百多 ， 石坚 对 性的， 称 带的结 在一 。64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.的色受到作母体 类及 活域的深度，度和 度的65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.学很多 的叫声 ，但人类 是能够依声音 的线 很快识 它们。66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land. 以离 活， 以在 短 离移动。67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.科学家 道恐 绝 ，但是一 论 是 ， 和平 的变” 的。68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences.目的在于和质的农学 用 他科学的 识。69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing.对农民是一 ，因它 层土壤的度， 子 致冻死。70. Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.文学作 中的雄本色虽各有千秋，但昭世功 是恒古 变的。71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and claysintospower and then adding water.的人们”颜料是将植物和泥土 原料磨 粉末，然 加。72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.黄菊通 令人 厌，它挤走 顽 的植物， 很多 虫。73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.大元千年，在千年当中，北半球的度比现在高。74. When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.当 . 最初” 寻“资支 ，农民和一职 能拥有 的想法 认是 笑的。75. Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years.北美秃 鹰的 量一度很多，但在十年中全北美的秃 鹰 量急剧下降。76. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.獭啃倒树木，以便 物获 ”窝的材料。77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.长卷毛狗 用作 鸭 叼回 物的 犬，但是美国Kennel Club 认它们 犬，因它们现在大多作宠物饲养。78. As a result of what is now known in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.物学和学的一 果是 科学家们能在 物学和学 获 重大发现。79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition.根据默默 闻的 说作秀片在美国由 已久，已经 传统。80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.因顾客认最 的果 该看 是最漂亮的， 以 植 提供能满足 剔眼光的 。81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is movingsintosa new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.视，这迅速变和 长标志的最普及和最有 的现技术，在步入一 新 ，一 极 熟和多样的 ，这将重我们的 活和世fi。82. Television is more than just an electronics； it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.视 是一 器；它是的手段和 的载体因 他人的有 。83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism-that is the rate for rearrest-is more than 60 percent.更人吃惊的 实是监禁的 目和比例在过去的二十年中翻 一番 有余，以及累犯 即 次拘押的比例百分之六十 。84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, swhereshe remained officially for exactly a generation andswhereshis students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.他的教 涯于麻省学院，但是William Rainey Harper 他吸引到 新 立的芝加哥大学。他在 式 职长整整一人的 间。他的高级作文课 的学 觉 他在课 古板 ，但私下 有同情和解。85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm.树獭即 讲 卫 ，以至于它粗糙的毛发 苔， 群的寄 蛾 长在它的皮毛深currency1，变 毛毛虫，以它的脏毛 。她的肌肉 能他哪 在很短的 离以内以每 一 的速度移动。它能的最敏捷的动作是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.人”卉即 用于科学目的， 用于 目的，它们 以用各 各样的材料 ，臂如蜡和玻璃；作如 精巧，几乎 以以 真。87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-richregions of the United States.在 州Angonne的一 的年研 果，科学家们 这 果 以 ” 美国 伤 累累的 千 场。88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.当有关 的说 和 作 于完 ，真 难的 有；即 ，吃 ， 伤 动和的建”这 的实际作。89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.由于 间 足，术 物 在考 和fl受 的术 是 重，有 情下 一步 藏的机会。90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years.美国 法 “总统是 于美国本土的民，十 以 ， 在美国 至少十年。91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.美国 的 毛之 的 ，对 多拥有 或野 类 的， 于currency1比“或新的通道的寻作乐 有 增长的吸引 。92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.石 会 fi， 以以的(石器) 能 下 ，虽然它们的” 已经 的 fl93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world； they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.虫将会 我们 法在这 世fi ；如果我们 有受到以 虫 的动物的 护， 虫会我们有的 死我们饲养的。94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.确实，他们在 中 到 极 威”性的困难和 ，他们的 会一 现山 想一想都会 。过他们 是 去“刺激的。95. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is swheresthe rub is.人和年人之间只有一 ：年人的 有的未 ， 年人fi的未 已在它们 。这 是困难之 在。96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.我们位年 人。它们带有由的 ，他们 会 的野和 受以“。他们 是焦 的currency1的人，他们 会对物质性的东 难难分。97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.每次我听说体育动能够在国家间建立 情，说世fi各 的普通人只 能在足球场或板球场 会有 在 场 的 ，我都 。98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around.有 能 乐或 动：一 有 ，一 觉 和 体会有 体 ， 最野 的 本能会 激发 。99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles-or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.人们已经发现， 发 叫声靠fl受回 和 物或 到它们 以 的 虫。 这 回位法 和原与之很 似的雷 比。100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure. 片” 间和 用降 到 几 和几百美元，程 们 能很快 以 他们的想象 会 的。精彩TOEFL句子结构100句是 敏 百套真 中提 。我当 到这一 是在1998年4，一 北 的同学给我寄去的，远离北 ，在南 拒绝 ， 以北 的一 新东 ，当我很激动，我 很重视，我将100句 的fi熟， 通， 的语法结构 是我的 。现在新东 的 教材 增加新内容，但我 坚 精彩TOEFL句子结构100句，绝对精彩。*长难句结构分析最新经典100句1. The American economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.考 文美国的经 是以基本的私有 和场导经 架构的，在这 经 中， 很大程度 通过在场 他们最想 的 和 该 ” 。2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.考 文因 ，在美国的经 体 中， 体 的 “与 人 最大 润的欲望和 人想最大 入效用的欲望 结，一 该 ”，以及资如 用 ”它们。3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.考 文另一 ，如果大量” 导致 本下降， 这有 能增加fl 和” 能提供的供给，这 会反过 降 价格允 更多的 。4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.考 文在美国经 中，私有财 的 包对 资的 有权， 指他一 的权 ，如确一 价格和与另一 私人 体(经 位)由签同的权 。5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.考 文同 这 算机记录下哪 间是最忙的，哪 作效 最高，这样能 人人排。 它们(算机) 能促 活动 到 拥有 权的顾客。6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.考 文 的他 ，剧院到杂志 版 ，用燃 施到牛奶currency1厂，都通过算机的 用给 带 更 、更有效 的 。7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.考 文残疾儿童在 多关键 都与同龄人 同。 这 孩子发展全 的 人 的潜能， 他们的教育 适 这 同。8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.考 文在过去的30年中，共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注 我们社会中的一 中 的情绪，是 有的民， 情有多 殊，都 有充分发展能 的机会。9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.考 文它(广)能够fifl 物以比的价格 迅速分 去，因 以( 司)建立一 坚 的国内场，同 以 有竞争 的价格提供 变 能。10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.考 文去议会有27 法案 fl广的 ， 有 一 式的广 敢于 一 能兑现在广中的 。11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.考 文如果 只 局限于 一一广 ，如果这 是完全 能到的， 是 难的，因即便是一 诸如衬衫的颜色的 择这样的节都会 有 的说 ， 广会如 以至于有人会关注它。12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.考 文 到 升迁的人们， 绩 步的学 ，学会 一门新语 的外国人一一这 都是 有 衡量的结果宋显示努 的人们的例证。13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.考 文 家庭离他们原 稳的社，离他们多年的 和扩展的家庭关 ， 式的 动，之去的是对在 能获 靠和值 的 的。14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.考 文现在每 人能够 到的 比 的人都多， 到与他她的 关的一点 的 复杂、耗 ，有 甚至令人难以招架。15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.考 文通过远程会议，专家 识 以在全世fifl 内 分 ，争论的 能够 到解 ，同 关人 离他们的家庭或作跑到一 遥远的会 点。16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.考 文现在这 孩子们和同学或 间竞争的热情导致 一 双层结构，在这 结构 于竞争的A类 像在 比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your wares and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.考 文在跟 谈 的 ， 能 的雇 的人一fi在衡量 的教育、经 和他资格是 是值 他雇用 ， 的 和能 一 以一 有 紊 情的 currency1关 的 式 展示 。18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.考 文国广播司将作一 共基支 的广播 在下 ，至少目会这样，但是它的角色、它的 和它的节目现在在国 全国 下的讨论 。 19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.考 文这场辩论是由 发动的， 请 一 对国广播司有见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一 说说这 司 在哪 或坏在哪 ，甚至 说说他们是否认这 司值 下 。20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 考 文这 变通过引入 多的专因素适 这 新 的技术 “， 它(这 变) 止 效 的降 。这 效 的降 在精 充沛的 之 的二和人(领导司)的 ，经 会毁 家族司的财。21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.考 文这样巨大 人的对资和 的操极大 增加 股东的 量和他们作一 阶级的重 性，这是国家 活中 负责 的财的一 因素，这 财 但远离 土 和土 拥有 的责 ， 几乎同样与司的负责 的 毫 关 。22. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.考 文像伯恩茅斯和 斯 本这样的城镇的涌现是 给 量很多的舒适阶级提供 场 。这人依 于厚 入 作，他们 分红和偶尔加一下股东大会， 层授一下己的命令之外，跟社会的他阶层毫 葛。23. The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. 考 文这样的股东对他拥有股份的司 雇用的人们的 活、思想和 “一 ， 他们对劳资双 的关 都 会 积极的。24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.考 文司的钱雇 的经与人及 “的关 更加fifl，但是 他对人们 有 熟识的私人之间的 解。在现在在 的古 家族司的 更加家长式的度下的雇 们 对他们的人有这样的私人关 。25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors； and above all the American genius for nonverbal, spatial thinking about things technological. 考 文在 多 因素当中，我将 这 ：这 国家秀的 学教育：迎新技术的劳动 们：奖励发 的法； 最重 的是美国人在对 技术性 物的 语的、 间性的思考 的 赋。26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.The designer and the inventor., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.考 文如尤弗格森 指 的样：一 技术专家思考 能 能 清楚的语 描述的东。这 东 在他的思维中是通过一 视觉的、 语 述的过程宋currency1的 和发 能够在他们的中 “操作 在的 。27. Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.考 文罗伯 法欧 经这样到：一 技 会在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子 当中，像一 诗人沉浸在 母的 母中， 这 母看 己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每 新的次 排都传- 新的思想。28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.考 文在最 中，他 下手套，将神”论 一 。他描述 他们的活动和 术， ，对于 对神”论 的 式 ；熟 的人 说，神”论 的 和 曲 实的程度 能会令这 人有一 快的 。29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.考 文在这本杰 的 的外 ， 杰 古尔 道：这本 本性。它确实是这样的- 如果性 神”论 论之间的辩论中的一 标准的 ，一 都 。 30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.考 文 经过 六 的争论以及最 16 激的议会辩论， 大 北 世fi 一 允 止 望死去的绝 人 命的立法当局。31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.考 文一 机构 于 一 ，但是他一 机构，包括教 ， 导 命之权的 体和 大 学会， 击这 法案，指责法案的通过过于 忙。但是大 已， 。32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.考 文在 大 -人 龄， 长寿命的技术和变看的社会 度，这 因素都在发挥作用一一他的州 会考 似的关于 乐死的法律。33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.考 文当然，例外是 在的。在美国， 的，粗鲁的传 ，和 有的 司机 少见。然人们 这样的观见，这 它值 讨论一下。34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.考 文我们 活在一 (currency1 )的学用和社会用都很广“的社会 ：一片用 止 的斯，一 用 社的fifl ，早 己提提神 的，一支用 神的 。35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.考 文对 的依 性 现 增长的量， 想 到的效果 的 量 大，然 现当止用 ，令人 快的 的 现。36. Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?考 文 星期议罗 多尔质 ”司的高级 人们：难道这是 们 望能够 的? 们已经 fl 己的，但是难道 们 我们的国家，威”我们的孩子们?37. The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.考 文对 一 民 社会的考 ，他在 尔杂志 的一 专文 中到， 在于它能够多有效 各 见的，在于这 社会是否能给予思考和的 能广“的由， 有 这 结果是多 的有争议或令人 快38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.考 文在- 的股东大会 关于歌 的讨论中，文称说：音乐 是社会 的原因，他甚至 以他的儿子例。他的儿子是州布斯的一 教 ，用说音乐与学 们 行通。39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing of a touch on the brakes ， makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.考 文有很多用于描述 的 ，例如 以操经 陆， 听 像是一门精确的科学。 有 比这更远离实际情的 。40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.考 文经 学家们对国和美国的有 的通 据尤 到惊，因传统的量 法显示国的经 ， 是美国的经 ，几乎 有 的 。41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.考 文很 ，这最令人 惊的解 有一点 。一 经 学家认世fi经 结构的 有 的变已经结 以经 增长和通的关 基 的 的经 式。42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.考 文例如，斯旺大 罗河 “ ，但是它 去 及以 有的 下的肥 泥-这 宋的是这 疾 的 ，现在这 积满 泥，几乎 能发 。43. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,考 文 重 的新 法- 有 重新、 的法-只是对一 经 的整体 一 的 。这 经 受 多他因素的 动，比如结 和机械 的资、新技术，以及在教育和 的资。44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.考 文他的同 尔比尔说，有 多的司已经用一 机械的 式实行司内 的重新，在 有充分考 长期 的能 下 本。45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as The Flight from Science and Reason , held in New York City in 1995, and Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.考 文科学卫士们在会议 述 他们的关注，比如1995年在行的 离科学与性会议，以及去年6 在布法罗附的( ) 的科学会议。46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.考 文一关于1996年新闻 道的调查显示，反科学的标签 以 在 多他 体 ，提 最 的 currency1的权威机构，到 基 研 经 的共和 人(都 反科学的标签)。47. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.考 文 境研 的 、斯 大学的 罗尔 认，科学真的 人是 对支 全球变、 层 耗以及发展的他 果的证据提 的人。48. This development-and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.考 文这 发展-以及对美国 、经 在未 几年的潜在的 有 的一一 南 在全国人普查中有以 次 美国人最 集的 。49. Often they choose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.考 文他们 择-现在依然这样 择- 在 的 ， 比如俄 、 荷， 有 斯加，的是雾、犯 ，以及州(加 )城 程中的他 。50. As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.考 文结果，加 的人增长 在20世纪70年 下降到 18.5一稍高于60年增长 的分之二，大大 于 他各州。51. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface； on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.考 文跟世fi 的大多 火山 同的是，它们(热点) 总是在由构 球 巨大漂 板 之间的边fi 现； 反，它们中有 多位于一 板 深的内 。52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior.考 文携带这 大陆板 的 对动已经能够 详 述 ，但是这 板 对于另一 板 的动 能 解 它们 对于 球内 的动。53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks)； in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.考 文 警 是适当 的-比如对于物 currency1作用的 提 警- 多警 是按州或邦 “给 的，然(我们) 清楚，如果顾客受到伤 ，这 警是 是确实 以 和 豁 责 。55. At the same time, the American Law Institute-a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.考 文与 同 ，美国法律研 -由一群法、律 和论专家 ，他们的建议分量极重-发布 新的民 伤 法令指导 针，称司 提醒顾客注显 见的 ， 篇累牍 一 提请他们注一 能会 现的 。56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.考 文但是，在过去的一年间， 司已经发 ， 司 以fifl将 给顾客，fifl 讯 传递给目标顾客。57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.考 文像Virtual Vineyards，Amazoncom这样的 网站，一 将currency1性、热情 和 全性结以 同类 的网址是 以吸引网 客户注的。58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.考 文有 人 学 的景教 辩，有 人教育的彻底 革中更广“的由教 辩，这群人之间有一 的fi线。59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.考 文我们更 该 有的是作美国民的 观 ，这 民人物如果 能很恰当 认识到己的 和 是如 受到之外的 物的， 民 征是 完整的。60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.考 文另外，在我们这 一 大国 ，经 展到这 多的州、涉及到这 多的国际司，因 按照量 养 的各类专人是 大 能的61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.考 文但是，对一 分学 说，职教育 是 的 径。因在他因素 同的情下，技能的娴熟是 到作与否的关键。62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.考 文他布己反对 用这 同寻 的畜牧繁殖技术 隆人类，下令 准 邦 基用于 类 - 有人建议这 -他 请一 以普斯 大学校长哈罗 夏皮罗 的立的专家 在90 内宫 关于有关隆人的国家 的建议。63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.考 文在5 17的会议 讨论的这份建议 的 草案中，夏皮罗提 ，专家 已经 广“共识，是 通过 人核隆 ”人类幼儿的法在道 是 fl受的。64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.考 文因现的 邦法律已经禁止 用 邦基隆胚胎(人类 裔在 的最早阶段)用于研 或有 威”胚胎的 命，NBAC在胚胎研 将 沉默。65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.考 文如果 是像科学杂志 的 示的样如实 根据 和实施的 ， 对 层 说，期待研 能够 以用钱衡量的结果是完全的。 66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.考 文审查 完全有由 ， 道己准 、怎 的科学家 该因 一只眼盯 银机，一只眼盯 显 镜分散 注 。67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.考 文如果科学家对标准式样的整齐 一的 “像他论文的作 反映的一样， 层 该因歧视研 中的思维与众 同的人，中传统的 于 队作的思想 受到指责 。68. The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. 考 文当人与人在很大程度 的平 -即 对然淘汰法则人人机会均 ， 子嗣的 目都一样- 和在度土著 中的情 比，度中 层阶级中已丧 80的然 择中的 。69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.考 文当术领域的一 新动发展 行 尚 ，最 该 清这场动 导 的真 ，因， 他们的原则在 看 多 牵 ，很 能多年以 他们的论会 视 。70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.考 文然未 诗歌 说，情则 这 ，因 未 诗歌是 -算 认它 以 在的论基 都是确的-这 式 很难 归入文学。71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.考 文但当我们 是注 中 诗行讲述 一 土耳军和一 加 军在桥 动手架双双 河 ， 发现该行诗中 过只充斥 扑通，扑通，185斤重这类对他们 的动静以及对军们体重的描 ，我们 到困惑 。72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.考 文 婴儿潮一的步入 年以及性入男性 导的劳动 场 青少年的发展机会变 极有限，他们已经在 质 currency1 本国内通往秀学校和体 作的 酷的社会阶梯 的巨大的人牺牲。73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents.考 文去年，当担 教育 长职 的濑户光夫争辩说二 由美国占领当局引入的由 革新 弱 本民族尊敬父母的道 质的 ，舆论哗然。74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.考 文 经 的增长， 现 集中：全国1.19亿民，中整整76的人 城：在这 ，原 的社和多同 的大家庭已 摒 ， 之的是与外fi疏于往 的、只由人 的核家庭。75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared； and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.考 文如果野的传统 有 命 ， 这传统 会 多人分 ；尤会受到己 受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这 人中受过良 教育的 占少 。76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.考 文当然，人们现在对 功及各 标志的 似乎 于 。 夏 墅、欧陆旅行、宝马 -点、 名以及 牌或 会有变，但这类 物在 人渴“的程度 似乎 会 于一二十年。77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home； the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants； the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.考 文 反，我们 款待看到这样一 虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以的 都更供 充足：美国式物质 的批 拥有位于南 普 的暑山：激 籍的 版 在星级餐厅 用一餐； 导在人 各 阶段的与民 的记 ，他的子读于私立学校。78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.考 文科学领域的专人和余 之间 泾渭分的fi线：因 则都有例外。然，余一 的确 关人 能充分入职科学fi，尤未能分 科学圈子的价值。79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.考 文很然，这 趋 会在尤以 学或实 练基 的然学科领域现最显， 以国的 质学发展作例证 说。80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.考 文将过去一 半世纪国 质学领域的 版物一下比，(我们)会发现 对科研的 导 位的 调 攀升， 一篇 fl受的科研论文 包的内容的 有 变。81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.考 文这样一 总的结果便是余 想在专 质学期刊卜发文 更难 ， 广“ 用的论文 审 荐度又 一步 这一结果，该 度 是 现在19世纪的国家级刊物 ， 又在20世纪几家 级 质学刊物 用。82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.考 文一 颇 似的分过程已经导致专的 质学家走到一 一到 全国性的专科学术社 ，余 质 们倾于 在 社 ， 以另一 式 全国性机构。83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.考 文遗憾 讲，这次新闻机构 度调查 结果只获 一 十分 层次的发现，比如新闻 道中的 实 ，拼或语法 (和这 层次发现) 在一 的 有 多令人挠 的困惑，譬如读 到底想读 。84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.考 文我认巨大的 浪潮 的最重 的 动 同 是促 全球 程的 基石：即降 通 本，逐渐 少 资壁垒，以及大。幅度 展场，这 都 “更大 的经 以满足 “。85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming I wanted to spend more time with my family.考 文一次 的 光 的 击伤 我的尊， 我 的发展， 我 份引人注目的作， 我 以一 受 的 长的 ，通过声称我只 过是想多和家人 在一 我的 。 86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life, and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.考 文或 像 尔 在 积劳重负 去她在 她 杂志社的 一职之 一样，我已经发现， 活忙 的人 “比 的 活带给 的回 远远大于经 功和社会 位。87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.考 文在美国，这一 趋 是以经 衰 的反 的-是在80年末期 引 大量的 之 一一现在依然与提 节 的 关；在国，最 在我 熟识的中 阶级 归 中，“；活的原因多 多样 。 88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, down-shifting in the mid 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.考 文对于我这一在整 80年 活 的人 说，90年中期 现的归 与说是我们寻“一 神 的美 活-用有机肥 ；植 ， 己 一 的 - 如说是我们清醒 认识到；能 是有限的这一 实。 89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad taste in ties.考 文如果 是 讲 对象中的一， currency1一 (有 )位宋 解对 们 说都很普的经和 ， 对餐厅中难以下的 物或 总 名昭的领带 位 行 是适的。 90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone考 文现在已有一 机器人 统能够 行精确到毫米以下的 和 手术这 比极 技巧的 用手精确 多。91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.考 文但是如果机器人 到节省人的下一 阶段，它们将 在更少的人 监之下作， 能够己作 至少几 -这 目标才会引发真的 。92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.考 文但是人类的 以只迅速 一眼一 快速 变的场 ，然 立 98的 关 分，马 焦于一 currency1森道 边的一只子，或 在“人中的一 的。93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.考 文OECD在最的 经 望 中，如果石价格与1998年的每fi13美元 比在一年中平均每22美元，这 只会给fl的经 体的石 增加GDP的0.25到0.5。94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.考 文另外一 因价 的原因是，这次 像70年的 次 ，它 是在普的 价格 和全球 “过旺的 景之下发 的。95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.考 文 它 有 法权 支 下的行，最高法院实际 支 称双重效果的原则；这 已有几 世纪的道 原则认一 能有 效果的行-一 想 到的 的效果和一 已经 见到的有 的效果是 允 的，如果行的实施 想 的只是 的效果的 。96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.考 文Nancy Dubler，Montehore中的 ，认这一原则将会 护这样一 ，他们到目止 坚 他们 能够给 人足量的镇 他们的，如果这 会加速他们的死 的 。 97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.考 文在另一 层 ，很多fi的人 认，关于 下的的讨论 分是因 人的绝望情绪，对他们 说，现学已经 长 死 的体 。98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.考 文它 对的 足和目积极 用有 能 长死 间甚至死 过程 的 效 性的手段视 命 护的 。99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.考 文 句 说，在”机构的新闻采 文中 在 -套 的作式，新闻 道提供 干架以及 fifl套用的 述结构。 有这 ，新闻内容会一 ，人 。100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.考 文如果新闻fi真的注到 的关键，它 该 一步 多样目，这 目现在 只 纯考 招 同 族和性 的， 一步寻 世fi观、价值观、教育平和社会阶层大 径庭的各 记 。全 94-02年阅读真 ，未真 请 看. *1995-2002年考研长难句24句语考研卷中，阅读解和翻 共有50分，占到 全卷分 的半壁山。毫 说， 这 分 ，在语考中 想的 绩便 是望。 怎 样才能 这一 分的 呢？关键 通过大量的练，增 阅读文句子，尤是中长难句的能 。长难句一是指结构复杂难以解的句子， 有一 实结构 复杂，但因句子很长 很容 人困惑。长难句 现 多，但是 大大增加我们解的难度， 我们获 高分的 。下 年 2003年外 考研 中阅读解和翻 中 现的长难句都 ，分析它们的结构，指 中的考查难点，对如 恰当翻 它们给 建议， 望考 能中 到一 发。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.句子 干Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased shareholders as a class, (which was) an element语法难点本句是典型的 限性语句，难点在 语和 语都有长的短语和of结构限， 分句是由 and 的3 分 的。分句an elementlandowners 又带有 语句，一 是which was representing ，另一 是(which was)detached。见，语句的难点在于经 省引导 +be”的结构，在解 容 和分 结构 。句子翻 对资本和 的这 大 的 人操大大增加 股东作一 阶级的 量和重 性。这 阶层作国民 的一 分， 人责 的财与土 及土 有 的分离， 几乎与责 分离。翻 技巧 实际 语句 符语的 用。 以翻 语句，一 机械 按照原 的顺 套。像这样分句长的情， 句和分句 句是比 的 法。 以这 这 阶层另 一句。2Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. comfonable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.句子 干Townssprang upclasses who, and who语法难点1 有句。分析句子 干很容 看到这 是一 典型的语句结构，分句由who,and who 结构 。注like 是 语是 短语作语，真的 句 语是sprang of。retire on指依靠 多跟 入的名 。2 that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是 的思，dividend指红 ，that of sth结构是名 性的，that of sth 当于which is结构，目的都是 的名 。注 有attending是省 which were的语句， of sth结构和语句 用是语中长难句的用手法，目的是 行文的 调，考 们 注分 。句子翻 像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城 ，大批 的 乐阶层人士靠己的 入，在这 过 的 活。他们与群体之外的人 有 ，只是分 红 ，偶尔加股东会议，对 人发号施令。翻 技巧同样是 语句，将 句和分句 句。 注几 短语的解。retire on依靠 /haverelationto与有关 /up to 到的 3Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. 句子 干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down, like a , considering them as, in which a”语法难点有省。1 like分句是省 who 的 语句中的分句，considering分句是现在分 引导的语句。这 语句 以 到句 ， 以在句 。一 说长的语句于句 ，短的于句 ，的是 句子看 去显 一 。2 like分句中 现 比多的省， 全以 是who like a poet who is among the letters。语中的句之 以是难点是因大量 省引导 。句子翻 罗 尔 经道，机械将在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子 ，像诗人对待 母中的每母一样， 它们作己的思 展示，每一 新 都传 一 新 。翻 技巧如果 格 翻 ，like分句 该 像对待 母中 母的诗人一样，原因是这 句 的是机械， 该用诗人 对 ，但这样一 ， 符语的 。4Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.句子 干Some of these causes are reasonable results, Others are consequences of advances语法难点 语是some of these causes，实际的 语是some， 过 语是 是复 则 于of 的 分是 是复 。being to是语句的分句结构，于。 句子翻 在这 原因中，有 完全是然然 社会 “，另一 则是由于科学在一程度 我加速 的 发展的 然结果。翻 技巧这 翻 比 ，注being to的翻 即 。5This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.句子 干This trend began during , when,that语法难点1 有套和句。这 句子实际 是This trend began.余的 分都是在 和限作用。在分析长难句 一 注 句子的 干，关键是确句子的 语和 语，只有这样才 会 众多的 分 惑。2 When引导的是 间语句。一 that引导的是 conclusion的语句，二 that引导的是 demands的语句，wants省 which，是引导的 a government的 语句。句子翻 这 趋 于二次世fi大 期间，当 一 国家的 下 结论，认： 科研机构提 的 体 “通 是 法详 见的。翻 技巧 句中短语多。come to the conclusion 结论/make of提 /in detail详 6This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.句子 干This seems done by supporting a certain amount of research notbut语法难点注notbut句型， 是是句子翻 给 与当目标 关但将 能 的科研提供支 ，看 通 能有效 解 这一 。翻 技巧 格说 ，notbut结构 是是，但这样显 罗 ， 以 与关，但另一 有关 。a amount of指 量到。be related to指与有关。7However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects. 句子 干However, the world is so made thatsystems are unable to deal with some of the aspects 语法难点so made指如 构 ，so和 的that构 sothat结构，如 以至于。be(un)able to指 以或 以 。句子翻 然，世fi是如 。一 ，完美的体 法解 世fi 更加引人入胜的课 。翻 技巧be so made that如构 ， 符语， 以 是如 。in principle 总的说 /deal with 8New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.句子 干New formsas well as new subjectsmust ariseas they have in the past, giving rise to语法难点有句。1) 语复杂，结构，分 是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as fl。2 as在这 引导 一 结构as they have in the past ，have的 语省 ，内容与本句语一致。3)giving rise to分句 限性语句的句，省 which are。句子翻 同过去一样，将 然会 现新的思维 式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。翻 技巧as well as 和，以及/give rise to给以机会9For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.句子 干For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rightsmeans he can get on with living without语法难点 入 分很多。 句实际 是 句，核结构Rights means，只 过 加 诸多限结构 句子看 很复杂。For Lolyd Nicks” 句的语 分，a 54 years oldcancer”Lolyd Nicks的同位语。句子翻 对于现年54 在尔文的的 说，这 法案 他 以平静 活下去， 担将 的磨：因 吸困难在 中死去。翻 技巧同位语句在语中很少 现，对同位语句的currency1 它当作语句即 。如 句中将同位语 分作语 分的 语的 分即 。haunting fear指看到 一样恐惧，示 恐惧。10Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.句子 干Someone, if, often had nowhere to turn except 语法难点有省现象。traveling 是现在分 ，是引导 someone的语句。if引导的句中均省 语be动 的结构，这样显 句子 。句子翻 旅行 ，如果 有 物，受伤 或 ，通 只能最的 或 “。翻 技巧fi 的 ， 该说人们 有他 ，只有 到 ，但这样的 显 长 解，这 根据句， 只能“ 比准确 。turn”的用法比活，思很多，这 依据下文， “ 。11We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.句子 干We live in a society in whichsubstances is pervasive语法难点实际是 句。 句句子虽长，但是结构 复杂， 以 号分 分。解的 有识 分分， 击 。in which引导 一 语句。该句的分句 语动 是is 是are，是因在这 句中 语是use， 是substances，这一点 注分 。句子翻 在我们 活的社会 ，物质 广“ 用于社和： 用司 解 ，早和 提神，吸镇情绪 。翻 技巧该句 号以 的内容 很巧，很有文学性，我们翻 的 “ 照 ， 该 是比活。如quiet 是 静的思，是镇静的思。12Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.句子 干Dependence is marked first by, with, and then by语法难点有句和省。with引导的是 结构作语， 的是整 一分句描述的 。and引导的分句省 语动 marked ， 以 注实该分句 于一分句，是与之的结构。句子翻 依 的最初现受 增 ，用量 大才能到 期效果，一 用会 舒 的 。翻 技巧有 同学 结构 道如 翻 ，实只 按照原 的语 顺次翻 是。13But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.句子 干But he talked as well about , and he announced that语法难点该句 有句结构，是由and fl的 分构 。用would是因 人的 观 度和。句子翻 但他 谈到 作由与社会责 之间 努 均衡这一 。他布司将 对 能招致大众反对的音乐各 发行和标识的标准翻 技巧虽然 有句结构，但是由于句子 长，有众多的 分， 以建议 是 句 。14Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.句子 干Average inflationfell to a mere, close to its, before语法难点有省。close to分句是 限性语句，省 which was。Before 的 分是对全句的 充说，是语 分。语 分 以句 ， 以句末， 。之 以用rising，是因这一 名次性的结构the inflation which was，这样显 多。句子翻 大国家的通 去年下降到 2.3%，fl30年 最 平，年7 才 幅 到2.5%，比 多国家70年和80年位 很多。翻 技巧the big seven industrial economies是指 大国。close to是靠的思。fall to是 至的思。15Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.句子 干Economists have beensurprised byand, since,and especially, have 语法难点 句用现在完 have been是因经 学家长 间以 关注，现在 在关注，是一 过去到现在的动作。Since引导的是原因的语句。句子翻 经 学家 到 的是，美国的通带 的是良性的结果，因传统的分析 法，国尤是美国的经 几乎 有 现 。翻 技巧favorable示的是 的， 是 的，与 人 有关 。productive slack是 的思。16Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.句子 干Actually it isn t, because it assumes that, which is语法难点有套句。本句 复句。 句很 ，because引导的原因语句中，又有一 that引导的 语句。这 句中， 语an agreed account of human rights由一 which引导的飞行性语句 ，这 限性语句中又有一 限性语句the world does not have something。句子翻 实 如 ，因这 法是以人们对人的权 有共同的认识基 的，这 共同认识 在。翻 技巧agree的思，agreed accountfi 的看法， 共同的认识。见翻 中一 结语的语 活 。an agreed account of human rights 有同的人权记录。 外，将 体， 更符语。17Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.句子 干Some philosophers argue that, as part of an exchange of语法难点该句 复句。that引导的 语句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当 充语的角色。句子翻 有 学家论证说，权 只 在社会中，是责 与 的一 分。翻 技巧 确 择contract的 ， ， 。argue 争论， 活currency1 论证说。18It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.句子 干It leads the discussion: it invites you to think that, or with语法难点有句和省。 号 句子分 分， 一 分对 分作 一步解 说。 分是 句。 分是复句。that引导的 语句中， 语是animals， 语是should be treated，either or引导 短语作语，either引导的 短语中，humans extend to other humans是一 省引导 that的语句。句子翻 这 说法一将讨论引 极，它 人们认 这样对待动物： 像对人类一样关 体， 完全 情。翻 技巧it 的 指 确。leads the discussion to extremes 将讨论引 极，at the outset 一。注 动句 动句，更乎语。19Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.句子 干Arguing from the view that humans are, extremists of this语法难点有套和句。号 是一 现在分 短语，作语， 又有一 that句作the view的同位语，号 的that句是一 语句。句子翻 这类人 极看法，认人与动物在各 关 都 同，对待动物 考 道 。翻 技巧in every relevant respect 各 关 ， respect 尊重；extremists极 ；let outside the area of moral choice 在道 fl 内， 关乎道 。20When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.句子 干When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is .instinct, an instinct that should be语法难点以 号fi，将全句分 复句。 的复句 ， 间语句when that happens 述的是一句to see的情的 现。That 这 行， 句这 行 。 号 的复句解 。这 有一 that句，作instinct的语。句子翻 这 反 ，这是人类用道 观 行 的本能在 作用，这 本能 到 励 到 。翻 技巧将that，it 体， 文确；reasoning 能 原因， ，论；in action 能 在行动中， 在 作用，action在 是作用，性能的思；翻 动语 ， 用 到， 到 ， 文 然。21The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.句子 干The Aswan Dam, stopped the Nile floodingbut语法难点有 入语。for example是 入结构， 是句子的 分。but 省 the Aswan Dam。注sothat结构，是如 以至于的思。句子翻 以斯旺大 例，它 罗河的 ，但 及 去 冲积的肥 土壤， 回 的是一 的大 。现在 积满泥，几乎 能用于发 。翻 技巧the Nile是 罗河。All in return思是 回 的全 则是。22The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.句子 干The trouble is thatis due to , and so is not 语法难点有套和句。the trouble is that是语句结构。 一 that引导的是 rebound的语句。句子翻 在于，期的增长一程度 是因 作 期 的结果，因 能 经 已经呈现复苏 这一结论。翻 技巧part of the recent acceleration 一 分的最的加速，是最加速 分是由于。business cycle是指 期。23New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.句子 干New ways of workplaceare only one contribution to, which is, and语法难点有 入语。 号中间的 分 入结构， 以视括号 的内容。Such as 的内容是对many other factors的。在阅读的 基本 以跳过 看， 有节 考查这 的内容。句子翻 作场 的新 法包括机构重 和 只是促 经 实体的综 提高的一措施， 有他 多因素促 的提高，比如对机械 的 资、采用新技术、对教育 资 。翻 技巧all that 这一 包括。overall productivity 综 平。Joint investment 资。Drive 动。24His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.句子 干His colleague, says that ,chopping out costs without giving语法难点有省。chopping out costs without giving sufficient 分句是 限性语句。的是一分句的整体思。without 跟现在分 giving。句子翻 他的同 尔比尔说， 众多的司以 机械的 式 行机构重 ，降 本，但未能充分考 长期 。翻 技巧far too many 多的比实际 。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion 以 机械的 式。chop out 。*阅读难点关键句200句以包括 文 1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives； it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle； or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle； or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect 智能 and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it； and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earths postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. 21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the childs ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they havent.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earths atmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo. 61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the incomenamely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a partys case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole； and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poets song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解 ), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedys inauguration (职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Merediths work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airsto be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images； and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant datarelevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate； if they cant read or cannot understand what they read, they wont buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ； the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britains imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrarys need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the departments areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplacepieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群 ) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers ( 草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群 )concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent( 虫 ) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism( 现实 ), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?109. Roseenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity； he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛谔的 程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论 程式).111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.112. The hydrologic(文 质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降(量), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).113. My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.114. In the early 1950s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates ( 人) who had hitherto (迄) usually filled history books.115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890s that the agrarian(农民) discontent ( 满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontierthat is , the depletion (枯竭) of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.116. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beures blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.117. The best evidence for the layered mantle ( 幔) thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes ( 柱) arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.118. In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.119. But these beliefs about peptide hormones (肽激素) were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums(抗血清) to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus(下丘), indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.120 Proponents(支 )of the so-called Golden Quadrangle (角)，which would link areas of Bruma, Laos, Thailand and Chinas Yunnan province, are seeking an Asian Development Bank feasibility study of joint development and business projects that could free the regions hinterlands(内 )from their notorious dependence on the heroin trade.121. He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by the alliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs (士) ； he is provided with comport and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind； science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvellous, life like electronic sound and image reproductions he is enjoying.122. Each highbrow did and does congratulate himself on being unique in his unlikeness to other men； and conversely each lowbrow now congratulate himself on being in some mystical way unique in his likenesson being, so to say, outstandingly average and extraordinarily ordinary.123. As for the lowbrows claim to be specially “human”, I for one have never been able to understand why it should be “inhuman” to use the faculties that distinguish us from pigs and geese and “human” to use those which we share with the lower animals.124. There is no disputing, says the proverb, about tastethough, in fact, human beings spend at least half their leisure doing nothing elseand if highbrowism and lowbrowism were exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in great part) matters of individual taste, there would be no more to say about them than what I have said in the preceding lines.125. Thus I desire a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven(贝多 ) or the novels, for example, of Dostoievsky； and the sex appeal of the girls on the covers of magazines seems to me less thrilling than the more complicated appeal to a great variety of feelings made by a Rubens, an EI Greco, a Constable, a Seurat.126. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to , how much of it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, that it begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.127. They start, like the pharisee in the parable , by thanking God that the are not as other men are, and proceed to paint a picture of those other men, hardly more flattering than that which Swift painted of the Yahoos.128. Each time the dream was a promise out of our ancient articles of faith, phrases from the constitution, lines from the great anthem of the nation, guarantees from the Bill of Rights, all ending with a vision that they might one day all come true。 129. For many the day seemed an adventure, a long outing in the late summer sunpart liberation from home, part Sunday school picnic, part political convention, and part fish fry.130. It may not “look to it” at once, since it is looking to so many things, but it will be a long time before it forgets the melodious(悦耳的) and melancholy (忧郁的) voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther Jr., crying out his dreams to the multitude(大众).131. Above all , they got over Lincolns point that “ the necessity of being ready increase”, for they left no doubt that this was not the climax of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning, that they were going to stay in the streets until they could get equality in the schools, restaurants, houses and employment agencies of the nation, and that, as they demonstrated here today, they had found an effective way to demonstrate for changes in the laws without breaking the law themselves.132. Although we apparently have a need for REM sleep, judging from the fact that our bodies automatically compensate for a loss of it, what REM sleep actually does for us is not clear.133. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy brush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day.134. More important to them, though, is that it gives them some places where they can borrow money at a cost that is usually a good deal less than at the small-loan agency, or the installment house, or indeed most places.135. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.136. Temporary shortages do occur, but Simon and other boomsters(旺论 ) argue that as long as government doesnt interfereby mandating (指令) conservation or setting price controls (价格) people will find alternative (用 ).137. He seldom ignores that many potential votes, and it did not escape the notice of congressmen that these Negro organizations, some of which had almost as much trouble getting out a crowd as the Washington Senators several years ago, were now capable of organizing the largest demonstrating throng (群众) ever gathered at one spot in the District of Columbia.138. Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.139. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media(传 )on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.140. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader.141. Though most dictionary have a system of making words as obsolete, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word has been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation.142. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.143. Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.144. In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, Notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.145. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes.”146. The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family, needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.147. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers.148. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.149. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward.150. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.151. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage -a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (畸) children or even grandchildren.152. In the end , only 7 out of 19 regular Cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all for trails. The diet-Cola drinkers did a little worse only 7 of 27 identified all four sample correctly.153. Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference tests for food.154. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.155. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the orgainism and vice versa (反之亦然).156. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environment concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer( 有 ) of culture. 157. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such like factors common to all biological situations； but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors.158. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.159. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. 160 Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to todays young people, it natrually follows that todays English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.161. With socialists demanding an end towage slaveryanarchists singing the praises of the virtues of dynamite, middle-of-the-roaders like Samuel Gompers and McGuire.162. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmakers respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger.163. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the first generation of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member.164. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.165. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change through life.166. This means that we fit out actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.167. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure.168. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words”169. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made to them by other people.”170. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.171. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.172. The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.173. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.174. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers.175. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.176. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.177. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.178. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.179. “In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours.” Says Isaac Stern. “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music.”180. What does the phrase learning to use a computer mean? It sounds like learning to drive a car； that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.181. The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched(草的) roof cottages around a church； a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white； the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildingsthese are still common sights in parts of England.182. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.183. The function of teaching is to cerate the conations and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read.184. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.185. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.186. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.187. The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relation or PR.188. The progress from a rattle used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. 189. Bent stripes, called chevrons painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.190. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.191. These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences.192. Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition-a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.193. If FIFA, footballs international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.194. While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states at least in getting people off welfare.195. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.196. Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general.197. Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships.198. Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed services-that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.199. I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didnt care if you have values or were flexible.200. 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