外文翻译--基于虚拟样机技术的汽车驱动桥桥壳CAD-CAE系统的建立于研究

黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 1 附 录 附录 A 外文文献原文 A1 Establish and research on CA/CAE sysytem of automobile drive axle housing based on virtual prototype technology Virtual prototype refer to a model which is in the step of product progress, occurring in the computer realm, aiming at the optimization based on the CAD model used to stimulating analysis product. Virtual prototype in mainly used for test which was failed by physical test. Based on the result which is drawn from the stimulation result, it is easy to modify and guide design, until reach the optimistic design Automobile drive axle housing is a main part of a mobile. disconnect drive axle housing is used for bearing the mobiles weight ,transferring the load to the wheels Drawing force, braking force lateral force and vertical force are transferred to frame and compartment by drive axle housing. So drive axle housing is either a bearing or a transmission item. If not correctly designed or some problem occurred while manufacturing, drive axle housing may deformed or fracture. As a traditional design method is so costly that is necessary to introduce the virtual prototype technology. A1.1 design scheme Traditional design method for drive axle housing is firstly giving a scheme ,manufacturing , a sample item then a series test (such as stiffness test bending fatigue test and static strenth test )is carried out Apparently this method is very money consuming ,and the final parameter may be not optimal .if adopt the Virtual prototype technology stimulazing kinds of working condition of drive axle housing ,and draw a series of optimal parameters .Based on these parameter the physical machine are carried out to do physical test .this method can save time ,cutting the cost ,thus bring in huge benefit to the enterprise. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 2 Modern trial production progress vary largely to the traditional one .As depicted ,in the picture ,A loop is absent in the traditional drive axle housing making virtual prototype can assess the cost quality and manufacturability on the computer. If the assessment is not satisfying, it is necessary to adjust .repeat a loop until reach a ideal parameter. This scheme design a software terrace, providing a interface for Solidworks patron and Nastron ,using superiority of this professional software ,and develop these software ,but a drive axle housing product design terrace. Considering the question of improving the analysis efficiency and simplifying finite element ,this system adopt a method which uses parametric modeling that is totally different from do make up for CAD model .And the CAD model is only used for oversight A1.2 Parameterized Modeling by SolidWorks They are all available for second-time development of SolidWorks for the softwares that support OLE and COM. Because of design requirements, the development software of the system is Delphi and second development software of SolidWorks is OLE. The copyright of SolidWorks is 2006. To use this method, it must be registered for auto-severed including files sldworks.tlb and element files that filenames are SldWorks_TLB.pas severed by SolidWorks under Delphi program environment, and they are available after programs are complied. The topology structure of SolidWorks is typically five layers topology structure. A part is consist of bodies, and bodies include surfaces, and surfaces include edges, and edges include curves and points. It may use record in delphi to define bodies, surfaces and points these data structure and apply respectively to store topology information. The steps of the parameterized modeling of CAD by SolidWorks are as follows: firstly, it must be defined correctly for the relationship between automobile dimension and other dimensions. Secondly, initialize the various record and auto-product the drawing of axle housing using API function. Lastly, it is available for users to check the CAD model and modify various dimensions on the plate. The program can auto-modify the other relative dimensions and 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 3 redraw the picture in SolidWorks by using the relationships that have been defined previously. A1.3 Patran & Nastran FEA analysis A1.3.1 PCL program MSC/PATRAN provides a fully functions program language for users, as PCL. PCL provide abundant of tables and menus and allow users to read and write all information in Patran database, which structure is similar with C language. The paper develops the analysis module of the automobile drive axle housing, which includes parameterize modeling, ALE, material definition, load cases definition, Nastran analysis submitted and results post-possessing and other functions. There are no special develop environment in PCL, generally the codes are written in test editor and saved as *.pcl format, and then the files are pre-compiled as *.cpp format in DOS, and debug them in Patran at last. The detail operates are as follows: Pre-compile *.pcl file: cpp *.pcl *.cpp debug *.cpp file in patran: !input *.cpp When starting, Patran will execute init.pcl file under its root catalogue. The file includes two commands:!INPUT p3prolog.pcl and !IPUT p3epilog.pcl. As pre-compile these two files when Patran starts. Users can write commands to initialize Patran starting viewport. For example, write commands： !iput C:MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patran2005_r2 rearhouse.cpp and rearhouse.init() in p3epilog.pcl, in which, rearhouse.cpp is the second-time development program for automobile drive axle housing. It will influence the starting speed, for this, users can write self-definition functions and compile them into a database, which Patran can call directly. The method is that: Input commands in Patran: !COMPLIE rearhouse.cpp into rearhouse.plb 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 4 !library rearhouse.plb !llibrar keepopen rearhouse.plb As this, Patran can load including files when it starts and the speed is rather fast. For initialize the viewport, users need to input that: rearhouse,init(). A1.3.2 Program Design Flowchar The FEA parameterize modeling part is implemented as follows: Input various key parameters into delphi, and they will be compiled and format a file whose suffix is .cpp. The contents of init.pcl can be modified by dephi. As that, users can enter Patran by click “FEA parameterize modeling” in this system, and they will see a new file, whose drawing zone has complete FEA module. The program parts dont need to communicate with users and just like a back program. In this progress it will need API function of Windows system. Due to they require high communicate for ALE, material definition, load cases definition, Nastran analysis submitted and results post-possessing and other functions, which are not convenient for delphi to control directly, these parts will be written by PCL. Patran may copy the .CPP files to the catalog such as “C:MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patra2005_r2”, and modify the relative contents in init.pcl file. Allowing for the special features of housing modeling and computing speed of computers, the program all use shell elements to simulate housing. Therefore it use sgm_const_surface_extrude() to product shell function when modeling, and use fem_create_mesh_surf_4() to mesh when FEA meshing. A1.4 Software application example This software is established by the delphi computer language. After enter the system, preliminary design of automobile drive axle housing by basis mechanics must be completed to define the key dimension, then CAE/CAD modeling and analyzing of various operating conditions should be starting. The software interface is shown in the Figure A1, Figure A2 shows the solid model of axle housing by SolidWorks parameterized modeling. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 5 Figure A1 The software interface Figure A2 The solid model of axle housing Table A1 illustrates material parameters which Component Material Modulus of elasticity Poisson ratio Density Drive axle housing QT400-15 1.962E8 KPa 0.3 7.8E-6 kg/mm3 Half axle casing 45Mn2 2.1E8 KPa 0.28 7.9E-6 kg/mm3 Five operating conditions are analyzed by Patran&Nastran in this system, which are shown in Figure A5, static of 2.5 times full load, driving by the maximum drawing force, brake of full load, turning around of full load, brake of full load in turning around. Longitudinal direction, side direction, vertical direction and revolve of longitudinal 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 6 direction constraints are laid on at the center of steel plate spring. Load is laid on at the half axle casing, which resulting stress is inconsistent with actual condition, bringing no impact on stress of other parts of axle housing. The result shows that Tresca stress on wheel side is larger in Table A3. Table A2 The stress of axle housing of 5 operating conditions Static of 2.5 times full load Driving by the maximum drawing force Brake of full load Turning around of full load Brake of full load in turning around Stress in critical section 175 87 93.5 158 205 The allowable stress of axle housing is 400MPa, the design is very safe, which shown in the Table A2. Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of stress nearby the steel plate spring. Figure A3 The distribution of stress nearby the steel plate spring Table A3 illustrates the former 9th order natural frequency of automobile drive axle housing by this system. Table A3 The former 9th order natural frequency Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency 181.47 265.91 433.24 614.33 658.76 1119.9 1166 1347.4 1399.6 Since the road is not absolutely smooth, automobile natural frequency often occur between 120Hz. Resonance of axle housing wont be caused. This result is reasonable. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 7 Figure A4 The 1st order mode of vibration 附录 B 外文文献中文翻译 A1 基于虚拟样机技术的汽车驱动桥桥壳 CAD/CAE 系统的建立于研究 虚拟样机是指在产品设计阶段，在计算机世界中，以优化设计思想为指导，以产品 CAD 模型为基础，利用各种相关 CAE 分析软件，进行产品主要性能仿真分析的数字模型。虚拟样机主要进行对物理样机而言难以进行的试验，根据虚拟样机反馈的仿真结果，修正、指导设计，直至获得系统级的优化设计方案 。 驱动桥桥壳是汽车上主要零件之一，非断开式驱动桥壳起着支承汽车荷重的作用，并将载荷传给车轮。作用在驱动车轮上的牵引力、制动力、侧向力和垂向力也经过桥壳传到悬架及车架或车厢上。因此，桥壳既是承载件又是传力件。如设计不当或制造工艺有问题时，会使桥壳变形或折断。传统桥壳设计方法代价过于昂贵，因此有必要引进虚拟样机技术。 A1.1 设计方案 以往的桥壳设计方法都是先提出一种方案，制造出物理样机，然后通过刚度试验、静强度试验、弯曲疲劳寿命试验等多次破坏性的物理试验来确定其性能参数、材料特性。显然这种方法的代 价是相当昂贵的，而且最后得出的参数也不一定是最优的。如果采用虚拟样机技术先对驱动桥桥壳工作的各种工况进行仿真，在计算机里面通过参数优化得出一组合理的设计参数值，然后再根据这组合理的参数值制造出物理样机做黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 8 物理试验。这种方法节省时间，降低成本，将为企业带来巨大的经济效益。 现代模式的新产品试制过程，和传统的新产品试制过程有很大不同。 A 循环部分为汽车驱动桥桥壳新产品试制传统方法中所无，即虚拟样机部分。虚拟样机可对设计质量、成本、可制造性（制造工艺性）等指标在计算机上进行评价，当评价不满意时，进行修改设计，重复 A 循 环，直到获得理想的参数为止。 本方案设计开发一个软件平台，提供 SolidWorks、 Patran&Nastran 的接口，利用两种专业应用软件在 CAD 建模和有限元分析方面的优势，分别对二者进行二次开发，建立一个针对汽车驱动桥桥壳产品的数字化设计平台。 考虑到提高有限元软件的分析效率和有限元模型的简化问题，本系统采用在Patran 中单独参数化建模的方法，而不是直接修改简化 CAD 模型，而 CAD 模型只用于观察装配干涉和生成二维生产图。 A1.2 SolidWorks 参数化建模 凡支持 OLE 和 COM 编程的开发工具均可 用于 SolidWorks 的二次开发。由于设计需要本系统采用 Delphi 作为开发工具，运用 OLE 自动化技术对 SolidWorks 进行二次开发。 SolidWorks 版本为 2006 版。采用这种方法必须在 Delphi 编程环境中注册由SolidWorks 提供的自动化服务类型库文件 sldworks.tlb，生成名为 SldWorks_TLB.pas的单元文件，并在编译程序时引用之方可。 SolidWorks 的拓扑结构为典型的五层式拓扑结构。一个零件对象由体构成，体中含面，面中含边，边中含曲线和顶点。可用 delphi 中的 record 记录定义体、面、点数据结构，分剔用于存储各自拓扑信息。在 SolidWorks 中 CAD 参数化建模过程如下：首先，定义好驱动尺寸和其余尺寸间的关系。其次，初始化各 record，利用 API 函数自动生成桥壳实体图形。最后，用户可以在本软件平台上检查 CAD 模型并修改各尺寸参数，程序利用预先定义好的各尺寸间的关系，自动修改桥壳其余相关尺寸，在SolidWorks 中重画桥壳图形。 A1.3 Patran&Nastran 有限元分析。 A1.3.1 PCL 编程 MSC/PATRAN 为用户提供了一种全功能的编程语言， 即 PCL(PATRAN command 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 9 language)lsi。 PCL 提供了丰富的表格和莱单库，使用户可以方便快捷的编制 Motif 界面，允许用户读写 Patran 数据库中的全部信息，其结构和 C 语言类似。本文利用 PCL语言开发包括参数化建模、自动网格划分、定义材料、定义工况、提交 Nastran 分析和结果后处理等功能的汽车驱动桥桥壳分析模块。 PCL 没有专门的集成开发环境，一般都是在文本编辑器中编写代码，并将文本保存为 *.pcl 格式，然后在 DOS 环境中将文件预编译为 *.cpp 格式，最后在 Patran 中调试*.cpp 文件。具体操作如下： Patran 每次启动都会执行其根目录下的 init.pcl 文件，该文件中包含两个命令：！ !INPUT p3prolog.pcl 和！ !INPUT p3epilog.pcl。即在 Patran 启动时预编译p3prolog.pcl 和 p3epilog.pcl 文件。用户可以在此二文件中写入命令初始化 Patran 启动界 面 。 如 在 p3epilog.pcl 中 写 入 命 令 ： ！ ！ input C: MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patran2005_r2rearhouse.cpp 和 rearhouse.init0，其中 rearhouse.cpp为汽车驱动桥桥壳分析二次开发程序。会影响 Patran 的启动速度，用户可以先将自己编写的函数编译到一个数据库中， Patran 可直接调用。方法如下： 在 Patran 命令行中输入如下命令： ！ !COMPILE rearhouse.cpp into rearhouse.plb $编译形成用户化库 在 init.pcl 文件中输入如下内容： ！ !library rearhouse.plb ! !library keepopen rearhouse.plb 如此， Patran 肩动时自动 加载库文件，速度很快，用户要初始化界面只需在命令行中输入： rearhouse.init0。 按有限元分析一般流程，本文有限元参数化建模部分的实现如下： 在 delphi 中输入各关键参数，经过 delphi 编译后生成一个后缀名为 .cpp 的文件，并由 delphi 程序控制修改 init.pcl 文件内容，初始化 Patran。即用户从此软件系统中点击“有限元参数化建模”按钮就会自动进入 patran 中，并看到一个新建的文件，其绘图区中已有自动建模完毕的有限元分析模型。在 Patran 看来这部分程序不需要同用户黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 10 交互操作，就像一个 后台程序。在此过程中需用到 Windows 系统的 API 函数。 其余网格划分、定义工况、定义材料、提交 nastran 分析、后处理等工作需要很高昀交互性，不便由 delphi 程序直接控制，因此实现这一部分功能的 PCL 程序单独编写。delphi 只 将 编 译 好 的 实 现 这 部 分 功 能 的 .cpp 文 件 拷 贝 到 如 “ C: MSC.S