外文翻译--机械本体

附 录 1 数控的核心技术 20 世纪，可称为蓬勃发展阶机械制造化包括软件和硬件两方面技术。硬件是由机段。这一时期，计算机技术、控制技术、通信技术的发展，为械本体、传感器、信息处理单元和驱动单元等部分组成。因机械数控的发展奠定了技术基础。大规模、超大规模集成此，为加速推进机械数控的发展，必须从以下几方面着手。 电路和微型计算机的迅猛发展，为机电一体化的发展提供了 .机械本体技术充分的物质基础。 这个时期的特点是：机械本体必须从改善性能、减轻质量和提高精度等几方(1mcarnc 一词首先在日本被普遍接受，大约到面考虑 。现代机械产品一般都是以钢铁材料为主，为了减轻 20 世纪 80 年代末期在世界范围内得到比较广泛的承认 ；质量除了在结构上加以改进，还应考虑利用非金属复合材机电一体化技术和产品得到了极大发展 ；料。只有机械本体减轻了重量，才有可能实现驱动系统的小各国均开始对机电一体化技术和产品给以很大的型化，进而在控制方面改善快速响应特性，减少能量消耗，提关注和支持。 提高处现代科学技术的不断发展，极大地推动了不同学科的交理速度，并解决抗干扰及标准化问题。 叉与渗透，导致了工程领域的技术革命与改造。在机械工程 .4 驱动技术领域，由 于微电子技术和计算机技术的迅速发展及其向机械电机作为驱动机构已被广泛采用，但在快速响应和效率工业的渗透所形成的机电一体化，使机械工业的技术结构、等方面还存在一些问题。目前，正在积极发展内部装有编码产品机构、功能与构成、生产方式及管理体系发生了巨大变器的电机以及控制专用组件一传感器一电机三位一体的伺化，使工业生产由机械电气化迈入了机电一体化为特服驱动单元。 征的发展阶段。 接口技术机械数控发展至今也已成为一门有着自身体系的新为了与计算机进行通信，必须使数据传递的格式标准型学科，随着科学技术的不断发展还将被赋予新的内容。 规格化。接口采用同一标准规格不仅有利于信息传递和但其基本特征可概括为：机械数控是， 从系统的观点出发，维修，而且可以简化设计。目前，技术人员正致力于开发低综合运用机械技术、微电子技术、自动控制技术、计算机技成本、高速串行的接口，来解决信号电缆非接触化、光导纤维术、信息技术、传感测控技术、电力电子技术、接口技术、信息以及光藕器的大容量化、小型化、标准化等问题。 变换技术以及软件编程技术等群体技术，根据系统功能目标。 6 软件技术和优化组织目标，合理配置与布局各功能单元，在多功能、高软件与硬 件必须协调一致地发展。为了减少软件的研质量、高可靠性、低能耗的意义上实现特定功能价值，并使整制成本，提高生产维修的效率，要逐步推行软件标准化，包括个系统最优化的系统工程技术。由此而产生的功能系统，则程序标准化、程序模块化、软件程序的固化、推行软件工程成为一个机械数控系统或机电一体化产品。 机械数控是机械、微电子、控制、计算机、信息处理等机电一体化的发展概况机电一体化的发展大体可以分为 3 个阶段。 20 世纪多学科的交叉融合，其发展和进步有赖于相关技术的进步与年代以前为第一阶段，这一阶段称为初级阶段。在这一时发 展，其主要发展方向有数字化、智能化、模块化、网络化、人期，人们自觉不自觉地利用电子技术的初步成果来完善机械性化、微型化、集成化、带源化和绿色化。 产品的性能。特别是在第二次世界大战期间，战争刺激了机 .1 数字化械产品与电子技术的结合，这些机电结合的军用技术，战后微控制器及其发展奠定了机电产品数字化的基础，如不转为民用，对战后经济的恢复起了积极的作用。那时研制和断发展的数控机床和机器人 ；而计算机网络的迅速崛起，为数字化设计与制造铺平了道路，如虚拟设计、计算机集成制开发从总体上看还处于自发状态。由于当时电子技 术的发造等。数字化要求机电一体化产品的软件具有高可靠性、易展尚未达到一定水平，机械技术与电子技术的结合还不可能操作性、可维护性、自诊断能力以及友好人机界面。数字化广泛和深入发展，已经开发的产品也无法大量推广。 智能化即要求机电产品有一定的智能，使它具有类似人的逻辑思考、判断推理、自主决策等能力。例如在 CNC 数控机床上增加人机对话功能，设置智能 I/O接口和智能工艺数据库，会给使用、操作和维护带来极大的方便。随着模糊控制、神经网络、灰色理论、小波理论、混沌与分岔等人工智能技术的进步与发展，为机械数控技术发 展开辟了广阔天地。 模块化由于机电体化产品种类和生产厂家繁多，研制和开发具有标准机械接口、动力接口、环境接口的机电体化产品单元模块是一项复杂而有前途的工作。如研制具有集减速、变频调速电机体的动力驱动单元 ；具有视觉、图像处理、识别和测距等功能的电机体控制单元等。这样，在产品开发设计时，可以利用这些标准模块化单元迅速开发出新的产品。 网络化由于网络的普及，基于网络的各种远程控制和监视技术方兴未艾。而远程控制的终端设备本身就是机电一体化产品，现场总线和局域网技术使家用电器网络化成为可能，利用家庭网络把各种家用 电器连接成以计算机为中心的计算机集成家用电器系统，使人们在家里可充分享受各种高技术带来的好处，因此，机电一体化产品无疑应朝网络化方向发展。 附 录 2 The hardware is composed of a machine part. During this period, the development of computer technology, control technology, communication technology, is composed of mechanical body, sensor, information processing unit and a driving unit, etc. Because of the integration of machinery development laid the technical foundation. Large scale, ultra large scale integrated the development, to accelerate the integration of machinery, must proceed from the following aspects. The rapid development of circuit and microcomputer, provides the material basis of.1 mechanical technology fully for the integration of machinery development. Characteristics of this period is: Mechanical body must be from the improved performance, reduce weight and improve the accuracy of a few Party(the word 1mcarnc first in Japan is generally accepted, about to consider. Modern mechanical product is generally based on iron and steel materials, in order to reduce the in the late twentieth Century 80 is widely accepted in the world； quality in addition to improvements in the structure, but also should consider the use of non metal composite material (2) electromechanical integration technology and products to get great development； material. Only mechanical body weight, it is possible to realize the driving system of small (3) countries have begun to electromechanical integration technology and products to large type, and then improve the rapid response in control, reduce energy consumption, the concern and support. The development of modern science and technology to improve office, greatly promoted the different subject top rocessing speed, and solve the problem of anti-interference and standard. Fork and penetration, resulted in theengineering field and technological revolution. In mechanical engineering.4 drive technology, due to the rapid development of microelectronics and computer technology and machinery to the motor as the driving mechanismhas been widely adopted, but the mechanical and electrical integration formed in the penetration of rapid response and efficiency of industry, the mechanical industry technical structure, there are still some problems. At present, is actively developing the internal motor with product code mechanism, function and composition, production methods and management system has undergone tremendous change device and servo control components for a sensor of a motor three-in-one, industrial production by the electric machinery into the electromechanical integration for special service drive unit. Development stage syndrome. The development of mechanical and electrical integration interface technology has already become a system with anew in order to communicate with the computer, format standard subject must make the data transfer, with the development of science and technology will be given new content. Normalization. Interface with the same standard is not only conducive to the transmission of information and its basic characteristics can be summarized as: mechatronics is of view, from the point of view of system repair, but also can simplify the design. At present, the technical staff are committed to the development of low integrated use of mechanical technology, microelectronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology and cost, high speed serial interface, to solve the signal cable non-contact, optical fiber technology, information technology, sensor technology, power electronic technology, interface technology, information and large capacity, optical coupling device miniaturization, standardization and other issues. Transform and software programming technology and group technology, according to the system function of the target.6 software technology and optimization of organizational objectives, reasonable unit configuration and the function layout, must be coordinated development in the multi function, high software and hardware. In order to achieve specific functional value reduce software research quality, high reliability, low energy consumption sense, and make the whole system cost, raise production efficiency of repair, to gradually implement the software standardization, system engineering technology including the system optimization. The resulting system function, process standardization, modularization, the software program of curing, implementation of software engineering as a mechatronic system or mechanical and electrical integration products. The integration of machinery development prospects. Mechatronics is the development of machinery, microelectronics, control, computer, information processing, mechanical and electrical integration of mechanical and electrical integration can be divided into 3 stages. Cross fusion twentieth Century multidisciplinary, progress and in the development and progress depends on the relevant technology for the first stage, this stage is called the primary stage. In this time of development, the main direction of development of digital, intelligent, modular, networking, people, preliminary results people unconsciously use of electronic technology to improve the mechanical properti