英语六级新题型选词填空练习题及答案.docx

英语六级新题型选词填空练习题及答案A novel way of making computer memories，using bacteriaFOR half a century，the（1）_of progress in the computer industry has been to do more with less.Moores law famously observes that the number of transistors which can be crammed into a given space（2）_ every 18 months.The amount of data that can be stored has grown at a similar rate.Yet as（3）_ get smaller，making them gets harder and more expensive.On May 10th Paul Otellini，the boss of Intel，a big American chipmaker，put the price of a new chip factory at around $10 billion.Happily for those that lack Intels resources，there may be a cheaper optionnamely to mimic Mother Nature，who has been building tiny（4）_，in the form of living cells and their components，for billions of years，and has thus got rather good at it.A paper published in Small，a nanotechnology journal，sets out the latest example of the（5）_.In it，a group of researchers led by Sarah Staniland at the University of Leeds，in Britain，describe using naturally occurring proteins to make arrays of tiny magnets，similar to those employed to store information in disk drives.The researchers took their（6）_ from Magnetospirillum magneticum，a bacterium that is sensitive to the Earths magnetic field thanks to the presence within its cells of flecks of magnetite，a form of iron oxide.Previous work has isolated the protein that makes these miniature compasses. Using genetic engineering，the team managed to persuade a different bacteriumEscherichia coli，a ubiquitous critter that is a workhorse of biotechnologyto（7）_ this protein in bulk.Next，they imprinted a block of gold with a microscopic chessboard pattern of chemicals.Half the squares contained anchoring points for the protein.The other half were left untreated as controls.They then dipped the gold into a solution containing the protein，allowing it to bind to the treated squares，and dunked the whole lot into a heated（8）_ of iron salts.After that，they examined the results with an electron microscope.Sure enough，groups of magnetite grains had materialised on the treated squares，shepherded into place by the bacterial protein.In principle，each of these magnetic domains could store the one or the zero of a bit of information，according to how it was polarised.Getting from there to a real computer memory would be a long road.For a start，the grains of magnetite are not strong enough magnets to make a useful memory，and the size of each domain is huge by modern computing（9）_.But Dr Staniland reckons that，with enough tweaking，both of these objections could be dealt with.The（10）_ of this approach is that it might not be so capital-intensive as building a fab.Growing things does not need as much kit as making them.If the tweaking could be done，therefore，the result might give the word biotechnology a whole new meaning.newmeaning.A)componentsB)advantageC)standards D)complimentsE)essence F)inspirationG)disadvantage H)doublesI)solution J)resolutionK)devices L)manufactureM)spirit N)productO)technique（二）Nice juicy AppleALTHOUGH he is still（1）_ things up at Dell，an ailing computer-maker，Carl Icahn has found time to tilt at another tech titan. On August 13th the veteran shareholder activist（2）_that he had built up a stake in Apple，though he stayed mum about exactly how many shares he had bought. Mr Icahns intentions，however，are crystal clear：he wants the consumer-electronics behemoth to expand plans to return some of its whopping $147 billion of cash and marketable securities to shareholders.Mr Icahn is also after more money at Dell，where he has been lobbying with allies against a（3）_ buy-out plan put forward by Michael Dell，the firms founder，and Silver Lake，a private-equity firm. His pressing has already forced the buy-out group to raise its initial offer by over $350m，to $24.8 billion and he has taken his（4）_ to the courts in a bid to extract an even higher price.Other tech firms have been attracting the attention of activist investors too. Earlier this year ValueAct Capital，an investment fund，said it had built up a $2 billion stake in Microsoft. Jaguar Financial，a Canadian bank，has been（5）_ fresh thinking at troubled BlackBerry，which announced on August 12th that it is exploring various（6）_options，including alliances and a possible sale. And Elliott Management，a hedge fund，has been lobbying for change at NetApp，a data-storage firm that it thinks could do more to improve returns to（7）_.One reason tech firms have found themselves in activists crosshairs is that，like Apple，some built up big cash piles during the economic downturn and have been slow to use the money. Financiers hope to get them to loosen their purse-strings faster and to pocket some of the cash. Mr Icahn wants Apple to increase and（8）_ a share buy-back programme that is currently set to return $60 billion to shareholders by the end of 2015.Another reason that tech firms make tempting targets for shareholder activists is that swift changes in technologies can trip up even the mightiest. Witness the case of Microsoft，which ruled the roost during the personal-computer era but has struggled to adapt to a world in which tablets and smartphones are all the rage. Investors hope to mint money by pushing companies to change more rapidly in response to such upheavals in their markets.The rewards can be substantial. Egged on by Third Point，an activist hedge fund，Yahoo（9）_Marissa Mayer as its new chief executive in July 2012. By the time she celebrated a year in the job last month，the troubled web giants share price had risen by over 70%. In July the hedge fund sold a big chunk of shares back to Yahoo. Mr Icahn thinks Apples share price，which closed at $499 on August 14th，could soar too if the firm follows his advice on buy-backs. He tweeted this week that he had had a “nice（10）_” with Tim Cook，Apples boss，about his idea，though he did not say what Mr Cook thought of it. If Apple drags its feet，expect things to turn nasty.A）shareholders B）strategicC）communication D）battleE）conversation F）encouragingG）exciting H）stirringI）appointed J）raceK）revealed L）methodM）accelerate N）proposedO）It isnt just the beer that（1）_ to beer bellies. It could also be the extra calories，fat and unhealthy eating choices that may come with（2）_drinking.A recent study found that men consume an（3）_ 433 calories（equivalent to a McDonalds double cheeseburger）on days they drink a moderate amount of alcohol. About 61% of the caloric increase comes from the alcohol itself. Men also report eating higher amounts of saturated fats and meat，and less fruit and milk，on those days than on days when they arent drinking，the study showed.Women fared a bit better，taking in an extra 300 calories on moderate-drinking days，from the alcohol and eating fattier foods. But womens increase in calories from additional eating wasnt statistically significant，the study said.Men and women ate less healthily on days they drank alcohol， said Rosalind Breslow，an epidemiologist with the federal National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and lead author of the study. Poorer food choices on drinking days have public-health（4）_， she said.The findings dovetail with controlled lab studies in which（5）_ generally eat more food after consuming alcohol. Researchers suggest that alcohol may enhance the short-term rewarding effects of consuming food，according to a 2010 report in the journal Physiology & Behavior that reviewed previous studies on alcohol，appetite and obesity.But other studies have pointed to a different trend. Moderate drinkers gain less weight over time than either heavy drinkers or people who abstain from alcohol，particularly women，this research has shown. Moderate drinking is（6）_having about two drinks a day for men and one for women.People who gain the least weight are moderate drinkers，regardless of alcoholic beverage choice， said Eric Rimm，an associate professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard Medical School and chairman of the 2010 review of alcohol in the federal dietary（7）_. The weight-gain difference is modest，and starting to drink is not a weight-loss diet， he said.The various research efforts form part of a long-standing（8）_ about how alcohol affects peoples appetites，weight and overall health. Researchers say there arent simple answers，and suggest that individuals metabolism，drinking patterns and gender may play a role.Alcohol is a real wild card when it comes to weight management， said Karen Miller-Kovach，chief scientific officer of Weight Watchers International. At seven calories per gram，alcohol is closer to fat than to carbohydrate or protein in caloric content，she said. Alcohol tends to lower restraint，she notes，causing a person to become more（9）_ with what theyre eating.Research bolstering the role of moderate drinking in helping to control weight gain was published in 2004 in the journal Obesity Research. That study followed nearly 50，000 women over eight years. An earlier study，published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 1994，followed more than 7，000 people for 10 years and found that moderate drinkers gained less weight than nondrinkers. Studies comparing changes in waist circumference among different groups have yielded similar results.Dr. Rimm said it isnt clear why moderate drinking may be（10）_ against typical weight gain，but it could have to do with metabolic adjustments. After people drink alcohol，their heart rate increases so they burn more calories in the following hour.Its a modest amount， he said. But if you take an individual that eats 100 calories instead of a glass of wine，the person drinking the glass of wine will have a slight increase in the amount of calories burned.A：indulgent B：participantsC：debate D：consideredE：contributes F：contestG：guidelines H：protectiveI：moderate J：indexK：implications L：considerateM：additional N：experiencedO：owesNearly half the（1）_ believes UFOs could be a（2）_of extraterrestrial visitation.A HuffPost/YouGov poll reveals that 48 percent of adults in the United States are open to the idea that alien spacecraft are observing our planet - and just 35 percent outright（3）_ the idea.The poll was seen as vindication from the community of UFO researchers who often feel they are laughed off by government officials.Its always been intriguing to me how we act as though only kooks and quacks and little old ladies in tennis shoes believe in flying saucers. And its never been true，at least for 30 or 40 years， said former nuclear physicist Stanton Friedman，who was the original civilian investigator of the events surrounding the（4）_Roswell，NM，UFO crash of 1947.Friedman is very outspoken on the idea that some UFOs are（5）_ controlled extraterrestrial vehicles.The believers are far more quiet，but far more on the side of reality， Friedman told The Huffington Post. When you look at the polls，its clear. And I see the benefit of that，（6）_，because Ive only had 11 hecklers in over 700 lectures. Ive been out there，all over the place，in every state，18 other countries，and I know that my（7）_is more than tolerant - theyre accepting. Its been one of the things that really has kept me going.In the HuffPost/YouGov poll，conducted between Sept. 6-7，1，000 adults were asked if they either believed or didnt believe that some people have（8）_ UFOs that have an extraterrestrial origin.When YouGov offered（9）_ the choice between slightly disagree， disagree and strongly disagree， those numbers added up to 35 percent who are skeptical of the notion that any UFOs may be alien-related.However，nearly half of the adults surveyed（48 percent）resounded in the affirmative，leaving 16 percent who（10）_ that they werent sure on either side of the ET issue.A：legendary B：acceptC：reject D：respondentsE：personally F：impliedG：population H：responsibilityI：intelligently J：indicatedK：sign L：signalM：witnessed N：storyO：audienceThe typical pre-industrial family not only had a good many children，but numerous other dependents as well-grandparents，uncles，aunts and cousions. Such extended families were suited for survival in slow paced _1_ societies. But such families are hard to _2_. They are immobile.Industrialism demanded masses of workers ready and able to move off the land in pursuit of jobs，and to move again whenever necessary. Thus the extended family _3_ shed its excess weight and the so-called nuclear family emerged-a stripped-down，portable family unit _4_ only of parents and a small set of children. This new style family，far more _5_ than the traditional extended family，became the standard model in all the industrial counties. Super-industrialism，however，the next stage of eco-technological development，_6_ even higher mobility. Thus we may expect many among the people of the future to carry the streamlining process，a step further by remaining children，cutting the family down to its more _7_ components，amen and a woman. Two people，perhaps with matched careers，will prove more efficient at navigating through education and social status，through job changes and geographic relocations，than ten ordinarily child-cluttered family. A _8_ may be the postponement of children，rather than childlessness. Men and women today are often torn in _9_ between a commitment to career and a commitment to children. In the future，many _10_ will sidestep this problem by deferring the entire task of raising children until after retirement.A）transplant B）solutionC）gradually D）transportE）elemental F）conflictG）continually H）mobileI）couples J）agriculturalK）including L）compromiseM）requires N）primaryO）consistingPsychologists take opposing views of how external rewards，from warm praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists，who study the relation between actions and their consequences，argue that rewards can _1_ performance at work and school. Cognitive（认识派的）researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on _2_ and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters，_3_ among educators. But the careful use of small _4_ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children，suggesting that properly presented inducements（刺激）indeed _5_inventiveness，according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively _6_ task，they show the most creativity，”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to _7_ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for _8_ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students，Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and _9_ failing grades.In early grades，the use of so-called token economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards，shows _10_ in raising efforts and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims.A）mental B）promiseC）kill D）avoidE）hope F）especiallyG）aid H）ordinaryI）approval J）monetaryK）generally L）improveM）challenging N）restoreO）excellentReadingis thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions，as it were，to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts _1_ questions，and so on.For most of the time this“conversation”goes on below the level of consciousness. At times，however，we become _2_ of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties，when mismatch is occurring between _3_ and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced，our question of the text continues at the unconscious level.Different people _4_ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page，others take off imaginatively from the words，interpreting，criticizing，analyzing and exami