外文翻译--年轻工程师竞相建造更高效更环保的汽车

附录 A Budding engineers compete to build more efficient, greener cars. University teams take varied technological approaches in vying for the Challenge X prize. The 17 Chevrolet Equinox sport utility vehicles that pulled up to the US Department of Energy headquarters on 21 May were identically equipped when they came off the assembly line in 2005. Four years later all resemblance ended at the exterior. In the intervening time, teams of students from 17 universities had torn the guts out of their donated crossover SUVsthose built on a car frameand installed radically new drive systems of their own design. The goal of the makeover contest, sponsored by DOE, General Motors Corp, and others, was to improve the fuel economy and reduce the tailpipe emissions of the SUVs without sacrificing vehicle safety or performance. For GM and other US automakers, the Challenge X: Crossover to Sustainable Mobility competition got a new generation of engineers and scientists to work on sustainable and innovative solutions to reducing the countrys dependence on oil, GM vice president for environment and energy Beth Lowery told the crowd at the ceremonial finish line. GM is beginning to move to electric-powered vehicles, she said, adding, There has never been a more exciting time to be involved in the auto industry. The winning team, from Mississippi State University, achieved a 38% gain in mileage over the stock vehicle with a through-the-road parallel hybrid system powered by a turbo-diesel engine running on 20% biodiesel fuel. Through-the-road parallel hybrids, the architecture selected by 13 teams, feature one set of wheels powered by the engine and the other set driven by electric motors. Ryan Williams, an MSU mechanical engineering undergraduate, said his team used computer-aided design software to help marry the drive train to the vehicle. Team members fabricated the one-of-a-kind brackets and other necessary structural components using computer numerical control tools available in the universitys machine shop. Like many other participants in the Challenge X, Williams said he hopes to go on to a career in the automotive industry. Bells and whistles The University of Wisconsin-Madison team won second place with a virtually identical drive architecture, adding a few bells and whistles that included an expensive stereo and an infrared camera that can spot a deer on the road ahead. Ben Fjellanger, a UW mechanical engineering student, said that several members of his team will be interning this summer at the GM assembly plant in Janesville, Wisconsin. In addition to supplying the vehicles, GM put up $10 000 in seed money and up to $25 000 worth of additional production parts, including the GM engine of its choice, to each team. Ten teams, including the top three scorers, opted for a 1.9-liter direct-injection turbodiesel, which ironically isnt available in the US market. Universities were required to match the seed funding, grant release time of one course per semester for a faculty adviser, and provide an auto shop and computer lab. Institutions also committed to granting course credits to at least a core subgroup of the team members. A Canadian entry, from the University of Waterloo, was the only vehicle with hydrogen fuel-cell propulsion. A major challenge was to get the cell, which was made for stationary applications, to fit under the cars hood, explained Charles Hua, a chemical engineering graduate student. Although It was the only zero-emissions vehicle in the competition, its range was limited to 150 miles per tank by a contest rule that restricted the liquid hydrogen storage to 5000 pounds per square inch, half the pressure that is currently practical. Theres also the matter of finding hydrogen fuel, although Hua said he knows of at least two filling stations in Ontario. A belt-driven motor paired with a flexible-fuel engine was the Texas Tech University entry. To reduce the load on the engine, the eleventh place team fitted a small fuel-cell and hydrogen tank in the trunk to power the lights, air conditioning, and other electric accessories. Team member Stephen Barrett explained that hydrogen can be injected to boost engine combustion under full acceleration conditions. Barrett has already landed a job with National Instruments Corp, a contest sponsor； his work on the vehicles electronics package won a $700 prize from NI, which supplies electronic control equipment to automakers and others. Hydraulic drive Arguably the most exotic drive train was a hydraulic hybrid system designed and built by last-place finisher University of Michigan. Its engine does not supply power directly but drives a pump that pressurizes hydraulic fluid in two onboard accumulator tanks. That stored energy is used to drive hydraulic motors turning the front and rear axles. The drive system requires no battery or transmission, explained team member Javier Somoza, who said that hed definitely be looking for a career in hybrid propulsion R&D once hes completed his masters in mechanical engineering. Teams were initially instructed to follow the development process GM uses wben introducing a new model. After a year of modeling, simulation, and testing of the selected drive trains, teams were given two years to integrate them into their vehicles. The final year was devoted to ensuring customer acceptability and proving vehicle reliability in real-world conditions. Teams were graded periodically on their progress, their outreach efforts, and metrics such as acceleration, emissions, and fuel economy. More esoteric criteria included well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions reductions, well-to-wheel petroleum use, and dynamic consumer acceptability. Awards totaling $79 500 were doled out to top-ranking competitors in various categories. As first overall, MSU won $7000. A 300-mile road rally from New York to Washington, DC, marked the end of the road for Challenge X, but DOE, GM, and Natural Resources Canada have already selected the 17 teams for a three-year contest that kicks off this fall. Argonne National Laboratory, which managed Challenge X, will also manage the new program, in which Saturn SUVs will be reengineered to meet Californias tough zero-emissions standard. Most of the schools from Challenge X, including the top three finishers, will be back. 附录 B 年轻工程师竞相建造更高效更环保的汽车 大学队在采取各种挑战大 奖的技术方法。 雪佛兰 Equinox的 17个运动型多用途车的拉 21日向美国能源部总部可能使用相同的设备时，他们来到了在 2005年下线。四年后结束，所有的外观相似。在这段时间，学生来自 17所大学队蹂躏他们的捐赠交叉型 SUV胆外车架上建造的，并安装了全新的自己设计的驱动系统。该改造竞赛由美国能源部和通用汽车公司和其他赞助，目的是要改善燃油经济性，减少车辆在不牺牲安全性或性能的越野车的尾气排放。 通用汽车和其他美国汽车制造商来说，挑战十：交叉对可持续移动性的竞争得到了工程师和科学家新一代工作 “可持续和创新解决 方案 ”，以减少对环境和能源贝丝洛厄该国的依赖于石油，通用汽车公司副总裁在仪式告诉终点线的人群。通用汽车公司开始转向电动车，她说， “从未有一个更加激动人心的时刻是在汽车行业参与进来。 ” 获胜队密西西比州立大学，取得了一个 “通过路线的并行的 ”复合式涡轮增压柴油 20的生物柴油发动机燃油系统的运行对股市车辆里程 38的涨幅。通过路线的平行混合动力汽车，架构选定 13个队，特征之一，由发动机，另一组由电动机驱动车轮驱动设置。瑞安威廉姆斯，一密歇根州立大学机械工程本科，说他的研究小组利用电脑辅助设计软件，以帮 助嫁给传动系统的车辆。团队成员捏造之一的一类支架和其他必要的结构部件采用电脑数控工具在大学的计算机店发售。就像在其他许多与会者挑战 X，威廉姆斯说，他希望去到一个在汽车行业的职业生涯。 花里胡哨 在美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校队赢得一个几乎相同的驱动架构第二位，增加了一些花俏，包括昂贵的立体声音响和一个红外线摄像头，可以发现一个鹿的道路上前进。本 福捷琳，华盛顿大学机械工程学生，他说，他的团队的几名成员将在简斯维尔实习在威斯康星州通用汽车装配厂今年夏天。 除了提供车辆，通用汽车公司提出了 10美元的种子 资金 000和 000至 25美元的额外生产零部件，其中包括通用汽车，其发动机的选择价值，到每个团队。十支队伍，包括前三名得分手，选择了 1.9升直喷式涡轮增压柴油发动机，它具有讽刺意味的 是不是在美国上市。高校都必须符合种子资金，给予释放每一个学期的课程指导老师的时间，并提供汽车商店和计算机实验室。机构也承诺给予学分，至少一个团队的核心成员小组。 一个项目从加拿大滑铁卢大学，是氢燃料电池推进的唯一工具。一个主要的挑战是让细胞，这对固定设备制造，以适应下了车的引擎盖，查尔斯华解释说，化学工程硕士研究生。虽然这是 唯一的零排放车辆在竞争中，它的范围是有限的，每罐 150英里比赛规则，限制了液态氢储存到 5000磅每平方英寸，有