非谓语动词.doc

.非谓语动词的语法功能 一、不定式的语法功能主语：To catch the train is impossible. 要赶上那趟火车是不可能的了。宾语：They need to look at a map. 他们需要查看地图。表语：My work is to clean the classroom. 我的工作是清洁教室。定语：I have lots of work to do. 我有许多事要做。状语：Im sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。宾补：He told me to close the door. 他叫我去关门。二、动名词的语法功能主语：Reading is a pleasure. 阅读是件快乐的事。宾语：I enjoy reading. 我喜欢阅读。表语：Her hobby is singing songs. 她爱好唱歌。定语：Hes in the reading room. 他在阅览室。三、现在分词的语法功能表语：The book is very interesting. 那本书很有趣。定语：Its an interesting book. 这是本有趣的书。状语：He sat there, reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里看报。宾补：I saw him standing there. 我看见他站在那里。四、过去分词的语法功能表语：They were excited at the news. 听到这个消息非常激动。定语：Therere few minutes left. 没几分钟剩下了。状语：Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. 从山上看我校很美。宾补：I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看见他被汤姆打了()谈谈分词的逻辑主语问题 一、什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，有其逻辑上的主语： I often hear him singing this song. Hearing the news, he could not help crying. 若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”： I often hear this song sung. (this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语) I saw her being taken to the operating room. (her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语) 二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点分词作状语，注意判断逻辑主语，通常应是句子主语。请看下例：(1) Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 解析：答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如：(2) _ many times, he still did not understand it.A. Having been told B. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was told 解析：答案应选A。根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：(3) _ many times, but he still did not understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was toldC. To have been told D. He was told 解析：答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语。三、分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但也有特例：(1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达： Generally speaking, women live longer than men. Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致： Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. Being French, it is surprising that she is such a terrible cook. (3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题： Supposing she does not come, what shall we do? (supposing为连词，意为“假若”) Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. (given为介词，意为“考虑到”)(4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题： In doing such work, patience is needed. =When one does such work, patience is needed. 四、分词的独立主格结构通常情况下，分词作状语时其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如： 误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，不能省略，故称分词的独立主格结构： The job finished, we went home. The weather being fine, we went swimming. He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. -ing分词用法归纳 1. -ing分词概述-ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成，与动词的分词形式一致。-ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表： 主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done2. -ing分词的意义(1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如： He used to stand there thinking. They held activities celebrating their culture. (2) -ing分词若在suggest, insist等动词后或作结果状语时，表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后； He suggested us practicing English every day. He insists on going with us together. Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. (3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如： Can you still remember living there? I dont regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. (4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。如： I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. (5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如： Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. (6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如： Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. (7) -ing分词的主动形式，表明逻辑主语所发出的动作；-ing分词的被动形式表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如： Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. (8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如： Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 3. -ing分词的句法功能-ing分词具有动词的一些特征，可带自己的宾语或状语，从而一起构成动词ing 形式的短语。这个动词ing 形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句子中，可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。(1) 作主语-ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语，但当-ing分词短语较长时，为了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放到句子的末尾。如： Reading makes a man perfect. Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over spilt milk. -ing分词做真正的主语时常用于句型：It is no use doing/ It is no good doing / It is useless doing/ It is worthwhile doing如： It is no good reading in the sun. It is useless remembering words only. (2) 作宾语-ing分词既可做某些动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。a. -ing分词并不是做所有及物动词的宾语，而是只能做某些及物动词的宾语，如：admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, keep, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest, stop及下列短语动词的宾语： carry on, cant help, feel like, give up, keep on, put off, set about, object to, insist on, prevent from, pay attention to, stick to, refer to, get down to, look forwards to, devoteto, be / get used to, lead to。如： I dislike playing cards. He enjoys reading stories. He got down to working as soon as he got to the office. b. 下列动词或形容词: want, require, need, deserve, worth带-ing分词作宾语时，主动形式表被动意义。如： The book is worth reading. The house requires repairing at once. c. 介词除besides, but, except接不定式外，一般都须接-ing分词作宾语。如： You must finish your work before going to the concert. On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. (3) 作表语-ing分词作表语时，有两种情况，一方面，当-ing分词具有名词性质时，-ing分词短语说明主语的内容；另一方面，当-ing分词具有形容词性质时，-ing分词说明主语的性质或特征。如： His job is teaching English. (说明工作的内容) His job is interesting. (说明工作的特征)注意：当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出的时，句子不是系表结构，而是动词现在进行时。如： He is teaching Japanese at that school. (现在进行时)(4) 作宾语的补足语下列动词可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。a. 感、知觉动词：feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如： I heard her singing in the next door? I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground. b. 动词find, get, have, keep, leave, send，suggest可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如： I found the missing boy playing by the river. Dont have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. (5) 作定语-ing分词作定语时，分两种情况。a. 单个的动词ing 形式作定语时，它总是位于被修饰的名词之前，说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如： China is a developing country. Would you please give me some writing paper? b. -ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时，总是位于所修饰的名词之后，说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如： The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. Dont trouble the dog sleeping over there. (6) 作同位语-ing分词作同位语时，位于同位的名词之后，且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开，表示前面名词的内容。如： His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. The goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. (7) 作状语-ing分词在句子中做状语，表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。如：a. 作时间状语 Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. Having had his breakfast, he began to look for work again. b. 作原因状语 Not knowing English, they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America. Getting up late, he missed his early train. c. 作条件状语 Living in a polluted environment, people may fall ill easily. Loving others, you will be loved by others. d. 作让步状语 Being at school or at home, she is a good girl. Talking or acting, he is very honest. e. 作方式状语 He went there riding his bike. They make money selling fruits. f. 作伴随状语 He used to sit there thinking. He walked along the river singing in a low voice. g. 作目的状语。作目的状语的-ing分词一般是表示所从事的活动方面的动词，如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等。 I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. Will you please go skating with me this afternoon? h. 作程度状语。作程度状语时，常用来修饰形容词或副词。如： He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet. He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon. i. 作结果状语 He cut down the trees in front of his house, having its roof blown off by strong wind. He died, leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt.4. -ing分词的一些惯用法在英语实际交际中，还有一些特殊用法或句型。如：(1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do 。如： There is no telling whether he will keep his words. (2) How / What about doing = How do you like / What do you think of 如： How about hiking this Sunday? (3) on doing= as soon as + clause , 如： On hearing the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. (4) There be no end to doing 无止境。如： If everyone wants others to dance to his music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. (5) without so much as doing = even. not. 甚至，连都没有。如： He started his company without so much as having his own office. (6) lose no time in doing = begin to do at once. 立刻做。如： There are very few days left for NMT, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. (7) be up on the point of doing = be going to do 即将做。如： We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. (8) in (the) hope of doing 怀着希望。如： After graduating from university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. (9) for the purpose of doing = for the sake of 为了。如： He went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. (10) come near doing = almost do几乎，差一点儿。如： He came near dying in the traffic accident. 5. -ing分词的复合结构根据句子意思的需要，有时须在-ing分词前加上适当的逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语与-ing分词一起就构成了-ing分词的复合结构。(1) -ing分词的复合结构形式a. 一般说是由形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如： His ( Li Leis ) singing / writing / painting attracts many people. b. 当-ing分词的复合结构作宾语时，-ing分词的复合结构也可用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格与-ing分词构成。如： The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Leis waiting for Wu Dong at the station. Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Leis reading aloud in the classroom? 动词be的ing 形式的复合结构不管是作主语还是作宾语，它的复合结构都必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如： His / The teachers being there made me very tense. c. 在there be / stand / lie / exist 结构中，系动词ing 形式的逻辑主语为：there。而没有主格、宾格之分。 I didnt enter the room because of there being too many people in it. d. 当不定代词all, both, each, few, some, this等作动词ing 形式的逻辑主语时，就用它们的普通形式。如： All glittering is not gold. I dont like this being cooked this way.(2) -ing分词的复合结构的作用-ing分词的复合结构相当于一个名词或代词，在句子中可作句子的主语、宾语和表语。如：a. 作主语 His being ill troubled his parents. Their coming made us very happy. b. 作宾语 We dont like his coming late. I dont mind him singing at night. c. 作表语 What matters most is his acting. What surprised us most is his speaking.现在分词用法说明 一、现在分词一般式的用法现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生： When we arrived, we found him sleeping. Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors. 【注】有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔： Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. He went home, finding the door locked. 当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。 二、现在分词被动式的用法当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：(1) 现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作： Who is the woman being operated on? I saw him being taken away by the police. 【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)： Being affected by coming financial crisis, he falls behind in the new business. (2) 现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作： The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes.比较： Being so ill, she can not go to school. Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 三、现在分词的否定式分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前： Not being able to understand English, he did not know what they wanted. Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 现在分词用法说明 一、现在分词一般式的用法现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生： When we arrived, we found him sleeping. Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors. 【注】有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔： Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. He went home, finding the door locked. 当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。 二、现在分词被动式的用法当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：(1) 现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作： Who is the woman being operated on? I saw him being taken away by the police. 【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)： Being affected by coming financial crisis, he falls behind in the new business. (2) 现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作： The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes.比较： Being so ill, she can not go to school. Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 三、现在分词的否定式分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前： Not being able to understand English, he did not know what they wanted. Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 现在分词与动名词的区别 在英语动词的非谓语形式中，现在分词与动名词形式完全相同，都是由 动词原形加词尾-ing构成。但是它们之间有根本的区别，它们除了都具有动词特征以外，现在分词还具有形容词和副词特征，而动名词则具有名词特征。这种特征的区别却表现为句法功能的不同。前面已经介绍过，现在分词在句中可充当状语、补语（宾语补足语或主语补足语）、表语、定语；动名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、同位语、表语、定语。因此，现在分词与动名词的区别方法如下：1 如果-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词。例如：Hearing the news，he got very excited他得知这消息后非常兴奋。（hearing 作时间状语，是现在分词。）I saw him going upstairs我看到他上楼的。（going作宾语补足语，是现在分词。）2如果-ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语或同位语，那么它一定是动名词。例如：Studying English is our task学习英语是我们的任务。（studying作主语，是动名词。）He likes playing football他喜欢踢足球。（playing作宾语，是动名词。）His ambition，conquering the whole world，was never fulfilled他征服全世界 的野心从来没有实现。（conquering作同位语，是动名词。）3如果-ing形式在句中充当表语，ing形式可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区分办法是：如果-ing形式相当于一个名词，与主语处于同等地位，可以与主语交换位置，那么它就是动名词；如果-ing形式相当于一个形容词，表示主语的性质或特征，不可以与主语交换位置，那么它就是现在分词。例如：His work is repairing bikes他的工作是修理自行车。（该句可改为：Repairing bikes is his workrepairing为动名词。）My hobby is collecting stamps我的爱好是集邮。（该句可改为：Collectingstamps is my hobbycollecting为动名词）。The novel is interesting这本小说很有趣。（该句的表语与主语不能交换位置，interesting为现在分词。）The football match is exciting足球赛非常振奋人心。（该句的表语与主语不能交换位置，exciting为现在分词。）4如果-ing形式在句中充当定语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区分办法是：如果被修饰的名词与-ing形式之间有逻辑主谓关系，那么-ing形式就是现在分词；如果表示所修饰的名词的性能和用途，且在逻辑上没有主谓关系，那ing形式是动名词。例如：不定式的句法功能归纳 不定式虽然不能做谓语，但保留着动词的特征，可带有自己的宾语和状语，从而形成不定式短语。不定式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等句子成分。一、不定式做主语(1) 英语中，不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。如： To learn English well is very important. (2) 但为了使句子平衡，常用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语不定式放到句末，特别是在疑问句及感叹句中必须采用这种方式。如： It is very important to learn English well. Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today? (3) 不定式做主语时，不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语，而应用for sb. /of sb. 做它的逻辑主语，当不定式表示对逻辑主语的利害关系时，用for sb；当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责备时，用of sb。如： It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. It is very kind of you to help us. 二、不定式做宾语(1) 在英语中，不定式可用来做宾语。如： He agrees to go with us. I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. (2) 不定式做宾语时须注意： A. 不定式并不是可做任何及物动词的宾语。能接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder. 如： I cant afford to buy such an expensive computer. He decided to work in that factory. B. 做宾语的不定式如果带有自己的补足语，则须用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。如： Do you think it necessary to master a foreign language? I find it interesting to stay with you. C. 不定式一般不做介词的宾语，但可做介词but, except的宾语，并且，当but, except前面如果有动词do时，不定式的to须省略。如： He said nothing except to go away. Now we cant do anything but wait for him. 三、不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。(1) 动词接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式的to不能省略。这样的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。如： The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. They didnt allow us to enter the hall. (2) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to须省略。这样的动词有：have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ，但它们变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略。如 The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past. =The workers were made to work over ten hours a day by the boss. I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. (3) 动词help接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to可省略也可不省略。如：He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 四、不定式做表语(1) 不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。如： My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. My job is to teach English. (2) 不定式做表语时须注意两点：A. 一般说来，不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时，to须省略。如： What I want is to visit the History Museum now. What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. B. 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，表示主语的责任、义务或将来的行为；当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，不定式是表语，表示主语的内容或性质。如： We are to keep the order in the street. (将来时) Our job is to keep the order in the street. (系表结构)五、不定式做定语(1) 不定式做定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后，表示即将发生的动作。如： We have much work to do. I have a letter to answer. (2) 不定式做定语时，中心词与不定式的关系：A. 主谓关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。如： Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning. Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. B. 动宾关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如： Do you have anything to do now? I have some clothes to wash. 当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系时，不定式中的动词须为及物动词，