外文翻译--机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述

西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 1 Mechanical Technology in the rubber industry outlined in the application In the development of human society is the modern process. Rubber Industries is an indispensable Economy, Trade and Industry. In the rubber industry in the development of rubber technology and rubber machinery (or electromechanical) to the progress and development of technology played an important role in promoting this. The development of rubber industry, rubber and rubber machinery industry technology constitutes of technical rubber products all the technical process and industrial technology system. In 1820 by the British made the human-driven single-roller rubber mixing machine. 1826 twin-roll Drum open rubber mixing machine into production beginning of the human rubber machinery production prelude. So far, human society has been the application of rubber machinery 180 years of history. Since 1839. A series of rubber machinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber vulcanization facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion machine (1858), screw extruder (1879), rubber rolling mill (1843 1900), Closed rubber mixing machine (1916) rubber machinery and equipment. At that tim西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 2 e, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role.1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic to fide D, the discovery and use of M, and further promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use. 1920 accession the carbon black to rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Therefore, the application of carbon black in rubber is improve the industry and promoting the progress and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial technologies, and the establishment of a series of synthetic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the regions natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base. Is a highly flexible rubber typical materials, its physical properties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and def西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 3 ormation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, pressure-type, shape, curing process procedures, in order to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastics, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on the elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory can not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic - theological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda. 1928, the United States set up the Evolution Society, 1940, the British set up the theological Club (later renamed the Institute of Evolution). In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Institute. 1948 convene the International Society of Theology. In 1953 the establishment of the International Association of theology is hold. Since then one involving applied mathematics, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, fluid mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines - have emerged theology, and gradually has 西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 4 been extensively applied. Theology not only in the rubber, plastics, coatings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: involves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Theology made in the rubber industry. Widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing、rolling、 extrusion、 injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain structure and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing four kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3 crystalline (glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state).Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state. In the course of processing molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility, and a high flexibility based elastic material. Because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory of rubber is exploration and the principles of the invention. Especially theology and application of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether 西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 5 in the filler, vulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry is a qualitative change. At the same time, all kinds of rubber machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber machinery, and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to hundreds of to thousands of kilowatts stem watts, which weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber products in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing, rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices. Compound rubber machinery industry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health glue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing； pressed for the compression machine for plastic, decorticating machine compound mainly used for preheating and plastic； crusher for crushing such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities； mill mainly used for waste plastic block grinding； refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewab西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 6 le impurities； reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch； breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Film compression； crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compression； experimental rubber mixing machine, the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc. Rubber rolling mill, which is rubber products processing in the process of one of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, its specifications, speed, semi product of high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, the machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has reached more than 1055 3000 (mm), roller line speed of up to 120(m / min) above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within 0.0025 (mm). And achieve full electronic control of the computer and automation level. The Closed Compound (mixer), rubber and plastic mixing refining is one of the main equipment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed (20 to the rotor西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 7 speed / min), the velocity (speed of 30 to 40 / min) and high-speed (60 to speed / min) 3. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80 / mixer at high speed over armed Rubber extruder (screw extruder), the worlds first since 1879-screw extruder Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery in a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production； filter plastic extrusion machine for removing plastic mix and the Health and the impurity； plastic extrusion machine for the continuous plastic glue Health: granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation； compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate； desulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfurization: extrusion dehydration mixing rubber extruder for dehydration and regeneration plastic dry: Cable extruder for the cable coated molding； row Gas extruder. The mixing compound got out of the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extrusion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credited. It has become the driving force of the rubber西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 8 products processing and optimization of the equipment. Injection Molding Machine, also known as the Note Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure machinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical injection press, injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4. Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications. Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materials from the use of rubber and rubber products, put out of rubber products which occupy the lions share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic tire in 1888, with the development of the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a large number of rubber tires. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to be certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processes, tire various parts of the a西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 9 ssembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other components of processed into paste composition tire embryo. Therefore tire molding machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tires. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore the various types and specification is endless. Such as cars, buses, trucks, construction vehicles and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tire varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level. This constant tire molding machinery put out a higher demand. Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers； by shaping the contours of the drum: drum, semi-drum, and the core-wheeled four-wheel-core. In addition, all other uses of different shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring is tens of thousands of species on the number. This shows that the rubber mo西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 10 lding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important. Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. The main structure of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanize, and the autoclave (including pressure autoclave) and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader is more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic plastics processing repression. Because of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. The types and forms are many. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet plate curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autoclave the curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, omnipotent said curing machine. Drum curing machine, belt and the V-belt two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 11 quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing and dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories device can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality. For the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and machinery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment has a clear life, it makes the certain inertia of the operation. Thus create a difficult change or do not need rapid changes in the direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research and departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore 西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 12 changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of the people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective. Or the rubber industry development, which is not only the normal process of production is rubber products. Mechanical technology and the increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people wait wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid development of the rubber industry, large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only the rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scrap rubber recycling use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress in the joint development of the road is the onl西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 13 y correct way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of intrinsic motivation. Of course also includes scientific management technology decision-making body elements. Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical), the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and social management technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex became a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry is related to the development of rubber industry carrot and stick scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, which is a carrot and stick form of the technology. In the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible and intangible. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 14 the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals； after a hard stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technology into the outcome of the objective process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthening the role of rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished rubber, Using and frugal behavior needs . 西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 15 机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述 在人类社会发展的现代进程中橡胶工业也是一门不可缺少的经济产业。而在橡胶工业发展过程中，橡胶工艺及橡胶机械（或机电）技术的进步和发展起了重要的推动作用。橡胶工业的发展，橡胶工 业技术及橡胶机械技术构成了橡胶制品的全部技术过程和产业技术体系。 1820年英国制成了由人力驱动的单辊式炼胶机。 1826 年双辊筒式的开放式炼胶机投入生产，拉开了人类橡胶机械生产的序幕。至今，人类社会橡胶机械的应用已有 180 多年的历史了。 1839 年以来一系列的橡胶机械设备陆续问世，除适应橡胶硫化技术应用的硫化设备外，其他橡胶机械 ,如柱塞式胶管挤出机（ 1858 年） ,螺杆挤出机（ 1879 年），橡胶压延机（ 1843 1900 年），密闭式炼胶机（ 1916 年）。等橡胶机械设备。先后投入当时的橡胶工业生产过程，对推动橡 胶工业的发展起了一定的促进作用。 1904 年，氧化铅、氧化镁等无机硫化剂的发现，特别是 1919 年有机硫化促进剂 D、 M 的发现和应用，进一步促进了生产效率的提高，大大改善了橡胶制品的使用性能，扩大了使用范围。 1920 年把炭黑加入橡胶中，才使得橡胶制品的性能得以全面改善和提高。因此，炭黑的应用又促进了橡胶工业进步和全面发展。 20 世纪初及中叶，苏联、美国、英国、德国、法国等国家，先后发明了合成橡胶工业技术。并建立了一系列橡胶合成生产装置及工厂。再加上东南亚地区的天然橡胶资源生产的规模化，为人类现代橡胶工业的全面发展 开辟了物质资源基础。 西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 16 橡胶是一种高弹性的典型材料，其物理性能十分复杂。大多数橡胶的加工成型过程都有近似熔体的流动和变形过程，而且在橡胶产品的加工过程中，生胶要经过塑炼、混炼、压型、成型、硫化的工艺程序，才能成为产品。在现代化工产品中，诸如橡胶、塑料、油漆、纤维、润滑油、陶瓷等一类材料的生产及工程技术的应用，对其材料的复杂力学性质依据单纯的弹性力学、粘性理论或塑性理论都不能满足这些材料加工过程的形变要求。于是一种基于对复杂介质力学性质的研究课题 流变学理论便提到了人类新学科研究的议事日程。 1928 年，美国 成立了“ 流变学会 ” ， 1940 年，英国成立了流变学俱乐部（后改为流变学会）。此外，荷兰、西德、法国、日本等国家也相应成立了流变学会。 1948年召开了国际流变学会。 1953 年成立了国际流变协会。从此一门涉及到应用数学、物理学、弹性力学、材料力学、流体力学、地质学、工程学及其他学科的边缘学科 流变学应运而生，并逐渐得到广泛应用。流变学不仅在橡胶、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸盐、食品等工业生产中得到广泛应用，还涉及到基本建设、机械、运输、水利、化学工业等众多工业部门：涉及到许多物质从固体到液体的变化过程。流变学在橡胶工 业中。广泛应用于橡胶制品加工成型的研究和应用。如对橡胶的混炼、压延、挤出、注射成型等加工过程。高聚物由于它的大分子链状结构和运动特点，在物理聚集态上呈现出 4 种物理状态：即 1 个结晶态和 3 个非结晶态（玻璃态、高弹态、粘流态）。橡胶在正常使用情况下是高弹态而在加工成型过程中是粘流态，只有在硫化处理后才基本失去流动性，而变成以高弹性为主的弹性体材料。 由于 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初，对橡西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 17 胶工艺理论的原理探索和发明。特别是流变学理论的研究和应用使得橡胶工业的发展，无论是在填充剂、硫化促进剂方面，还是在工艺原理方面都发生 了深刻变化。对橡胶工业的发展产生了一次质的变化。同时，各种橡胶机械也有了很大的进步和发展。当时的橡胶机械不仅名目众多，而且其结构、规格、品种等都巳达到一定水平的规模化、精细化、自动化和联动化程度。如有的橡胶机械传动功率达到数百干瓦至数千千瓦，机器重量达到几百吨。在橡胶制品生产过程的塑炼、混炼、压延、压出、成型、硫化六个工艺过程中都有了配套齐全的机械装置。 炼胶机械是橡胶工业的基本设备之一。目前生产的开放式炼胶机械达数十种。主要用于生胶的塑炼，胶料的混炼；压片机用于压片、供胶；热炼机主要用于胶料预热和 供胶；破碎机用于天然橡胶的破碎等，洗胶机用于除去生胶和废胶中的杂质；粉碎机主要用于废胶块的粉碎；精炼机主要用于除去再生胶中的硬杂质；再生胶混炼机，主要用于再生胶的捏炼；烟胶压片机用于烟胶片压片等；绉片压片机，主要用于绉片压片工作；实验用炼胶机，主要用于各种少量胶料的实验工作等。 橡胶压延机，也是橡胶制品加工过程中的基本设备之一。自 1843 年三辊压延机应用以来，已有 160 多年的发展历史了。从近代到现代各种不同规格和新型的压延机不断涌现，其规格大、速度快、半制品精度高、机器自动化程度高，已成为现代压延机械的主要 结构特征。目前生产的压延机最大规模已达到 10553000 毫米以上，辊筒线速度高达 120米分以上，压延的半成品其厚度误差已达到 0.0025 毫米以内。并达到采用电子计算机和全程控制的自动化水平。密闭式炼胶机（简称密炼西北工业大学明德学院本科毕业设计论文 18 机），是橡胶的塑炼和混炼的主要设备之一。现代密炼机的发展，具有高速、高压和高效能的特点，并分为低速（转子转速为 20 转分）、中速（转速为 30 40 转分）和高速（转速为 60 转分） 3 种。近年来还出现转速在 80 转分以上的高速密炼机械。 橡胶挤出机（螺杆挤出机），自 1879 年世界第一台 螺杆挤出机诞生以来，各种形式的螺杆挤出机械大量出现，不同规格品种已配套齐全，已适应不同产品性能特点的要求。如压型挤出机，主要用于各种断面形状的半成品生产；滤胶挤出机，用于除去混炼胶和生胶中的杂质；塑炼挤出机，用于生胶的连续塑炼：造粒挤出机，用于胶料和生胶的造粒；压片挤出机用于胶料的压片；脱硫挤出机用于再生胶的脱硫：挤压脱水挤出机用于合成胶和再生胶的脱水干燥：电缆挤出机，用于电缆的包覆成型；排气挤出机用于排出混入胶料中的空气和水分及低分子挥发物等。这些规格齐全的挤出机械，对橡胶工业的发展立下了汗马功劳。成 为各种橡胶制品加工的动力和优选设备之一。注射成型机，又称为注压机，主要用于生产各种橡胶模压制品。注压机械，按其结构形式，又分为卧式注压机、立式注压机、角式注机及多工位注压机 4 种。每种注压机又分为许多大小不同的规格