提升机械类外文翻译、矿井提升机精确测速的微机实现中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

英文原文   The mine pit elevator measured precisely the fast microcomputer realizes The mine pit elevator is the mine pit production important equipment, the load mineral, the material, the equipment and the personnel moves back and forth transportation's duty in the well chamber, holds the extremely important position in the mine pit regular production. Moves reliably safely for the guarantee lift technique, the request control system's performance is good, must have the high velocity modulation performance and the position control. Along with the computer applied science's swift development, uses the computer control system substitution original electrically controlled system is one tendency. As a result of the mine pit elevator control system highly complexity and to the security reliable strict request, domestic has not developed at present is more ideal, is suitable for the industry scene request the computer control system. This article introduced the author is engaged in a piece which this aspect works. 1 To the microcomputer measured that the fast installment request  To the microcomputer measured the fast installment the general request is: Resolution is strong, the precision is high, as far as possible short examination time.      1.1 resolution  When carries on the rotational speed examination with the microcomputer, the resolution with changes was measured that the rotational speed which a survey meter digit corresponds the change quantity expressed. Supposes the rotational speed when become n2 by n1 causes the survey meter value to change a character, represents the resolution with Q: The resolution size and system's control precision relations are really big, the Q value is smaller, resolution is stronger, system's control precision is higher, it is measures the fast installment an important target. 1.2 measured that fast precision  Measured the fast precision is refers to measures the fast installment to the actual tachometric survey precise degree. If with n represents the observed value and the actual value difference, n represents the actual rotational speed, % represent the measuring error which expressed with the relative value, then Obviously, % is smaller, measured that the fast precision is higher； system's control precision will be also higher. The measuring error % sizes decided that in measured the fast part's manufacture precision, and with measured the fast method concerns. 1.3 examination time  The examination time is refers to between two time rotational speed sampling the time-gap. The examination time's length the control performance influence is very big to the system, if the examination time is very long, then the system will realize the stable fast response with difficulty. The examination time is shorter, is more advantageous regarding system's control performance's improvement. 2 The microcomputer measured that fast general method  By the electro-optical type revolving encoder and elevator's axis solid joint, the elevator retransmits the certain amount every time (1080) the signal impulse, takes down the pulse number by the counter, and gives computer processing to realize the microcomputer to measure fast. Commonly used measured that the fast method mainly has the following two kinds. 2.1 The M law measures fast The M law measured that fast is reads the pulse integer which in the equal time-gap the revolving encoder sends out to figure out the rotational speed. The pulse number which sends out in the same time internal rotation encoder is different； the observed value is not same. The M law measured that fast schematic diagram as shown in Figure 1. By the counter the pulse counting which transmits to the revolving encoder, timer every other time T sends out an interrupt request to CPU, extracts corresponding according to the counting value's size the rotational speed. The revolving encoder retransmits pulse 1080 every time, altogether has m pulse in the T time, then the rotational speed is: This kind measured that the fast method is by the counting value m size reflection rotational speed height, thus is called the M law to measure fast. (1) Resolution May result in according to the resolution definition by type (3): Obviously, the M law measured fast when the resolution has nothing to do with the speed size, concerns with rotational speed sampling period T. (2) measured that fast precision  When measures using the revolving encoder fast, its measuring error decided that concerns in encoder's manufacture precision and with the rotational speed size. Supposes between the revolving encoder two neighboring pulses the angular deviations are. p%, an examination cycle's counting value is m, then the measuring error is: The rotational speed is lower, m is smaller, the measuring error is bigger, measured that the fast precision is lower. Along with the RPM drop measured that the fast precision reduces is the M law measures a fast shortcoming. (3) Examines the time: Is equal to survey cycle T. 2. 2 T law measured that fast  T law measured fast is determines between the revolving encoder two output pulses the time interval to calculate the rotational speed to measure the fast method. The time survey carries on the counting by a counter to the known frequency's clock pulse to obtain, the T law measured that fast schematic diagram as shown in Figure 2. The revolving encoder outputs a pulse through the microcomputer connection sends out an interrupt to CPU, after the CPU response, to read out the counting value every time from the counter, then figures out the rotational speed by the counting value. Supposes the clock rate is f, counting values between two pulse's are m, then rotational speed n is:  May see, the T law measured that fast is just the opposite with the M law. Rotational speed higher survey meter value m is smaller. (1) Resolution Supposes, because the rotational speed counting value becomes m-1 by m, according to resolution definition: By type (7), Q value size and rotational speed related, the rotational speed is smaller, m is bigger, Q is smaller, measured that the fast installment resolution is stronger. The T law measured that the fast merit lies in the low speed section to have the strong resolution to the rotational speed, thus may enhance the low speed the control performance. (2) Measures the fast precision Measuring error is equal to the angular deviations between the revolving encoder two pulses p %, namely measuring error: It only decided that in encoder's manufacture precision, with is measured the rotational speed to have nothing to do with, it compared to the M law measured that the fast precision must miss. (3) examines the time:  Because the revolving encoder retransmits 1080 pulses every time, therefore between two pulse's time intervals are: Type (9) indicated that the T law measured the fast examination time changes along with the rotational speed. 3 Mine pit elevator to tachometric survey's request  The mine pit elevator's movement process is a periodic process. Generally elevator's promotion cycle including the acceleration, the constant speed, the deceleration, crawling, stops five stages. In five stages, elevator's running rate has the very wide difference. Below gives the Anhui Province some ore elevator movement the speed chart, see Figure 3. May see by the speed chart, in the acceleration leg and the deceleration section elevator's speed is one process which changes unceasingly according to certain acceleration or the retarded velocity, constant speed Duan Yijiao the high running rate movement, the crawling section speed relative says must be much slower, only then 0.4m/s, generally speaking, the elevator movement process is a speed the process which changes unceasingly in the wide range, if wants to realize the microcomputer to measure accurately fast, then measured that the fast method must satisfy in the high speed and compares the low speed section to be able the correct measurement request. In order to safeguard the elevator movement the high security, in elevator's each kind of protection, has the constant speed section too fast protection and the deceleration section too fast protection, the constant speed section running rate like surpasses highest rotational speed Vm 15%, elevator safety arrestment； In deceleration section movement, if determines the speed to surpass given value 10%, also will implement the safety arrestment. Therefore, to reflect in the elevator movement accurately the speed condition, realizes the control system security, reliably, to move continuously, requests the speed which the microcomputer determines to be accurate, can satisfy certain precision. 4 The elevator measured precisely fast M/T law  By above may know, elevator's velocity measurement request has the high precision, can reflect in the elevator movement accurately the actual rotational speed. The fore-mentioned M law measures fast, low speed Duan Cesu the precision is quite low； The T law measures fast, low speed section rotational speed resolution is strong, but it measured that the fast precision is also much worse than the M law, they use in the elevator measuring the fast insufficient ideal； But M/T measured that the fast principle synthesizes two methods the merits, both may the low speed section reliable surveying fast, and also has the high resolution in the high speed section, adapted the elevator to the velocity measurement request. The M /T principle measured that the fast principle sees Figure 4.  And T0 by a timer fixed time, examination cycle T had finished after T0, the pulse generator output's first pulse decided that namely T=T0+ T, m1 is the pulse number which in the T time the encoder sends out, m2 is in cyclical T to the clock pulse counting value. The rotational speed expression is: A in the formula f clock pulse frequency； the 1080yi encoder retransmits every time pulse number. We develop in the IPC control system, the M /T law measured that fast is relies on the HY-6220 counting/timer template realizes, this is IBM PC the XT/AT main line compatible isolation type programmable multi-purpose template, on the board has 8253,8255,8259 three kind of programmable components. The M/T law measured that the fast hardware realizes the chart to see Figure 5. The work process is as follows: The computer sends out the start signal, outputs the first pulse from the encoder, 8253 timer (T0) counting start, 8253 counters (m2) also starts to count at the same time, after 20ms, the T0 timer to 8259 round of signals of stop, sends a pulse again until the encoder, stops m1 and the m2 counter, and through 8259 sends out the interrupt request to CPU, computation rotational speed n. The HY-6220 template software programming diagram see Figure 6.above  Gives the M/T law to measure that the fast hardware realizes the chart and the software diagram, presently discusses the M /T law to measure questions and so on fast resolution. (1) Resolution: M/T law velocity meter value m1 and m2 change along with the rotational speed. In this separately to high speed section and low speed section discussion resolution. In the high speed section, T0T, namely TT0, thinks M2 not along with the rotational speed change. In this kind of situation may result in: The M2= fTfT0 substitution above equation: Q=60/1080T0. This with the M law measured that the fast resolution is completely same. When the rotational speed is very low, m1=l, m2 changes along with the rotational speed change, its resolution is: This measures with the T law fast identical.     Figure 6 HY-6220 template software programming diagram analyzes by on, the M/T law measured that fast the law is close in high speed Duan Yum, is close in low speed Duan Ze and the T law, has at the same time the two's merit, has the strong resolution in high speed and the low speed. (2) Measures the fast precision: The high speed section (M1>1), measured that the fast precision and the M law are the same, namely %=p %/m1； in low speed section (m1 (3) Examination time: The M/T law measured that fast examination cycle T under the different rotational speed is different, (m1>1) and the M law is close in the high speed section, the rotational speed is higher, examination time closer T0, in low speed section is close with the T law. 5 conclusions  The M/T law measured that the fast microcomputer realized, has satisfied the elevator movement to the velocity measurement request, in the constant speed section, the deceleration section and crawled Duan Junneng to satisfy certain accuracy requirement, had guaranteed the elevator safe, reliable, moved continually. 中文译文  矿井提升机精确测速的微机实现      矿井提升机是矿井生产的重要设备，担负矿物、材料、设备和人员在井筒内往复运输的任务，在矿井的正常生产中占有极其重要地位。为保证提升设备安全可靠地运行，要求控制系统的性能良好，要有较高的调速性能和位置控 制。      随着计算机应用科学的飞速发展，采用计算机控制系统取代原来的电控系统是一种趋势。由于矿井提升机控制系统高度复杂性和对安全可靠性的严格要求，目前国内还未开发出较为理想、适于工业现场要求的计算机控制系统。本文介绍了作者从事这方面工作的一个片断。  1 对微机测速装置的要求  对微机测速装置的一般要求是：分辨能力强、精度高，尽可能短的检测时间。       1.1 分辨率  用微机进行转速检测时，分辨率用改变一个测量计数字所对应的被测转速的变化量来表示。设转速由 n1 变为 n2 时，引起测量计数值改变了一个字，用 Q 代表分辨率：  21Q nn      r/min                        （ 1）      分辨率的大小与系统的控制精度关系甚大， Q 值愈小，分辨能力愈强，系统的控制精度愈高，它是测速装置的一个重要指标。  1. 2 测速精度      测速精度是指测速装置对实际转速测量的精确程度。如果用 n 代表测量值与实际值之差， n 代表实际转速， % 代表用相对值 表示的测量误差，则  % 1 0 0 %nn                               （ 2）      显然， % %愈小，测速精度愈高，系统的控制精度也将愈高。测量误差 %的大小决定于测速元件的制造精度，并与测速方法有关。  1. 3 检测时间      检测时间是指两次转速采样之间的时间间隔。检测时间的长短对系统的控制性能影响很大，如果检测时间很长，则系统将 难以实现稳定的快速响应。检测时间愈短，对于系统的控制性能的改善愈有利。  2 微机测速的一般方法      由光电式旋转编码器与提升机的轴硬性联接，提升机每转发出一定数量 (1080 个 )的脉冲信号，由计数器记下脉冲数，并送给计算机处理以实现微机测速。常用的测速方法主要有以下两种。  2.1  M 法测速      M 法测速是在相等的时间间隔内读取旋转编码器发出的脉冲个数以算出转速。在相同的时间内旋转编码器发出的脉冲数不同，测量值也不相同。 M 法测速的原理图如图 1所示。  计 数 器 定 点 器旋 转 编 码 器B U S ( 总 线 ）脉 冲图 1  M 法 测 速 原 理 图 由计数器对旋转编码器发送的脉冲计数，定时器每隔时间 T向 CPU发出一次中断请求，根据计数值的大小求出对应的转速。旋转编码器每转发出脉冲 1080 个，在 T 时间内共发生m 个脉冲，则转速为：  601080mn T                     r/min           （ 3）  这种测速方法是由计数值 m 的大小反映转速的高低，因而称为 M 法测速。  （ 1）分辨率  根据分辨率的定义由式 (3)可得：  6 0 ( m + 1 ) 6 0 m 6 0Q = - =1 0 8 0 T 1 0 8 0 T 1 0 8 0 T                         （ 4）  可见， M 法测速时的分辨率与速度的大小无关，和转速采样周期 T 有关。  （ 2）测速精度  利用旋转编码器测速时，其测量误差决定于编码器的制造精度并与转速的大小有关。设旋转编码器两相邻脉冲之间的角偏差为 %p。一个检测周期的计数值为 m，则测量误差为：  % ( % ) /p m                                （ 5）  转速愈低， m 愈小，测量误差愈大，测速精度愈低。随着转速下降测速精度降低是 M法测速的一个缺点。  （ 3）检测时间：就等于测量周期 T。  2. 2  T 法测速  T 法测速是测出旋转编码器两个输出脉冲之间的间隔时间来计算转速的测速方法。时间的测量由一个计数器对已知频率的时钟脉冲进行计数求得， T 法测速原理图如图 2 所示。  接 口 计 数 器旋 转 编 码 器B U S ( 总 线 ）脉 冲图 2  T 法 测 速 原 理 图时 钟 脉 冲 f 旋转编码器每输出一个脉冲都通过微机接 口向 CPU 发出一次中断， CPU 响应后从计数器中读出计数值，由计数值即可算出转速。设时钟频率为 f，两个脉冲间的计数值为 m，则转速 n 为：  6 0 / (1 0 8 0 )n f m             r/min            （ 6）  可以看出， T 法测速与 M 法恰恰相反 .转速愈高测量计数值 m 愈小。  （ 1）分辨率  设转速的计数值由 m 变为 m-1，根据分辨率的定义：  6 0 f 6 0 f 6 0 fQ = - =1 0 8 0 ( m - 1 ) 1 0 8 0 m 1 0 8 0 ( m - 1 ) m                    （ 7）  由式 (7)得， Q 值的大小与转速有关，转速愈小， m 愈大， Q 则愈小，测速装置的分辨能力愈强。 T 法测速的优点在于低速段对转速有较强的分辨能力，从而可提高低速的控制性能。  （ 2）测速精度  测量误差就等于旋转编码器两脉冲间的角偏差 %p，即测量误差：  %p                                   （ 8）  它只决定于 编码器的制造精度，与被测转速无关，它比 M 法测速精度要差。  （ 3）检测时间：  由于旋转编码器每转发出 1080 个脉冲，所以两脉冲之间的间隔时间为：  601080T n                   s               （ 9）  式 (9)表明， T 法测速检测时间随转速而变。  3 矿井提升机对转速测量的要求  矿井提升机的运行过程，是一个周期性的过程。一般提升机的提升周期包括加速、等速、减速、爬行、停车五个阶段。在五个阶段中，提升机的运行速度 是有很大差别的。下面给出安徽省某矿提升机运行的速度图，见图 3。由速度图可以看出，在加速段和减速段提升机的速度是一个按一定加速度或减速度不断变化的过程，等速段以较高运行速度运行，爬行段的速度相对来讲要慢得多，只有 0.4m/s，总体来说，提升机运行过程是一个速度在较大范围内不断变化的过程，要想实现微机的准确测速，则测速方法必须满足在较高速度和较低速度段均能准确测量的要求。  t = 7 . 8 m / sv ( m / s )t / s0 . 4 m / s图 3  提 升 机 速 度 图 为保障提升机运行的高安全性，在提升机的各种保护中，有 等速段过速保护和减速段过速保护，等速段运行速度如超过最高转速 Vm的 15%，提升机将安全制动；减速段运行中，如测出速度超过给定值 10%，亦将实施安全制动。因而，为了准确反映提升机运行中的速度状况，实现控制系统安全、可靠、连续地运行，要求微机测出的速度必