医学英语.ppt

Chapter9,RisksforBreastCancerandItsTreatment,VocabularyPreviewandExercise,Readthefollowingwordsandphrases,relatingthemtotheirChineseequivalents.,mammogramn.mastectomyn.lumpn.marblen.biopsyn.sentencen.ancestryn.estrogenn.,乳房X线照片乳房切除术，乳腺摘除术块，肿块弹子，大理石活组织检查，活体检视宣判，判决祖先，世系雌激素,hormonaln.ovulationn.menstruationn.tamoxifenn.herceptinn.receptorn.aggressivea.inheriteda.,荷尔蒙的，激素的排卵月经，月经期间他莫昔芬赫赛汀(治疗乳腺癌药物)受体，感受器积极行动的，侵犯的遗传的，通过继承得到的,mutationn.BRCA1BRCA2recurv.hereditarya.disproportionatelyad.attributablea.malignancyn.,突变，变异，变种乳腺易感蛋白1乳腺易感蛋白2复发，再发生遗传的，世袭的不相称地，不均匀地可归于的恶性，恶性肿瘤，恶意,concealv.mountinga.Caucasiana./n.calibratevt.shrimpn.tofun.sproutn.postmenopausala.,隐藏，隐瞒，遮住不断上升的高加索人(的)，白种人校准，使标准化虾，矮小的人豆腐新芽，嫩枝绝经后的,reproductivea.scrutinyn.broodn.menstruala.workoutn.strenuousa.invasivea.misinformationn.,生殖的，再生产的仔细检查，细看一窝，一家的孩子们月经的，行经期的训练，锻炼用力的，费劲的，勤奋的侵害的，侵袭的误传，误报，错误的信息,globalizev.curativea.mobilizev.destinev.,使全球化，全世界化治疗的，有疗效的调动，发动，动员起来命定，注定，指定,Fillintheblankofthefollowingsentenceswithasuitablewordinthegrid,changingitsformifnecessary.,1.Preventivemedicineisconcernedwithpreventingdisease,whereas_medicineisconcernedwithhealing.2.Hawkinswasaveryemotionalman,incapableof_whathefeltfromthosewhoknewhimbest.,curativemobilizedestineinvasivestrenuousscrutinyshrimpconcealmalignancyhereditaryinheritedrecurattributablemutationmounting,curative,concealing,3.Hisdoctoradvisedhimnottotakeany_exerciseuntilhehadcompletelyrecovered.4.Theunions_thousandsofworkersinaprotestagainstthecuts.5.Workersarenotgoingtoputupwithwagecontrolsinthefaceof_inflation.,curativemobilizedestineinvasivestrenuousscrutinyshrimpconcealmalignancyhereditaryinheritedrecurattributablemutationmounting,strenuous,mobilized,mounting,6.Closer_ofthemedicalrecordsrevealedthatthewomanhaddiedofbloodpoisoning.7.Thediseaseis_,sothereisachanceherdaughtermaysufferfromit,too.8.Althoughthetreatmentforskincancerisusuallysuccessful,theproblemcan_later.,curativemobilizedestineinvasivestrenuousscrutinyshrimpconcealmalignancyhereditaryinheritedrecurattributablemutationmounting,scrutiny,hereditary,recur,9.Researchfindingsshowthatwomenwhoexerciseregularlyhavea20%lowerriskof_breastcancer.10.The_ofthesetumorsmakesthemdifficulttotreat.,curativemobilizedestineinvasivestrenuousscrutinyshrimpconcealmalignancyhereditaryinheritedrecurattributablemutationmounting,invasive,malignancy,1._2._3._,Asking,ListeningandWatching,A.Writedownthreequestionsonthetopicwhichyoufindinterestingtoexplore.,B.Listentoanaudioclipthreetimesandcompletethefollowingpassagewiththewordsorphrasesfromtheaudioclip.,BreastCancerTreatment,Morethanonemillionnewcasesofbreastcancerare(1)_everyyeararoundtheworld.Butsurvivalrateshave(2)_inrecentyearsintheUnitedStates,(3)_andsomeothercountries.Anewreportsaysdrugtreatmentshaveplayeda(4)_part.Whenbreastcancerisfoundearly,beforeithas(5)_,doctorscanoperateto(6)_anydiseasetheyfind.Butsomecellsmay(7)_thatcanbecomecancerous,reported,increased,Britain,major,spread,remove,remain,laterinlife.So(8)_treatmentsaimtopreventbreastcancerfromcomingback.Insomecases,thenewstudyfoundthatdrugscould(9)_byhalftheriskofdeathfrombreastcancerwithinfifteenyears.Thatis,fromthetimethecancerisfound.This(10)_wasshowninmiddle-agedwomenwiththemostcommonbreastcancer.(11)_.,additional,reduce,effect,Theybeganwithsixmonthsofacombinationofchemotherapydrugs,Thencamefiveyearsofthedrugtamoxifen.Tamoxifenhelpsblocktheeffectsofestrogen.Estrogenisthehormonelinkedtothemostcommonkindofbreastcancer.Theresearchersfoundthat(12)_.Theynotethat(13)_.,survivalrateswerehigherfifteenyearsaftertreatmentthantheywereafterfiveyears,furtherimprovementsinlong-termsurvivalcouldresultfromnewerdrugs,orfrombetteruseofolderone,C.Listentotheaudioclip“DebateoverMammograms”onlyonceandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.,DebateoverMammograms,1.AdetailedX-raypicturetakenbyamammogramcan_.A.reduceawomanschancesofdyingbreastcancerB.avoidsomeseveretreatmentsofbreastcancerC.preventthewholebreastfrombeingremovedD.showifawomanhasabnormalbreasttissue,2.Whatdosomeexpertssayaboutlong-termsurvival?A.Itdependsonthelocationofthetumor.B.Itdependsonthesizeofthebreasttumor.C.Itdependsontheaggressivenessofthetumor.D.Itdependsontheearlydetectionofthetumor.,3.DoctorLernersaysthat_.A.hehaswrittenabook“TheBreastCancerWars”tosupportmammogramsB.hewillcontinuetoadviseayearlymammogramforwomenaged50to70C.hewillcontinuetosuggestayearlymammogramforwomenunder50D.hedoesntthinkmammogramscanprovidemuchvaluableinformation,4.Whydomanyexpertsstillbelievethatmammogramscansavelives?A.Mammogramsfindmoreearlycancertumorsthananyothertest.B.Mammogramscancontributetoabettertreatmentofbreastcancer.C.Mammogramshaveresultedinabetterpreventionofbreastcancer.D.Mammogramshaveresultedinadropofdeathratesfrombreastcancer.,5.WhenthewifeofPresidentGeraldFordhadanoperationforbreastcancerin1974,_.A.sheopenlydemandedtoincreasemoneyforbreastcancerresearchB.individualsandbusinessescontributedmoneytryingtosaveherlifeC.thepublichadfarlessdiscussionofthiskindofcancerthantodayD.activistsworkedtodemandabettertreatmentforherdisease,Key1.D2.C3.B.4.A.5.C,D.Watchavideoclip“UnnecessarySurgeries?”twiceanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).,UnnecessarySurgeries?,_1.Aquestionhasbeenraisedaboutoneoutofeightwomendevelopingbreastcancer._2.Everyyearabout60,000ofthebreastbiopsiesareunnecessaryaccordingtoanewstudy._3.Aneedlebiopsyforbreastcancerisrecommendedasalessinvasiveprocedure._4.Surgeonsaremorecomfortablewithasurgicalbiopsybecauseofitsdiagnosticaccuracy.,FFTT,_5.Aneedlebiopsyisdonewithoutanesthesia,leavesnoscarandrarelymisseslesions._6.Asabout90percentofabnormalmammogramsturnouttobebenign,itmakessensetohavethemostminimallyinvasiveapproach._7.Radiologistsratherthansurgeonsdosurgicalbiopsiesinmostcases._8.Yourdoctorwilldecidewhethertoundergoasurgicalbiopsyifyouhaveabnormalmammograms.,FTFF,ReadandDiscussRiskFactorsforBreastCancerinDifferentCultures,focusingonthefollowingquestions.,RiskFactorsforBreastCancerinDifferentCultures,1.WhatdiseasedidLiuLichunsufferwhenshewas40yearsold?Didsheknewthat?2.WhydidLiuLichunthinkofthediagnosisasadeathsentence?3.WhatistheincidenceofbreastcancerintheU.S.?4.What,accordingtotheauthor,isthemostpowerfulthingthatcandetermineawomanschancesofsurvivingbreastcancer?,5.Whatisoneseasonwhybreastcancerhitsusuallyinmiddleage?6.WhyareAsianwomenathigherriskofdevelopingER-negativecancer?7.WhatisBRCA1?AndwhatisBRCA2?8.WhatfactorsleadtoahighproportionofAsianbreastcancer?9.Whatfeaturesdoesdensebreasttissuepresentclinically?,10.Whatfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenitcomestodosesofchemotherapy？11.Inwhatwaydolifestylescontributetobreastcancer?12.Whatistheexplanationforthepossiblelinkbetweenreproductivehabitsandbreastcancerdevelopment?13.Whydoesittakeculturalunderstandingtotreatbreastcancer?,ReadingComprehension,Completeeachstatementorgiveashortanswertoeachquestioninnomorethansixwordsaccordingtothearticle.,1.LiuLichun,a40-year-oldChinesewomanfromInnerMongolia,thoughtofthediagnosisofherillnessas_.2.Breastcanceris_cancerforwomenintheworld.3.Oneofthemostpowerfulthingsthatcandetermineawomanschancesof_israce.,adeathsentence,themostlethalformof,survivingbreastcancer,4.Oneseasonwhybreastcancerusuallyhitsinmiddleageis_.5.Asianwomenareathigherriskofdeveloping_.6.BRCA1andBRCA2are_.7.Manystudiesshowthatwomenwithdenserbreasttissuearemorelikelyto_.,exposuretoestrogen,ER-negativebreastcancer,aninheritedmutationsinthegenes,developmalignancies,8.Whenitcomestodosesofchemotherapy,thepatients_shouldbetakenintoconsideration.9.Otherriskfactorscontributingtobreastcancerare_.10.Ittakesculturalunderstandingtotreatbreastcancerbecausebreastcancer_inmanypartsoftheworld.,height,weightandethnicity,diet,reproductivehabitsandlackofexercise,isstillashamefulsecret,Decidewhetherthefollowinginformationistrue(T)orfalse(F)ornotgiven(NG)accordingtothereading.,ADebateonHowtoTreatPrecancerousBreastDisease,_1.JaneLeffingwellneededtothinkaboutmastectomybecausetherecurrenceincreasedherriskofdyingofbreastcancer._2.ThewidespreadapplicationofmammographyresultedinamarkedincreaseinthenumberofwomendiagnosedwithD.C.I.S._3.StudiessuggestthattheformoftreatmentawomanreceivesforD.C.I.S.mayaffecthersurvivalrate.,FTF,_4.ThereiscontroversyamongscientistsoverwhetherD.C.I.S.shouldbetreatedaggressively._5.Dr.NancyN.Baxter,anassistantprofessorofsurgery,recommendedtheless-aggressivelumpectomyplusradiation._6.Comparedwithundertreatment,overtreatmenthasmorepsychologicaleffectonthewomenwithD.C.I.S.,TNGT,_7.NotgettingtherightmessageandmisperceptionsaboutD.C.I.S.mayleadtoundertreatment._8.ThemajorityofwomenwithD.C.I.S.wanttoreceivelumpectomyplusradiation._9.Someexpertsbelievethatwomenwiththehigh-gradelesionsrequireadditionalaggressivetreatment,butthosewithlow-gradelesionsdonot.,FNGT,_10.Ms.LeffingwellfollowedtheadviceoftheexpertsfromtheDana-Farberinstitutetohaveasecondlumpectomy.,F,Readthefollowingpassageandchoosethebestanswertoeachcomprehensionquestion.,CancerGeneTestsTurnOuttoBeFarFromSimple,1.TheidentificationoftheBRCA-1andBRCA-2genesissignificantbecause_.A)theyaretherealculpritsinmosthereditarycasesofbreastcancerB)thediscoveryhaspromptedmuchexcitementamongscientistsC)ithasgreatlycontributedtounderstandingandpreventingbreastcancerD)womenwithfamilyhistoriesofbreastcancercantakepreventiveactions,2.TheidentificationofthesegenesprovidesthefollowingadditionalinsightsEXCEPTthat_.A)itisnotenoughtoconsideronlythemotherscancerhistorywhenestimatingawomansrisk.B)thebehaviorofthebreastcancergeneshasturnedouttobesimplefromapersonalperspective.C)thegenesappeartoplayaroleinotherillnessesbesidesbreastcancerD)eachmutationinBRCA-1andBRCA-2mayconferadifferentdegreeofrisk,3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasothertypesofcancersthatmightalsoresultfromthemutationofthesegenes?A)LungcancerB)OvariancancerC)ProstatecancerD)Stomachcancer,4.Whywouldthesamegenedefect.notbehavethesamewayinallfamilies?A)Othergeneticfactorsmayalsoraisetheriskofbreastcancer.B)Sofarnotmuchhasbeenlearnedaboutthehumangenome.C)Thegenestendencytoexpressitselfmaybemuchlowerinsomefamilies.D)BRCA-1andBRCA-2arenottheonlygenesthatcausebreastcancer.,5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthetruthbehindthemisconceptionthatsomecasesofbreastcanceraregeneticallyinfluencedandsomearenot?A)Thegenedefectdoesnotappearineverybodycell.B)Otherbreastcancergenesmayalsobeinvolved.C)Onlyasmallpercentageofallcancersisinherited.D)Ovariancancerhasoccurredinsomecases.,6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofageneticmutation?A)Itcanoccurwhenamistakeismadeduringcelldivision.B)Itcanoccurwhenitisinheritedfromonesmotherorfather.C)Itcanoccurwhenitisinducedbyexposuretoachronicirritant.D)Itcanoccurwhenundetectedbythecellsbuilt-insurveillancesystem.,Key1.C2.B3.A4.C5.D6.B,1.Whatareriskfactorsforbreastcancer?2.Howisbreastcancerdiagnosed?Howisbreastcanceratdifferentstagestreated?3.Whatpreventivemeasurescanbetakentolowertheriskofdevelopingbreastcancer?4.Haveyoueverknownanyonewithcancer?Howdidthediseaseaffecthisorherbody?Howdiditaffecthisorherspirit?5.Doyouthinkcancerisastabooofasubjectasitwaswhenyourparentsandgrandparentswereyourage?Whyorwhynot?,FurtherTopicsforDiscussionandOralPresentation,V.LanguagePractice,A.Word-buildingStudythePrefixes,SuffixesandRootsinthefollowinggrid,andthenprovidethecorrespondingwordbasedonword-buildingblocksandthegivendefinition.,Prefixespost-:after;later(之后；稍后的)Suffixes-ectomy:surgicalremoval(切除术)-gen:producer(产生者)-gram:somethingwrittenordrawn;arecord(书写或图；记录)-odynia:pain(疼痛),-oma:tumor(肿瘤)-pathy:disease(疾病)-plasty:plasticsurgery(整形外科，外科修补术)Rootsaden(o)-:gland(腺体)estro-:estrus(雌性动物的动情，动情周期),mamm(o)-:breast,mammarygland(乳房；乳腺)mast(o)-:breast;mammarygland;nipple(乳房；乳腺)men(o)-:menses(月经)ovul(o)-:egg(卵子),1.Agenerictermforestrus-producingcompounds2.Anx-rayimageofthebreastproducedbymammography3.Reconstructiveorcosmeticplasticsurgerytoalterthesizeorshapeofthebreast4.Abenigntumorofthebreast5.Surgicalremovalofallorpartofabreast,estrogenmammogrammammoplastymastadenomamastectomy,6.Paininthebreast7.Anyofvariousdiseasesofthebreasts8.Theprocessoraninstanceofdischargingthemenses9.Thedischargeofanovumfromtheovary10.Oforoccurringinthetimefollowingmenopause,mastodyniamastopathymenstruationovulationpostmenopausal,C.CompleteeachofthefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usingthewordsandphrasesinthegrid.,1._(是孩子们有可能受害最大)whentheirparentsdecidetogetdivorced.2.Inthepastmanybusinessesandcompanieshaveseemedvirtually_(不关心环境问题).,occurtosb.indifferenttofromperspectivebeapttoattributabletowhenitcomestooptforbedestinedtoturnouttobesticktopassontocomparedwith,Itischildrenwhoareapttosuffermost,indifferenttoenvironmentalissues,3.Misperceptionsaboutthediseasealsomayleadwomen_.(选择过分的治疗)thanneeded.4.Towhatextentdoyouthinkthatthesehigher-than-averagetemperature_(归因于全球变暖)?,occurtosb.indifferenttofromperspectivebeapttoattributabletowhenitcomestooptforbedestinedtoturnouttobesticktopassontocomparedwith,tooptformoreaggressivetreatment,areattributabletoglobalwarming,5.He_(应坚持他所擅长的),andnottryanddosomethingheknowsnothingabout.6._(我们甚至从未想到过)thatshewouldrecoversoquicklyfromherheartoperation.,occurtosb.indifferenttofromperspectivebeapttoattributabletowhenitcomestooptforbedestinedtoturnouttobesticktopassontocomparedwith,shouldsticktowhatheisgoodat,Itneverevenoccurredtous,7._(当涉及到现代爵士乐),veryfewpeopleknowmorethanPhilShaap.8.Genesaretheinstructionsbywhichparentscharacteristics_(传给他们的孩子).,occurtosb.indifferenttofromperspectivebeapttoattributabletowhenitcomestooptforbedestinedtoturnouttobesticktopassontocomparedwith,Whenitcomestomodernjazz,arepassedontotheirchildren,9.Hehadbeensoillforsolongthat_(从他的观点来看)deathwasablessing.10.Theconjoinedtwinsseparationsurgery_(结果比他们预