高考阅读理解干扰项设置手法ppt课件.ppt

阅读理解解题策略指导之常见干扰项设置手法,1,阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。阅读理解干扰项的设置其实有一定的规律可循，如果做题时能够把握干扰项的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点或不合题目要求的信息点，迅速排除干扰项，对提高解题的准确率必将起到事半功倍的作用。,2,Learningaims,Afterlearningthecommontechniquesofsettingdisturbanceoptionsinreadingcomprehension,youareexpectedtobeabletoreducethechanceofmakingawrongchoicewhiletakingareadingcomprehensiontest.,3,1.包含项原则,一个选项包含或概括了其他几个选项，就如花与玫瑰，牡丹，康乃馨的关系。,4,Example:Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat_.A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.,1包含项原则,5,Practice:Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.YourroommatestelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.VisitsbyyourroommatesfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary,Livinginaresidencehall（学生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（义务）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（卫生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍的）ofanotherpersonshabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.,6,1.包含项原则,包含其他3个选项的那个选项就是正确答案。,告诉我们：,7,2正反项原则,所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中取其一。,8,2正反项原则,Example:Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen_A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions,Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.,9,Practice:Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause_.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater,Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurfacestemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.,10,陈述内容或基调完全相反的两选项往往有一个是正确答案。,2正反项原则,告诉我们：,11,3委婉项原则,所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively等等,12,Example1:Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,_.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.,3委婉项原则,13,Example2:Q:Theopinionofthewriteristhat_.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse,3委婉项原则,14,Practice:Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementofallemployees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofonesabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.,15,含有绝对语气的表达如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等，往往不是正确答案。,3委婉项原则,告诉我们：,16,4同形项原则,几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考察考生的理解能力与分析能力。,17,Example:Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould_.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry,4同形项原则,Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoidedItstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.,18,词汇与句法结构相似的选项一般存在有正确答案。,4同形项原则,告诉我们：,19,5常识项原则,Example:Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.Theygivehimshade,Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.,20,Practice:Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits_.A.Ifthepremium（保险费）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoneyeachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.,5常识项原则,IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.,21,那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。,5常识项原则,告诉我们：,22,Example:文本中：A喜欢篮球，B喜欢足球，C喜欢乒乓选项中：A喜欢乒乓B喜欢篮球C喜欢足球,6.张冠李戴原则,23,Q:Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.,6.张冠李戴原则,Practice:,24,6.张冠李戴原则,Example:First,employersshouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.,25,6.张冠李戴原则,一定要注意：题干的主语与选项的主语是否一致。选项中所表达的观点和描述的行为是否与该选项主语一致。,告诉我们：,26,7.偷梁换柱原则,干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的单词，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。,27,Example:LOSANGELESHearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterand“therehasbeensteadyimprovementinhercondition”sinceshewasadmittedlastweek.Q：WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsometime.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.SheisfeelingquitewellatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenter.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.,7.偷梁换柱原则,28,仔细揣摩选项中被换掉的词所表达的意思是否与原文相符。,7.偷梁换柱原则,告诉我们：,29,8.望文生义原则,这一干扰方法一般用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子的字面意义代替目前定语境中的具体意义。,30,Example:Universitytuitionfees(学费)arecurrentlycappedat3,000annually,butthiswillbereviewednextyearandtheGovernmentisunderenormouspressuretoraisetheceiling.Q：Thephrase“toraisetheprobablymeans“_”.A.toraisethestudentsloansB.toimprovetheschoolfacilitiesC.toincreasetheupperlimitofthetuitionD.tolifetheschoolbuildingroofs,8.望文生义原则,31,对句子或词语含义的考查的题目，切不可因为认识某个词而窃喜，特别是词义猜测，万不能简单粗暴地用你所熟悉的字面意思代替在语境中的含义。,8.望文生义原则,告诉我们：,32,9.无中生有原则,干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。此外，干扰项也可能就是与所阅读的文章内容没有任何联系。,33,Example:Inthefirstcase,whenwedonttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect.Q：Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_.A.lyingB.stealingC.cheatingD.advertising,9.无中生有原则,34,Practice:,.Lastweek,JangreleasedhernewalbumDreamofAsia.TheleadingtrackontheCDisOurDream,aduet(二重奏；二重唱)dedicatedtotheBeijingOlympics.Q：Theunderlinedpart“dedicatedto”probablymeans_A.especiallyintendedforB.devotedtoC.showingherpersonalcharmtoD.makinggreatprogressin,35,不可用自己的生活常识，经历或大家普遍接受的观点去代替作者在文中的陈述。,9.无中生有原则,告诉我们：,36,这种干扰法常用于考查文章有关细节的题目中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，或者干扰项所表达的意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最佳答案项的情况下可以被选作正确答案。,10.鱼目混珠原则,37,Example：（高考真题29PassageB）“Kim,”beganBillWilliams,“Iamverypleasedwiththequalityofyourwork.Ihavenothingbutpraiseforyourdevotionandyourhardwork.Myonlyconcernisthatyouarenotactiveenoughinputtingforwardyoursuggestions.AndIdontneedayes-man.”7.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat_.A.KimhasbeeninvitedtotakechargeofthestaffmeetingsB.themanagerappreciatesthosewhojustdothathetellsthemtodoC.themanagerispleasedwithKimshardworkandhissuggestionsD.Kimislikelytohaveahighersalaryifhecanpasstheassessment,10.鱼目混珠原则,38,11.扩缩范围原则,英语文章为了表达的准确、严密，很注意对范围的限定，有时通过加上almostall，nearly，morethan，normally，usually等词对文意加以限制，“扩缩范围”干扰法就是通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中的范围、程度、色彩等改变，从而导致错误。,39,Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-aweekbenefitforemployeeshasreallybe