（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）英汉新词语的认知阐释.pdf

iii摘 要 词汇是语言系统里面最活跃的因素。随着政治、经济和国际交流的发展，新词语层出不穷。新词语是新近出现的，可以表达新思想、新观点，用来描述新现象、新事物的词语。新词通常是在语言形式上体现出新，新词的创造是基于人们的生活体验和对世界的认知方式，每一个新词在意义构建过程中也会受到认知规律的制约。前人对新词语做过不少研究， 但多从词汇学角度对新词的构成方式进行研究或是从社会语言学的角度对新词产生的社会文化背景进行分析， 很少有学者从认知语言学的角度来研究和解释新词是如何形成的。本文将从认知的角度对比研究英汉新词语，探讨它们之间的异同，进一步验证人类认知的普遍性和共同规律。 本文的研究有助于人们从一个新的视角认识词汇的产生过程，促进外语学习。 本研究以英汉新词语为研究对象，英语语料来自英语新词网站word spy收录的从2003年至2008年间的新词；汉语语料主要来自教育部语言文学管理司策划，南开大学中文系周荐教授主编的2006汉语新词语和2007汉语新词语 ，这两本书中同时也收录2003年、2004年、2005年和2008年的汉语新词语。这些新词语均覆盖艺术、商业、计算机、服饰、食品、法律、政治、生活方式、医药、健康、科技、体育等。 本文尝试从概念整合的角度对英汉新词语进行对比分析。 概念整合理论是从心理空间理论进化而来的一种理论，主要用来描述信息的在线投射和整合。它的基本运作需要四个心理空间：两个输入空间，一个类属空间和一个整合空间。两个输入空间中的成分被有选择地投射到整合空间。通过组合、完善和阐释的过程，生成输入空间所没有的新结构。在fauconnier的论著里面，整合理论共包括四种基本的整合网络结构：简单网络（simplex network） 、镜像网络（mirror network） 、单域网络（single-scope network）和双域网络（double-scope network） 。论文运用 fauconnier 和turner 等人提出的概念整合理论从认知的层面上对英汉新词语的意义建构进行分析， 旨在运用这一理论阐释英汉新词语意义建构的认知机制，为新词语的研究提供一种新的研究角度和方法。本文采用描写与解释相结合的方法，以语料的定性研究为主，来审视和解析英汉新词语创造和意义建构的认知过程。 iv研究发现，英汉新词语在语义建构过程中具有相同的认知机制，这种认知机制是由不同心理空间的映射和概念合成。另外，相关的背景知识、思维模式的不同以及联想、这些认知能力在新词的生成和意义建构的过程中，也都发挥着巨大的作用。 从概念整合角度对英汉新词语的研究是一个全新的视角。 希望本文对以后新词语这一语言现象的探索和发展有所帮助。 关键词：概念整合，英汉新词语，对比研究，认知机制 iabstract vocabulary is the most dynamic element in language system. with the development of politics, economy and international exchange, new words are emerging in an endless stream. neologisms are newly-emerging words. they can be used to express modern ideas, new viewpoints in the communication as well as to describe new things and new phenomenon. neologisms are usually newness in linguistic form; the creation of new words is based upon peoples living experience and cognitive style to the world. every new word is restricted by cognitive rules in the process of its meaning construction. as a language phenomenon, neologisms have attracted many scholars. from the viewpoint of lexicology, some scholars study the word formation of new words; based on sociolinguistics, some make a comparative study by analyzing the social and cultural background between english and chinese neologisms. however, few scholars study the production and interpretation of new words from the perspective of cognition. this thesis can well make up for this limitation. it will verify the cognitive universality and common laws of human beings through the comparative study of english and chinese neologisms from the perspective of cognition. moreover, this study is also helpful for people to understand the production process of vocabulary from a new viewpoint and improve their foreign language learning. examples of chinese neologisms involved in this thesis come from chinese neologisms in 2006 2006汉语新词语 and chinese neologisms in 2007 2007 汉语新词语 . at the same time, chinese neologisms in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2008 are also contained in these two books. english neologisms are chosen from english neologisms website word spy () from 2003 to 2008. these new words come from different fields, such as arts, business, computers, clothing, food, law, politics, lifestyle, medicine, health, technology, sports, etc. iithis thesis tries to make a comparative study of english and chinese neologisms based on conceptual integration theory (cit). cit is a kind of theory that evolves from mental space theory, mainly to describe on-line projection and integration of information. there are four basic mental spaces: two input spaces, a generic space and a blended space. elements from the two input spaces are selectively projected to the blended space. there is an emergent structure generated through composition, completion and elaboration. according to fauconnier, four basic integration networks are provided in cit: simplex network, mirror network, single-scope network and double-scope network. this thesis applies cit to analyze the cognitive mechanism of english and chinese neologisms in the process of meaning construction, and aims to provide a new point of view in the study of new words. through the comparative study of english and chinese neologisms, the author finds that the similarities are above and beyond differences, english and chinese neologisms share the same cognitive mechanism in the process of meaning construction. the interpretation of english and chinese neologisms is attributable to the interaction of different mental spaces and conceptual integration. at the same time, the production and interpretation of english and chinese neologisms also rely on cognitive abilities, background knowledge, and different ways of thinking, and association which are indispensable factors for the meaning construction of new words. cit provides a new angle of view for the comparative study of english and chinese neologisms. this thesis will hopefully give some values for the further study. key words: conceptual integration, english and chinese neologisms, comparative study, cognitive mechanism viilist of figures figure 3-1: mental spaces.21 figure 3-2: cross-space mapping.22 figure 3-3: generic space.23 figure 3-4: blended space23 figure 3-5: a complex network. 30 figure 4-1: the network of “revenge effect”.42 figure 4-2: the network of “城市依赖症”.44 figure 4-3: the network of “office creeper”.47 figure 4-4: the network of “房模”.49 figure 4-5: the network of “trojan horse”.52 figure 4-6: the network of “睡眠博客”.54 关于学位论文独创声明和学术诚信承诺 本人向河南大学提出硕士学位申请。本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师的指导下独立完成的， 对所研究的课题有新的见解。 据我所知， 除文中特别加以说明、标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包括其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包括其他人为获得任何教育、科研机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同事对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 在此本人郑重承诺：所呈交的学位论文不存在舞弊作伪行为，文责自负。 学位申请人（学位论文作者）签名： 201 年 月 日 关于学位论文著作权使用授权书 本人经河南大学审核批准授予硕士学位。作为学位论文的作者，本人完全了解并同意河南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的要求，即河南大学有权向国家图书馆、科研信息机构、数据收集机构和本校图书馆等提供学位论文（纸质文本和电子文本）以供公众检索、查阅。本人授权河南大学出于宣扬、展览学校学术发展和进行学术交流等目的，可以采取影印、 缩印、 扫描和拷贝等复制手段保存、 汇编学位论文 （纸质文本和电子文本） 。 （涉及保密内容的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 学位获得者（学位论文作者）签名： 201 年 月 日 学位论文指导教师签名： 201 年 月 日 chapter one introduction 1chapter one introduction language is flexible; it changes with the development of society. phonetics, vocabulary and grammar are three essential factors of constructing language, and vocabulary is the most active element of a language. when people discover new things, come across new problems or summarize new experiences, the old words are not very appropriate for expressing their ideas. therefore, many new words are coined in these aspects, which keep the language in a state of continuous change. this phenomenon is usually associated with new things, processes, and concepts that need names. at present, new words are entering english and chinese at an ever increasing rate. both of them are presently experiencing the process of constant emerging of neologisms. ever since its reform and opening-up policy, chinese neologisms develop quickly, registering an average annual growth of about 700 new words in 1980s and at least 300-400 since the 1990s. (朱永楷, 林伦伦, 1999) the growth of english neologisms is estimated to be 850 new words each year according to a survey given by global language monitor. the ability to learn a new language everyday is of utmost importance, because as distinctions between national tongues die out, a new vocabulary is being born at a staggering ratealready roughly 1/3 of the words in any standard dictionary are less than 25 years old! a keen ear for idiom and a knack for coining phrases, has become the currency of modern-day imagineering. (holly, 2000: 112) the emergence of new words is a token of social development and changes. the rapid scientific and technical developments are noticeable. the ever-growing changes occur in political, economic and cultural fields. in english-speaking countries, the growing of digital revolution is driving the neologisms forward, more and more new words are invented or a cognitive approach to english and chinese neologisms 2introduced to express new things and ideas. in china, since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy to the outside world, new words come out in great quantity at great speed and they reflect the changes and development of society, making this language phenomenon popular and attract more scholars to the study of this field. 1.1 objective and significance of this study as a language phenomenon, the creativity and emergence of neologisms supply various linguistic resources to linguists for linguistic study. in the previous study of new words, some scholars follow with interest on the collection, introduction, description and formation of these new words. as far as the causes are concerned, they generalize that neologisms are mainly coined to denote new entities newly arising in the development of society and language system and innovation in science and technology. these previous studies of neologisms are helpful for us to realize the new words better. however, there are still many problems we need to answer and solve. why do neologisms appear in this way or that way? how do neologisms reflect new things and phenomena? what are the characteristics of the meanings of new words? which cognitive mechanisms are involved in the construction of new meanings? what is the inner construction of neologisms? are there any differences in the construction of neologisms between english and chinese? whether the construction of english and chinese neologisms have the same cognitive mechanism or not? are there any other cognitive abilities acting on the operation of english and chinese new words? if we want to answer and solve these questions, we should study and explain how a new word is created and formed. this thesis tries to answer these questions from the cognitive perspective, and it reveals the construction mechanism of english and chinese neologisms based on conceptual integration theory. cognitive linguistics observes and studies language from the viewpoint of human cognition in order to chapter one introduction 3find out language universals. cognitive development is earlier than language; language is a product which occurs when cognitive capacity has developed to a certain stage. cognitive capacity is helpful for us to discover and reveal the nature of things, and then we can express the things in words. conceptual integration theory is a basic mental operation. it plays a role in grammar, semantics, discourse, meaning, visual representation, mathematics, jokes, cartoons, and poetry. it has been proved that conceptual integration theory has explanatory power in linguistics. from 2000, some scholars began to use this theory to explain some language phenomena, for example, humor, euphemism, translation and so on. the study of neologisms is very effective in teaching and studying english and chinese new words. a comparative study of english and chinese neologisms will allow people to learn more about the characteristics of these two languages. moreover, we can inspect and verify the cognitive universality and common rules of human beings. meanwhile, the research will give a great help in the study of neologism translation and teaching. 1.2 methodology and data collection language is productive in nature. the productivity of new words has a certain accident, but the creative process and the formation of the meaning of new words contain a profound mechanism of human cognition. the cognitive mechanism is helpful for people to understand, accept and use new words. moreover, the aim of analyzing a language is not only to describe the language behavior of human beings, but also to interpret what laws exist in the internal language behavior. therefore, the analysis of discourse and corpus is common method, which can help us explain some new language phenomena. this thesis selects some typical english and chinese neologisms as study cases, and employs the methods of comparison, description and interpretation to investigate the cognitive process of the creation and meaning construction of english and chinese a cognitive approach to english and chinese neologisms 4neologisms. it tries to find the inner construction mechanism in english and chinese neologisms. dates of chinese neologisms involved in this thesis come from chinese neologisms in 2006 2006汉语新词语 and chinese neologisms in 2007 2007 汉语新词语. at the same time, chinese neologisms in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2008 are also contained in these two books. these series are embodied in more than one thousand new words which are collected from over 30 magazines and newspapers in the fields of politics, economy, culture, society and family life, such as the beijing news, beijing evening news, china sports, beijing youth daily, china business herald news weekly, wen hui daily, reference news and so on. english neologisms are chosen from english neologisms website word spy () from 2003 to 2009. this website has been opened since 1996; it builds up a variety of new words from the fields of art, business, computer, food, politics, medicine, the way of life, etc. alta vista, a famous internet search engine, introduces this website as “dictionary of recently coined words, old words used in new ways, and existing popular words and phrases.” 1.3 organization of this thesis the thesis includes five chapters. chapter 1 gives a description of significance in studying neologisms, and presents the objective and outline of the thesis. chapter 2 gives a brief and general definition of neologisms, and introduces the classifications of neologisms. furthermore, it looks back at the previous studies of english and chinese neologisms in order to describe the development and sources of neologisms. the author tries to point out that it is a new trend for people to study neologisms from the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics. chapter 3 gives a detailed introduction to conceptual integration theory, which includes the introduction of this theory, types of integration networks and some other elements of this chapter one introduction 5theory. chapter 4 is the most important part of the thesis. in this chapter, the author applies conceptual integration theory to the analysis of english and chinese neologisms in order to find out the mechanisms and construction process of english and chinese by means of the description and analysis of concrete figures. the author finds that the differences between english and chinese neologisms lie in their different scales of conceptual integration theory. moreover, there are some essential elements for the explanation of the construction of neologisms, such as background knowledge, association of ideas and inferential capability and so on. chapter 5 is a conclusion; it points out the implications for future studies and the limitations of this thesis. a cognitive approach to english and chinese neologisms 6chapter two literature review 2.1 definition of neologisms the term neologism is derived from a french word “nologisme”, “no” means “new”, and “logos” is a greek root which means “words”. the term in itself is something of new words. what is meant by a neologism? how to judge a word is new? the definition of neologisms will be introduced in terms of the viewpoint of some dictionaries, lexicographers and scholars. let us see the definitions of neologisms given by dictionaries. according to longman dictionary of contemporary english (2001), “neology is a new word or phrase, or a word or phrase used in a new meaning, or the formation or use of such words or phrase.” in websters new world thesaurus (2001) “neology is coinage of words, neology, new phrase, nonce word, synthetic word, and vogue word”. collins cobuild advanced learners english dictionary (2005) defines that “a neologism is a new word or expression in a language, or a new meaning for an existing word or expression.” the new oxford dictionary of english (2000) points out that “neology is viewed as a newly coined word or expression, the coining or use of new words.” in oxford advanced learners english-chinese dictionary (2000)，a neologism refers to “newly-invented word”. in china, many scholars have their own understanding and definitions to neologisms. chen yuan thinks that neologisms are the newly borrowed, newly formed words or the existing words with new meanings. wang tiekun defines that neologisms are the newly coined words which are newly formed or borrowed from other languages or dialects; they also include some fixed phrases with new meaning and new usage. zhao keqing holds that chapter two literature review 7neologisms are those which have new forms and new meanings, or some words which already exist but developed new usages. li jianguo concludes that neologisms refer to the newly-emerged words, which correspond with native word-formation rules and can be used for communication. the definition of neologisms also attracts many english scholars. newmark states that neologisms can be defined as newly-formed lexical units or existing lexical units with new meanings. algeo (1991:7) defines: “neologism, a unit of the lexicon, a word, a word element or a phrase, whose meaning, or whose signifier-signified relationship, presupposing an effective function in a specific model of communication, was not previously materialized as a linguistic form in the immediately preceding stage of the lexicon of the language.” jean aitchison advocates that neologisms are those which have new meanings and new forms. actually, to define a new word is not as simple as one expects. many complex and difficult factors are involved in the creation of new words, and it is difficult for people to study and explore the reasons of the formation of new form and meaning. in this thesis, a general definition to neologisms is given based on different definitions by lexicographers and scholars. neologisms are the words which appear within a certain period of time, which can be accepted widely by people; neologisms are newly-emerged words in the process of understanding and using of language, they can be used to express modern ideas, new viewpoints in the communication and to describe new things and new phenomenon; neologisms are the words with newly-formation and t