研究生英语论文写作指导.doc

研究生英语论文写作指导1 研究生英语论文评判标准1） 语体论文应该采用正式语体。相关知识链接：语体 通常，英语语体分为五个大类：超正式语体；正式语体；普通语体；随便语体，超随便语体。在科技文献（包括论文）中，一般采用正式语体。正式语体的特点如下：a）人称特点：通常不采用第一或第二人称。b）词汇特点：通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇，或在需要时采用专业技术用语，少用在日常用语中采用的通俗用语，尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.（正式）John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting.（非正式）将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较，可以发现，前一个句子采用的词汇（deliver, interminable, address, conference）比后一个句子采用的词汇（gave, long, speech, meeting）要正式得多。c） 结构特点：通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式，如: cant, theyre，而应该用can not, they are。根据意义表达的需要，通常采用比较长的句式结构，比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中，为了交流方便，常常采用比较简短的句式。2） 文体论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识，或忽视了文体区别，曾经有一些同学将在论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。相关知识链接：文体记叙文（Narration）：记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述（thesis statement）。说明文（Exposition）：说明一个事物或事理，主要目的是介绍信息（providing information, or informing somebody of something）。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用写作中的描述手法（description）。描述总要循着某个规律，或从左到右，或由表及里，或由本质到现象，或由一般到具体，或由整体到部分，或进行比较对比（comparison or contrast），或进行因果分析（cause analysis）。说明事理的文章可有一个主题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的，但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。作者并不去试图证明或反驳某个观点，只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实或事例时，作者不用遵循什么规律，只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。议论文（Argumentation）：如同中文，议论文有论点，论据，结论。一般性的论文中，论点往往涉及一个常见话题（issue）。说服性的文章或称分析劝导型文章（Persuasion）：此类文章常常可分为两大部分。第一部分介绍某事多么有趣，多么简单容易，多么必要，多么紧迫等。第二部分告诉读者如何去做。这类文章的一种变体是解决问题型（problem solving）。第一部分说明问题的严重性，解决这一问题的必要性，重要性，紧迫性等。第二部分提出各种可能的解决办法。进一步的变化是只有第一部分，只讨论问题，而不去讨论解决办法。3） 全文思路全文思路清晰，重点突出，合乎逻辑。符合英语行文习惯：重点先交代，越往后越详细，后边的解释、支持、发展前边的。一个要点交代完毕，再转向另一个要点。每句一个中心（句子主干）；每段一个中心（段落主题句）；全文一个中心（主题思想）。全文各个部分服从于全文中心，与主题无关的内容一律不写。4） 客观性，权威性，理论性，可靠性客观性，权威性，理论性和可靠性是一篇论文必须具备的特性。实现客观性，就需要避免主观武断的论断。坚持“言之有据”，“言之有理”。在一篇论文中，论断不宜过多。坚持做到每个论断都要有事实，数据或相关理论的支持。这些事实或数据都应该是来自可靠的或权威的信息来源，相关理论应该是来自相关领域的比较权威的专家、学者，或相关文献。这样才能保证论文的权威性和理论性。实现了客观性，权威性和理论性，才能保证一篇论文的可靠性。5） 格式正确一般论文都应该有封面、摘要，关键词和列出参考文献。本次论文练习的封面应该包含的内容有：标题，作者姓名（中文），班级，学号，日期。摘要应该在200词以内。关键词应该是35词。应该在论文中用脚注的形式标示出哪些材料是引用的，而且在论文最后列出的参考文献中按照顺序表明作者姓名，年代，文献名称，页码等信息。6） 避免常见错误2 如何写论文摘要论文摘要应该包含论文中的核心内容（thesis statement），应该能够使读者明白本文的中心话题是什么，作者对此提出了什么新的观点看法，或新的理论，以及作者为达此目的所采用的研究方法，依据的理论，所进行的实验，所引用的数据等等。因此，摘要中通常需要包含以下内容：什么论题；采用了什么研究方法；依据什么理论；作了什么分析；得出了什么结论；或提出了哪些可能的解决方法等等。由于摘要必须简洁，诸如引入话题或细节介绍这样的材料就不应该出现在摘要中。实例分析：例一：ABSTRACTWhen we talk about success, we often meet a question, which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But people should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come. In this thesis, I choose diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying to create their own business. We rebutted this view in this paper and give reasons for that why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we have some advises about how should students study and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I talk about four changes of our countrys policy which had brought people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.点评： ABSTRACT When we talk about success, we 语言不正式，没有分清书面语和口语的区别。写paper的时候，应该用正式语言，应该是客观地讨论问题，不应该滥用I, we, you这样的第一和第二人称。 often meet a question, 前边的question和后边的which名词从句应该是同位语的关系，不应该用逗号隔开。 which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit 语言不正式 that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But people 典型错误 should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come主谓语不一致. In this thesis, I choose 语言不正式 diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying词类和拼写错误，应该用study。此处最好用their college education。 to create their own business. We人称 rebutted时态错误 this view in this paper and give reasons for that 从句连词应用错误 why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we人称 have some advises不可数名词，词类拼写错误advice about how should students study从句词序错误。不应该用疑问句的词序 and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I talk about 语言不正式four changes of our countrys policy没有注意可数名词单复数变化 which had brought时态错误。看不出为什么要用过去完成时态 people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.从这个例子中可以看出，不仅出现了与主题思想无关的内容（如前两句），而且采用了非正式语体，还出现了许多比较低级的语言表达方面的错误。改进：In the discussion about success, a question may inevitably arise: which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? It can be admitted that opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But one should keep trying and never give up until a good chance comes. This thesis tries to explain why diligence is more important than opportunity and gives reasons why students should stay in school and try to learn more knowledge. Some advice is offered about how students should study and prepare for the opportunity in the future. Four changes of our countrys policies are discussed, which have brought about lots of opportunities and the may further change the situation. 例二ABSTRACTThe purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day and give readers some advices on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with the active influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, Naturally we can draw a conclusion that too much information provided by the Internet does no good for people. So it is time we should strength the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways. Actually, measures have already been taken right now.点评：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day（多余，累赘。） and give readers（对于一篇论文来说，这样的表达不正式） some advices（advice不可数名词） on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with（结构错误。through sth通过什么途径或手段。by doing sth通过做某事。当句子的主语承受compare这个动作时，用compared with短语，表示“与什么相比较”。若句子的主语发出这个动作，应该用comparing A and B表示“将A与B比较”。） the active（选词错误。表示“有积极意义的”应该用positive。） influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, Naturally（大小写错误。此处应该用小写） we can draw a conclusion（不正式。为了客观，在论文中应该尽量避免用第一或第二人称。） that too much information provided by the Internet does no good for people.（people典型错误） So it is time we should strength（strength词类错误。句型结构错误。这个句型应该是It is time that sb did sth 或It is time (for sb) to do sth） the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways.（道理不通。对于给信息分类来说，方式way无所谓“健康”。） Actually, measures have already been taken right now.（此句不妥。作为一篇论文，此处不应该是描述已经采取的措施，而应该是评论已经采取的措施或探讨需要采取的措施）改进：以下仅对表达方面的错误加以改进：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet and try to explore the possible ways to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. By comparing the positive influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, it can be concluded that too much information provided by the Internet may do much harm instead of good to common people. So it is time to strengthen the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information rationally.例三At present, college students are confronted with study pressure, employment pressure, economy pressure and human relations pressure. The mental problem is increasing under all of these pressures and then having affected the health of the college students. So does their personal training. Analyse the current situation of college students psychological quality and the factors that influence it and resolve all of the problems, it is of important significance.点评：除了存在一些结构和词语方面的基本错误以外，这个ABSTRACT没有真正概括出全文的中心内容，没有说明作了什么样的分析，采用了什么样的理论或方法，提出了什么样的结论、建议或解决方案。改进：At present, college students in China are confronted with various pressures, which have directly affected their mental health. (提出subject）The thesis presents a description of the situation, and, based on the recent research results on the subject, offers an analysis on the factors concerning the psychological problems of college students, and tries to explore the possible solutions to the mental strains that college students are faced with. (说明本文所采用的方法及所做的主要工作）例四 ABSTRACTThis paper mainly discussed the globalization. It contents six parts. With the development of the economy, globalization beomce the inevitable trend. The definition and feature of globalization introduced at the beginning of the paper. The first part is how to view globalization.The features of globalization is free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information nad service. The third part is Chinas experience, in this part, several solutions are summerized to turn challenges into opportunies.The fifth part is Chinas contribution to world economy, such as provide the world with the large rising market. The last part is the blueprint for future development. Opening the country to the outside world is Chinas basic and long-term state policy, then discussed the develop objective of several fields such as economic cultural and political and so on.点评：除了一些词类，句子结构等方面的基本错误外，这篇摘要的主要问题是没有注意ABSTRACT在内容和语言表达方面的特点，把摘要变成了介绍文章中写了一些什么内容。 改进：This paper is mainly concerned with the influence of globalization on the development of China. Through the paper, the author introduces how globalization should be viewed, the features of globalization and Chinas experience in the participation of the process of globalization. Furthermore, the paper discusses the policies of the Chinese government and tries to explore the ways to change challenges into opportunities for such a developing country as China. 3 如何在写作中使用正式规范的语言？由于论文的语体方面的要求，也为了保证论文的客观性，需要在论文中采用正式规范的语言。从研究生班学生所写的文章中摘取了一写句子加以修改，作为示范。各位也许可以从中学到如何在写作中改善自己的语言，使之正式，规范。例一In the following, Ill give some typical example of the differences.点评：在口语中，也许这样的表达可以显得亲切自然，而在论文中就显得不够正式规范。改进：The following examples may illustrate the differences.例二How do the Chinese great each other?点评：许多中国学生不用疑问句就不能展开思想。应该改掉这个坏习惯。一个疑问句不能代替一个有效的主题句。应该在一段文章的开头写好一个有效的主题句。即使是在段落发展中，也最好不要用一个疑问句来引出下文，而应该用一个完整的论断直接表达自己的观点。改进：The Chinese greetings may partly show the characteristics of the Chinese culture.例三The governments are protecting traditional culture by using their mouths.点评：在正式文体的论文中，不应该用这样的情绪化的语言。改进：Instead of yelling slogans, the governments should take practical actions.例四But in my opinion, doing business has its own advantages.点评：In my opinion这样的词语显得口语化，也不客观。这篇文章讨论的是学生是否应该参与一些商业活动。而doing business没有清楚地表达这个意义。这里涉及的不是advantages的问题，而是对学生来说是否有益处的问题。改进：However, it should be recognized that there are various benefits for students to engage in business.例五The present generation is the “beat generation”. Why? That is because they do not know how点评：这样的一问一答的方式在演讲的时候可能比较有效。但是在正式文体的论文中就显得过于口语化。另外，the beat generation是指西方国家中特定时期的特定人群，不好当作一个普通词语来随便应用。改进：The present generation is the “beat generation”, because they do not know how to4 注意中英文的行文习惯的差异使用中文的人在论述中往往习惯于采用“因果，因果”的格式，以及“由远及近”的论述方式。而使用英文的人习惯于“重点先交代，越往后越详细，后边的解释、支持、说明前边的。一个要点交代完毕，再转向另一个要点”。这就需要在一个段落中只集中表达一个中心意义。为此，在写英文的时候，需要养成一