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参考文献摘要1濮良贵、纪名刚机械设计高等教育出版社2005年第七版2孙恒、陈作模、葛文杰机械原理高等教育出版社2006年5月第七版3聂毓琴、李洪工程力学科学出版设2006年1月第一版 4洪钟德简明机械设计手册同济大学出版社2002年5月第一版5周明衡减速器选用手册化学工业出版社，2002年6月第一版6机械手册编委会机械设计手册（新版）机械工业出版社2004年第三版7侯洪生王秀英机械工程图学科学出版社2001年8何铭新、钱可强机械制图高等教育出版社2004年第五版9张文春汽车理论机械工业出版社200510刘惟信汽车设计清华大学出版社200111陈家瑞汽车构造机械工业出版社2005年第二版12王先逵机械制造工艺学机械工业出版社2010年7月第2版13Tsutomu Fujimoto, Kizuka Tomoaki . An Improvement of the Prediction Method of the Idling Rattle in ManualTransmission- In the Case of theManualTransmission with Backlash Eliminator-J . 2001-03-05 To reduce the idling rattle ofmanualtransmissions, the computer simulation has been utilized. However, the conventional simulation model could not express properly the relationship between thetransmissionoil temperature and the rattle noise level, especially in case oftransmissionwith backlash eliminator in constant mesh gears. In this study, the authors carried out detail experiments investigating the motion of each part in the transmission. Based on the experimental results, an additional mass representing all constant mesh speed gears supported on plain or rolling element bearings was introduced to the simulation model. Using the improved model, it was confirmed that the calculated RMS value of the fluctuation in counter shaft angular acceleration corresponds to the experimental rattle noise level. 为了减少手动变速器的怠速拨浪鼓，计算机模拟已经利用。然而，传统的模拟模型无法表达正确的变速器油的温度和拨浪鼓噪声电平之间的关系，尤其是在情况下，在常啮合齿轮齿隙去除传输。在这项研究中，作者进行了详细的实验调查传输各部分的运动。根据实验结果，表示支撑在滑动或滚动元件轴承的所有常啮合齿轮速度的附加物质被引入到仿真模型。利用改进的模型中，可以确认，在副轴角加速度的波动所计算的RMS值对应于实验拨浪鼓噪声水平。14 Kijong Park, Hongsuk Suh, Bonggyu Son. Design Optimization of a Control System with a Variable Inertia Mechanism to Improve Shift Feeling in aManualTransmissionJ . 2015-03-10Shift feeling is one of the most important factors in developing amanualtransmission. When drivers operate amanualtransmissionvehicle, they experience shift feeling which is classified into several factors such as shift smoothness, clarity, comfortability, sportiness, and so on. In the factors, shift smoothness characterized by double bump force is regarded as one of the most important things in experiencing shift feeling in Europe. The double bump force is reduced by attaching a constant mass damper which creates larger inertia of shift lever in control system ofmanualtransmissions. However, it is possible to have side effects such as vibration of shift lever and clonk noise when employing the constant mass damper. In this research, a new control system with a variable inertia mechanism is designed and investigated to improve shift feeling while minimizing the side effects. The variable inertia mechanism is allowed to change inertia of the shift lever with respect to rotational angle of control shaft using a kind of lever mechanism. The change of the inertia is determined from motion of equation of the mechanism and also angular momentum of shift lever is calculated. Optimization method is employed to find out joint points of the new control system. Then, total mass of inertia body is minimized while amount of the change of the inertia is maximized. The shift feeling of amanualtransmissionwith the new control system was verified by employing the previously developed shift feeling simulator and performing the vehicle test.换挡感觉是在发展的手动变速器的最重要因素之一。当司机操作的手动变速器的车辆，它们经历被分为几个因素，如移光滑度，清晰度，舒适性，运动性等的换挡感觉。在该因素，其特点是双凹凸力换挡平顺性被视为在经历转变的感觉，在欧洲最重要的事情之一。双凸点力通过附接的恒定质量阻尼它创建变速杆的手动变速器的控制系统的惯性较大的减少。然而，它可能有副作用，例如换档杆的振动和采用该恒定质量阻尼器时clonk噪声。在这项研究中，一个新的控制系统的可变惯性机构的设计和研究，以改善换档的感觉，同时最小化的副作用。可变惯性机构被允许改变变速杆惯性使用一种杠杆机构相对于控制轴的旋转角。惯性的变化是从机构的方程也变速杆的角动量被计算的运动来确定。优化方法时，找出新的控制系统的连接点。然后，惯性体的总质量为最小，而惯性的变化量被最大化。手动变速器用新的控制系统的换档感觉是通过采用先前开发换挡感觉模拟器和执行车辆测试验证。15N S Gopi Krishnan, Kiran P Wani . Churning Loss Estimation forManualTransmissionGear Box Using CFD Design and Development of a Hybrid Electric Two-WheelerJ . 2015-01-14 This paper describes the design and development of a prototype parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler vehicle. A uniquetransmissionsystem is designed, developed and integrated into a two-wheeler with conventionalmanualtransmissionsystem. The vehicle runs on a petrol engine coupled with an electric motor in parallel drive configuration. The vehicle has three basic modes of operation - engine mode, electric mode, hybrid switching mode. Two optional modes are also possible - Regenerative braking mode and Continuous assistance mode. Apart from these, the vehicle has an independent gear box set for the electric motor, meant for three other modes of operation - low speed (high torque), medium speed and high speed operations suitable for high gradient, city and highway conditions respectively when in electric mode. The maximum speed target in electric mode is 25kmph in city drive and 40kmph in highway with a range of 50km per charging in electric mode. The range targeted is 100km for a run in hybrid mode. An 80cc grade gasoline two-wheeler is chosen for the purpose. The vehicle is twelve year old and uses two-stroke cycle. The vehicle is successfully tested to meet the projected target. Throughout the course of the work emphasis is given on safety, simplicity and reliability to the possible extent.本文介绍了一个原型并联式混合动力电动两轮车车辆的设计和开发。独特的传输系统的设计，开发和集成到一个两轮车与传统的手动变速箱系统。该车辆运行在加上电动机并联驱动结构的汽油发动机。车辆具有三种基本操作模式 - 发动机模式，电动模式，混合切换模式。两种可选模式也是可行的 - 再生制动模式和连拍模式的援助。分别在时适于高梯度，城市和高速公路条件低速（高转矩），中速和高速操作 - 除了这些，该车辆具有一个独立的齿轮箱的电动马达设置，意味着三种操作其他模式电动模式。在电动模式下的最高速度目标为25kmph城市的车程，40kmph公路，射程50公里每在电动模式下充电。目标范围为100km适于混合模式运行。一个80CC汽油标号两轮车被选择为目的。该车辆是十二岁，并使用双冲程循环。车辆被成功地测试，以满足预期目标。整个工作重点的过程中被赋予的安全性，简便性和可靠性的可能程度。16Mukti Prasad, Arghya Sardar, Sajid Mubashir. TransmissionTechnologies : An Indian PerspectiveJ . 2011-01-19Transmissionsystems have significant impact on drive ability and fuel economy of the vehicle. Electronic control and increased gear ratios have played a major role in the evolution of transmissionsystems in improving gear-shift comfort, drive ability and fuel economy. New transmissiontechnologies being developed include “AutomatedManual(AMT)transmissions”, with both single-clutch and Dual Clutch (DCT) or Direct Shift (DSG) variants, and Continuously VariableTransmission(CVT).传输系统具有在车辆的驱动力和燃料经济显著影响。电子控制和提高齿轮比已经在传输系统的发展在提高换挡舒适性，驱动能力和燃油经济性起到了重要作用。新的传输技术正在开发，包括“自动手动（AMT）变速器”，既有单离合器和双离合器（DCT）或直接换挡（DSG）的变种，和无级变速器（CVT）。17 Gerhard Wagner. Application ofTransmissionSystems for Different Driveline Configurations in Passenger CarsJ . 2001-03-05 The most common driveline configurations in cars are the standard drive with front longitudinal engine and rear wheel drive and the front-transverse drive with east west installed powertrain as well as all-wheel drive variants derived from these. These driveline configurations are used in different vehicle segments. Thetransmissionsystems mainly used today are automatictransmissionswith 4 or 5 speeds andmanualtransmissionswith 4, 5 or 6 speeds. A small number of automatedmanual transmissions(AMT) and continuously variabletransmissions(CVT) are in production. Various systems of automatedmanual transmissions, powershifttransmissionsdesigned as double clutchtransmissionsand toroidal transmissionsare currently being developed.在汽车中最常见的动力传动系统的配置是标准的驱动器与前纵置发动机和后轮驱动和前横向驱动器东向西安装动力系统，以及从这些衍生的全轮驱动车型。这些传动系统配置用于在不同的车辆段。传输系统今天，主要使用的是自动变速器用4或5的速度和手动变速器用4，5或6的速度。少数手自一体变速器（AMT）和无级变速器（CVT）的生产。自动手动变速器的各种系统，目前正在开发的动力换档变速箱设计为双离合器变速器和环形传输。18Sriram Muralidharan, Suryanarayana A N Prasad. Design of Shift Select Mechanism for Automation ofManual TransmissionJ . 2014-04-01Thetransmissionadapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. For maximizing fuel economy and minimizing emissions, it is recommended to perform the integrated control of engine, motor andtransmissionby using an automatedtransmission. Further, in crowded cities, driving with amanualtransmissioncreates stress to the driver due to constant gear shifts and clutch control. Today, several automatedtransmissionsare developed such as an AutomaticTransmission(AT), a Continuously VariableTransmission(CVT). But thesetransmissionsare expensive. Inmanualtransmission, due to variations in driving skills, gear utilization is not always optimal. Automation ofmanualtransmissioncan help us maintain efficiency and reduce driver fatigue in city driving conditions.发送适应内燃机到驱动轮的输出。为最大限度地提高燃油经济性并减少排放，则建议使用自动变速器以执行发动机，电机和传动的综合控制。另外，在拥挤的城市中，驱动与手动变速器由于恒定换档和离合器控制产生应力给驾驶员。今天，有几个自动变速器的开发，如自动变速器（AT），无级变速器（CVT）。但是，这些传输是昂贵的。在手动变速器，由于变化的驾驶技能，齿轮利用率不总是最佳的。手动变速箱的自动化可以帮助我们保持效率，降低疲劳驾驶在城市中行驶的条件。19 Brigham Erickson, Zac Tselios, Becky Trierweiler, John Beard. Development of the MTU Automatic ShiftingManualSix Speed TransmissionJ . 2006-04-03The purpose of this report is to describe the process for the development of the automatically shiftingmanualtransmissioncontrol system hardware and software to be used in the MTU Challenge X Equinox, a through-the-road parallel hybrid electric vehicle. The automatically shiftingmanualtransmissionwas chosen for development, as it combines the ease of use of an automatictransmissionwith the fuel efficiency of amanual, while eliminating the parasitic losses in the torque converter and thetransmissionhydraulic pump. This report illustrates the process used to de