数控技术和装备外文翻译.doc

numerical control technology and equipment trend of developmentthe equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. the technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. in addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. in brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way. the numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representatives new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on. 1 numerical control technology trend of development not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the peoples livelihood some important professions (it, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. the numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hotspot has following several aspect 14. 1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendency the efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. high speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this japan tip technology research board it, the international production project learns (cirp) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions. in the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s， moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; in the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. these all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, gao jing and the high flexible request. unfolds from emo2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/about min. at present in the world many automotive factories, including our countrys shanghai general motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. american cincinnati corporations hypermach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; the german dmg corporations double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm 和 1g。 in the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10m enhanced 5m, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 35 m, enhances to 11.5 m, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanometer level (0.01m). in the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6 000h, the servosystem value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. in order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded. 1.2 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components processing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. believed generally that, 1 5 axislinkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 2 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main engine structure complex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the several fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development. current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds) development. unfolds at the meeting in emo2001, the new japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processings and the random angle processing, causes 5 processings and 5 axis processings may realize on the identical taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. german dmg corporation displays the dmuvoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processings and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire, may by the cnc systems or cad/cam which are controled deract or inderact. 1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendency the 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: in order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; in order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on. in order to solve the traditional numerical control system closeness and the numerical control application software industrial production production existence question. at present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like us ngc(the next generation work-station/machine control)、european economic community osaca(open system architecture for control within automation systems) 、 japanese osec(open system environment for controller)，chinese onc(open numerical control system) and so on。the numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. the so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates users special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety,the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. at present the open style numerical control system architecture standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core. the network numerical control equipment is a near two year international famous engine bed exposition new luminescent spot. the numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. the domestic and foreign some famous numerical control engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company all has promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years. 1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment 1.4.1 about numerical control system design development standard as mentioned above, the open style numerical control system has a better versatility, the flexibility, the compatibility, the extension, countries and so on us, european economic community and japan implements the strategy development plan in abundance, and carries on the open style architecture numerical control system specification (omac, osaca, osec) the research and the formulation, the world 3 biggest economies have carried on the nearly same science plan and the standard formulation in the short-term, has indicated a numerical control technology new transformation time oncoming. our country also started in 2000 to conduct chinas onc numerical control system standard frame research and the formulation. 1.4.2 about numerical control standard the numerical control standard is the manufacturing industry informationization development one tendency. the numerical control technology is born after 50 year exchanges of information all is based on the iso6983 standard, how namely uses the g, m code to describe the (how) processing, its substantive characteristics faces the processing process, obviously, he has more and more not been able to satisfy modern numerical control technology high speed the need to develop. therefore, on international is studying and formulates one kind of new cnc system standard iso14649(step-nc), its goal is provides one kind not to rely on the concrete system neutral mechanism, can describe in the product entire life cycle unified data model, thus realizes the entire manufacture process, and even each industry domain product information standardization. the step-nc appearance is possibly a numerical control area of technology revolution, regarding the numerical control technology development and even the entire manufacturing industry, will have the profound influence. first, step-nc proposed one kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, the nc processing procedure all concentrates on the single computer. but under the new standard, the nc procedure may disperse on the internet, this is precisely the numerical control technology open style, the network development direction. next, the step-nc numerical control system also may reduce the processing blueprint greatly (approximately 75%), the processing programming time (approximately 35%) and the process period (approximately 50%). at present, the european and american countries extremely took step-nc the research, europe initiate step-nc ims to plan (1999.1.12001.12.31). participates in this plan to havecomes from european and japans 20 cad/cam/capp/cnc user, manufacturer and academic organization. uss step tools corporation is in the global scope the manufacturing industry data exchange software exploiter, he already developed has served as the numerical control engine bed processing exchange of information the super model (super model), its goal was with the unification standard description all processing process. at present this kind of recent data exchange form already in has provided siemens, fidia as well as on the european osaca-nc numerical control system prototype prototype has carried on the confirmation.数控技术和装备发展趋势装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度， 数控技 术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业 （如信息技术及其产业、 生物技术及其产业、 航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时 代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备 就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料， 而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心 的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多 变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。 此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为 国家的战略物资， 不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业， 而且在“高精尖” 数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。 总之， 大力发展以数控技术为核心 的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、 提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途 径。 数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术， 数控装备是以数控技 术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品， 即所谓的 数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技 术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。1、 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象 征， 而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大， 他对国计民生的一些重要行业 （it、 汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已 是现代发展的大趋势。 从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看， 其主要研究热点 有以下几个方面14。11 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产 品的质量和档次， 缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。 为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为 5 大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（cirp）将其确定为 21 世纪的中心研究方向 之一。 在轿车工业领域，年产 30 万辆的生产节拍是 40 秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备 必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚 度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、 壁进行加工。 近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、 机身等大型零件 来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠 性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 从 emo2001 展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达 80m/min，甚至更高，空运行 速度可达 100m/min 左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。 美国 cincinnati 公司的 hypermach 机床进给速度最大达 60m/min， 快速为 100m/min， 加速度达 2g， 主轴转速已达 60 000r/min。 加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用 30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需 3h，在普通铣床 加工需 8h；德国 dmg 公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达 12*!000r/mm 和 1g。 在加工精度方面，近 10 年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由 10m 提高到 5m， 精密级加工中心则从 35m，提高到 11.5m，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米 级(0.01m)。 在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的 mtbf 值已达 6000h 以上，伺服系统的 mtbf 值达到 30000h 以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。 为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展， 应用领域进一步扩大。1.2 五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用 5 轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工， 可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削， 不仅光洁度 高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1 台 5 轴联动机床的效率可以等于 2 台 3 轴联动 机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5 轴联动加工 可比 3 轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因 5 轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因， 其价格要比 3 轴联动数控机床高出数倍， 加之编程技术难度较大， 制约了 5 轴联动机床的 发展。 当前由于电主轴的出现， 使得实现 5 轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化， 其制造 难度和成本大幅度降低， 数控系统的价格差距缩小。 因此促进了复合主轴头类型 5 轴联动 机床和复合加工机床（含 5 面加工机床）的发展。 在 emo2001 展会上， 新日本工机的 5 面加工机床采用复合主轴头， 可实现 4 个垂直平 面的加工和任意角度的加工， 使得 5 面加工和 5 轴加工可在同一台机床上实现， 还可实现 倾斜面和倒锥孔