英语国家文化第1章：英国.ppt

Chapter I,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,Learning Goals (学 习 目 的), To get some general knowledge of the British geography, history, economy, education, people and their culture, etc. (了解英国地理、历史、经济、教育、文化等常识。) To get to know something about the sports and the places of interest in the UK. (更多地了解英国的体育和旅游景点等概况。),This chapter consists of 3 sections. To make it shorter and simpler, I rearrange them into two partsPart A: Exploring the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (探访英国), & Part B: Broadening My Horizon (开阔眼界). (第一章由三节组成。为了使课文更为简短，我将其重组为两个 部分第一部分：探访英国；第二部分：开阔眼界。) 【在实际教学过程中，教师将根据大家的接受程度及与未来多数人就业的关联度等因素对内容做适当删减和简化。但无论如何，请各位同学按老师的布置事先认真预习所上的内容。事先不预习就来听课，很难有收获，甚或几乎什么也听不懂也就什么也学不到。这是老师极不希望看到的结果。希望同学们认真做好准备！】,Assignments for Chapter I: 1. As the teacher will mainly teach in class Text A on pp3-7 & Text B on pp9-10, so students are required to read them carefully before class. 【由于老师课堂上重点讲课本第3-7页上的 Text A 和 第 9-10页上的 Text B，所以请同学们来上课前认真 阅读这两部分。】 2. For the 4 texts in Sections B & C from pp11-20, the teacher is only to go over in class the main points or give you some quick tests to check if you have read them. So read them quickly and try to memorize the main points beforehand.,【至于本章 第二、三节中第11-20页上的4篇课文，老 师只在课堂上讲要点或通过小测试检测大家课前是否 阅读了这部分，所以请同学们课前对它们进行快速阅 读，并尽量记住它们的要点即可。】 3. Please do Tasks 2 and 3 on p8, & Task 2 on p11 after class. 【请在课后做第8页上练习 Task 1、Task 2 和 第11页 上的 Task 2。】,Part A,Exploring The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 探 访 英 国,Some questions to ask: 1. What will come to your mind when you hear the name of Great Britain? (听到英国国名时你会想到什么？) 2. Can you say something about the pictures below? Or can you give some names of anything or anybody British? (你能说出下面照片的内容吗？或 你能列举出 一些英国的事物名或人名吗？),London Tower Bridge 伦敦塔桥,The Royal Guards / 皇家卫兵,Stonehenge 巨石阵,The Union Flag 英 国 国 旗,Queen Elizabeth II 伊丽莎白 女王二世,Text A A Brief Introduction Of the United Kingdom 英 国 概 况 简 介,This format of the Map of the World is popular only in China. （这 种 版 式 的 世 界 地 图 仅 流 行 于 中 国。）,A Map of the World (popular overseas) (在国外流行的世界地图版式),A Map of the UK 英国地图,爱尔兰,Location of the UK in Europe 英 国 在 欧 洲 的 地 理 位 置,德 国,I. Geography (地理概况) The U.K. Is located in Northwestern Europe and surrounded by the sea, consisting of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, which are altogether called “the British Isles”. England is the largest, most populous and richest division of the island of Great Britain, making up the south and east. Wales is on the west and Scotland is to the north. Northern Ireland is located in the north-east of Ireland the 2nd largest island in the British Isles. London is its capital. The U.K. is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel (英吉利海峡) in the southeast.,【英国位于欧洲的西北部，四面环海，由四部分组成：英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰合称“不列颠群岛”。其中，英格兰是大不列颠岛上面积、人口密度最大和最富有的部分，位于大不列颠岛的南部和东部；威尔士位于岛的西面；苏格兰位于岛的北部；北爱尔兰位于爱尔兰岛（不列颠群岛中的第二大岛）的东北部。首都伦敦。英吉利海峡在东南部将其与欧洲大陆隔开。】,How did Britain become an island? (不列颠是怎样变成一个岛屿的？) It was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island. 【不列颠原为欧洲大陆的一部分。在7000年之前最后一个冰纪结束前，融冰冲刷低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，使不列颠变成了一个岛屿。】,A Map of the 4 Parts of Great Britain 英 国 四 大 区 域 组 成 略 图,苏格兰,英格兰,威尔士,北爱尔兰,II. A very brief history of the U.K. (英国简史) The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians, who came to Britain from the Iberian peninsula, now Spain at about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age (新石器时代). They kept animals and grew crops on Britain. 【不列颠岛上已知的首批定居者是伊比利亚人。他们是在公元前3000年的新石器时代从伊比利亚半岛（今天的西班牙）迁居不列颠岛的，主要以养殖家禽和种植农作物为生。】,The second known main settlers of Britain were the Celts, who began to arrive in Britain at about 700 BC from eastern and central Europe and killed nearly all the Iberians on the island. They kept coming until the arrival of the Romans, who invaded Britain in 55 BC and remained in control of Britain for some 400 years. The Romans pulled out in 410 AD, leaving very limi-ted impact on the language & culture of the Britons, for the Romans always treated the Britons as slaves. 【不列颠岛上已知的第二批主要定居者是凯尔特人。他们大约于公元前700年从东、中欧来到不列颠岛，几乎杀光了岛上所有的伊比利亚人。公元前55年罗马人侵入不列颠岛才阻止了凯尔特人的不断涌入。罗马人随后控制不列颠岛400余年，直至公元410年才撤出不列颠，但对不列颠人的语言和文化留下影响微乎其微，其因是罗马人一直把不列颠人视为奴隶，从不与其通婚或与当地文化融合。】,The third known main settlers of Britain were the three Teutonic tribes (条顿部落) from northern Ger-many: Jutes (朱特人), Saxons (撒克逊人) and Angles (盎格鲁人), who came to Britain in succession from since 449 AD and formed the basis of modern English race and their language. (Many scholars take 449 AD as the origin of modern English nation and its language.) 【不列颠岛上已知的第三批主要定居者是自公元449年起先后来自德国北部的三个条顿部落：朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人。他们的到来构成了现代英国民族及其语言的基础。(许多学者把公元449年看作是英国民族和英语语言的起始之年。)】,Note: Of the 3 tribes, the Angles were the strongest one with the majority of population. So the English race has been named after it and their dialect has been made the official language of the country. (Note: “English” means “the language of Angles”.) Today, the English race is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of most English people are ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin (the result of the Norman Conquest of Britain in 1066 AD). 【注：在上述三个部落中，盎格鲁部落实力最强，人数占绝大多数。所以英国民族就以他们的部落名命名，他们的方言也被定为英国的国语。（注：“English”意为“盎格鲁之语”。） 今天，英国民族由起源不同的民族融合而成，其中多数人的祖先是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，还有些人是法国诺曼人血统（公元1066年诺曼征服不列颠的结果）。】,The Norman Conquest (诺曼征服) is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William the Conqueror, the feudal system in Britain was completely established. For the coming 300 years, English became the language of the common people at the bottom of the society while French became the language of the aristocracy (贵族). Together with the Conquest the Norman-French culture, language, manners, & architec-ture were introduced. It was of great or even decisive help to shape the English nation and the English language as well. 【诺曼征服是英国历史上最著名的事件。在征服者威廉国王的统治下，不列颠的封建制度全面建成。在之后的300年中，英语成为社会底层普通民众的语言，而法语成为贵族的语言。随着征服而至的是诺曼法国文化、语言、习俗和建筑风格等被介绍到英国。诺曼征服对英国民族和英语语言的形成都起到了巨大甚或决定性的助推作用。】,In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were peacefully united into a unified Kingdom of Great Britain governed by a unified Parliament of Great Britain. 【1707年，英格兰王国和苏格兰王国和平地联合组成了大不列颠联合王国，由统一的大不列颠议会管理。】 In 1800, Ireland was formally assimilated by Great Britain, and the name of the country was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (1800年，爱尔兰被大不列颠正式并入版图，国名称为大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国。) 【注：1921年12月，爱尔兰南部26郡成立“自治邦”，享有自治权，北部6郡仍归英国。1937年“自治邦”宣布为独立共和国。】,(Ask the students to read carefully the 2nd paragraph from the top on p4 and make sure to tell the difference between those confusing terms under discussion in it.) 第4页第2段汉语大意： 人们常被英国的称谓所困，并在使用时常出错。United Kingdom, UK 和 Britain 都可用以指称英国。但 Britain 常用来指称“大不列颠岛” (即 the island of Great Britain 英伦三岛的合称)。当今用 Great Britain 来指称整个英国用法已过时，因为它现在的含义只包括 “大不列颠岛” (即 the island of Great Britain英伦三岛的合称)，而不包括 “北爱尔兰”。“英格兰” (England) 一词绝对不能用来指代“不列颠岛”， 因为 “英格兰” 只是 “不列颠岛” 的一部分。用 British (英国人) 一词来统称来自苏格兰、英格兰和威尔士地区的人完全正确，但也可称来自英格兰的人 English (英格兰人)， 称来自苏格兰的人 Scottish (苏格兰人)，称来自威尔士的人 Welsh (威尔士人)。,III. Government (政府) In broad sense, the British government comprises 3 parties: the monarch (the king or the queen), the Parliament and the executive branch (often called the Cabinet) led by the Prime Minister. 【广义地讲，英国政府由三部分组成：君主（国王或王后）、议会和首相领导的政府。】 a. The monarch (now the queen) only and mainly serves as a symbol of national unity. Practically everything she does is done on the advice of her mi-nisters, and everything has been decided in advance by the Parliament or the Prime Minister together with his or her cabinet. The Queen does it automa-,tically without any alternative. Theoretically and in name, the Queen is Head of the UK, Head of the Commonwealth, and commander-in-chief of all armed forces. She also holds many other titles. Note：UK is the worlds earliest constitutional monarchy, which means that the power of the monarch is limited by the countrys constitution, the legal authority is given to the parliament, and the executive authority to the government. (The pub-lication of “The Bill of Rights” in 1689 marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in the UK. ) 【英国是世界上最早的君主立宪制国家“君主立宪” 是指君主的权利受到国家法律的限制，即宪法把立法权授予议会，把行政权授予政府。 (1689年颁布的权利法案标志着英国君主立宪制的开始。) 】,【君主 (现今的英国君主是伊丽莎白女王二世) 仅仅和主要作为英国统一的象征而存在。她实际所做的一切都是依据其大臣的建议和议会或首相及其内阁事先的决定而行事，除此之外，她别无选择。在理论上和名义上，她是英国的国家元首、英联邦首脑和英国武装力量的总司令。她还有许多其他头衔。】,Buckingham Palace 白 金 汉 宫,b. The Cabinet initiates policies, proposes all im- portant bills in Parliament, and coordinates the work of different government departments. 【内阁负责制定政策、拟定议会所有的议案，并协调政 府各部门之间的工作。】 c. Parliament is the law-making body of the United Kingdom. It consists of the monarch (often referred to as the Crown君主), the House of Lords (上议 院/贵族院), and the House of Commons (下议院/平民院). 【议会是联合王国的立法机构，由君主、上议院和下议 院组成。】,The British Parliament Building 英 国 议 会 大 厦,The British Parliament Building 英 国 议 会 大 厦,10 Downing Street 英国首相官邸唐宁街10号,Entrance to Downing Street 英国首相官邸唐宁街入口处,胡锦涛主席夫妇 与英国前首相布莱尔夫妇合影,IV. British Law (英国司法体系) British law consists of two parts: the civil law (民法) and the criminal law (刑法). There are different courts at various levels to handle different cases. All judges are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister and are irremovable. Lawyers in the United Kingdom are divided into two groups: the solicitors and barristers. 【英国法律由两部分组成：民法和刑法。各级法院受理 不同的案件。法官都是经首相的提议由女王任命的而不 可罢免的。英国的律师分为 初级律师 和 出庭律师 ( 有资格在任何法庭作辩护的律师,亦称为高级律师/大律师)。】,V. Size and Climate (面积和气候) a. Size: 243,600 sq km (the source from our text being 244,110 sq km)of which England takes up 130,400 sq km, Scotland 78,800 sq km, Wales 20,800 sq km, and Northern Ireland 13,600 sq km. 【面积：24.36 万平方公里其中英格兰的面积为13.04万平方公里；苏格兰的面积为 7.88 万平方公里；威尔士的面积为 2.08 万平方公里；北爱尔兰的面积为1.36万平方公里。】 (英国只有中国的1/39.5或广东省的1.37倍大。) b. Climate: As is surrounded by the sea on all sides and greatly influenced by the warm stream from the Atlantic Ocean, the climate of the United Kingdom,is, in general, mild, chilly, and often humid (wet). Rainy and cloudy days are over 300 per year. The highest temperature is 32 C and the lowest never below 0 C. These conditions make UK lush (植被茂盛) & green, with rolling plains in the south & east and rough hills & mountains in the west and north. 【由于四面环海，受到大西洋暖流的巨大影响，英国气候总的来说 温和、寒冷、湿润。每年的阴雨天气超过300天，最高气温为摄氏32度，最低温度从不低于摄氏零度。这一切使得英国植被繁茂葱绿。英国的南部和东部为绵延起伏的平原，西部和北部为崎岖的丘陵和山区。】,VI. Population (英国人口) By the census (人口普查) in 2005, the population of the UK was 60 209 500, which consists of 83.8% English, 8.6% Scottish, 4.9% Welsh, and 2.9% Northern Irish. The population density is 252 persons per sq km. The most densely populated areas are the central part of England and the southern Wales. 【根据2005年的人口普查，英国的人口为 60 209 500 人，其中英格兰人占83.8%，苏格兰人占8.6%，威尔士 人占4.9%，北爱尔兰人占2.9%。英国的人口密度为每平 方公里252人。人口密度最大的地区分别为英格兰的中 部地区和威尔士的南部地区。】 (约为广东人口的58%。),VII. Economy (经济) The UK is economically highly developed. It is the 5th largest economy in the world and the 2nd largest in Europe after Germany. It was the worlds first industrialized country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the great economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter part of the 20th century weakened its leading role in global affairs. Yet UK remains a major power with strong economic, cultural, military and political influence. It is also a nuclear power. The capital city London remains one of the several major financial centers in the world (the others being New York City, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore).,【英国经济高度发达，是世界的第五大经济体；在欧洲位居德国之后排第二。 英国为世界上第一个工业化的国家，在整个十九世纪和二十世纪前半叶的近二百年时间里为世界第一强国。但是两次世界大战的巨额消耗和二十世纪下半叶大英帝国的衰败削弱了其在全球事务中的领导地位。尽管如此，英国仍是世界上一个主要的强国，具有很强的经济、文化、军事和政治影响力。英国还是一个核大国。其首都伦敦仍为世界几大金融中心之一 (其他几个金融中心分别为纽约、香港、东京和新加坡。) 】,a. Agriculture and Industry (农业和工业) Its mild climate is favorable for agriculture the high degree of mechanization. Its most important crops are wheat (小麦), barley (大 麦), sugar beet (甜菜) and potatoes (马铃薯). (英国温和的气候适合发展农业牧业。其两个显著的特点是： 从事农业的人口比重很小； 高度机械化。 英国最主要的农作物为小麦、大麦、甜菜和马铃薯。),From the late 18th to the middle of 20th centuries, the UK was “the factory of the world”. Its manufacturing and textile industries began to decline since after WWII. Now its dominance is in some chemical products, esp. in paint. Its government-controlled iron and steel industry has also been well developed, which backs up its industrial development in other fields. 【从18世纪末至20世纪中叶，英国是“世界的工厂”。其加工业和纺织工业自第二次世界大战之后开始衰败。当今英国的优势领域是化工产品特别以油漆产品闻名于世。政府控制的钢铁产业发展势头强劲这有力地支持了英国其他工业领域的发展。】,b. Natural Resources (自然资源) It is rich in coal, oil and gas, but has to import many other resources. 【英国煤炭、石油和天然气资源丰富，但其他许多资源 依赖进口。】 c. Service Industry (服务业) Service industry is UKs most rapidly growing & most important sector of the national economy. 【在英国国民经济中，服务业是其发展最快、最重要的 行业。】, Financial Service (金融服务业) UK has one of the worlds oldest, most extensive, and most highly developed financial systems. London is one of the few financial centers of the world (the others being New York, Tokyo, Hong Kong, & Singapore.). Of the many banks in the UK, the most important one is the Bank of England, which also serves as its central bank. The London Stock Exchange is very famous all over the world. 【英国拥有世界上历史最长、分布最广和最为发达的金融系统。 伦敦是当今世界的几大金融中心之一（其他几个分别为纽约、东 京、香港和新加坡。） 在英国众多的银行中，最为重要的是英格兰银行承担着 央行的职能。 伦敦证券交易所享誉全球。】, Tourism and Transportation Service (旅游交通服务业) Being the 5th largest tourist country in the world, tourism is another pillar (支柱) of the countrys service industry. UK is one of the most highly developed countries in trans-portation system in the world. Its major means of transpor-tation include railways, highways, airlines and shipping, etc. (Mass transportation is very well developed in major cities.) 【作为世界上第五大旅游目的地国，旅游业是英国服务业的支柱之一。 英国是世界上交通业最为发达的国家之一。其最主要的交通方式包括铁路、高速公路、航空和水运等。 (英国城市的公共交通业非常发达。)】, Trade Service (商贸服务业) The UK has been a trading country for hundreds of years (once for some 200 years, it was the No.1 trading country in the world). It mainly exports goods as follows: manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, food, beverages, and tobacco. It mainly imports goods as follows: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs. Its most important trade partners are USA, major European countries and Ireland.,【英国数百年以来一直是个贸易发达的国家 (曾 在约两百年的时间里为世界上第一大贸易国)。 英国主要出口商品有：制成品、燃料、化工产品、食品、饮料、烟草等； 英国主要进口的商品有：制成品、机械产品、燃 料、化工产品、食品等。 英国主要贸易伙伴为美国、一些主要的欧洲国家和爱尔兰等。】,VIII. Literature (文学) UK has produced many great poets and writers, but the most famous one of them all is William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He wrote 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and 3 or 4 long poems. He is generally regarded as the Everest in world play writes. 【英国产生过许多伟大的诗人和作家。其中最富盛名的 是威廉莎士比亚。他一生写了 37 部话剧、154 行十四 行诗和 3 或 4 首长诗。 他通常被认为是世界戏剧史上 的珠穆朗玛峰。】,William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚,IX. Welfare (福利制度) The UK has one of the best social welfare programs in Europe, and perhaps also in the world. The key elements of the welfare state include Social Security, the National Health Service, the Housing Program, Education and Personal Services. 【英国拥有欧洲甚或全世界最好的福利体制主要包 括“社会保障体制”、“全民医保服务”、“住房保 障体制”和“教育与个人服务体制”等。】,Text B People and Cultural Tips 英国人及其文化点滴,A very brief introduction of British culture (英 国 文 化 概 要 介 绍) (Read the 1st paragraph from the top on p9.) Britain is a country of mixed cultures. London has the largest non-white population of any European city and over 250 languages are spoken there. 【英国是个文化多元的国家。在欧洲城市中，伦敦的非白人人口 最多，人们所操的语言多达250多种。】 Not all British people are White or Christians. The U.K. is a society with multi faith and everyone enjoys religious freedom. Most of the British people believe in Christianity, but they are very tolerant (宽容的) towards the faiths of others and those who have no religious beliefs.,【并非所有英国公民都是白种人或基督教徒。 英国是个宗教多元 的国家，人人享有宗教自由。绝大多数英国人信仰基督教，但对 信仰其他宗教或没有宗教信仰的人持非常宽容的态度。】 Of the some 61 million people in the UK, some 48 million (over 80%) live in England; over 5 million in Scotland; about 3 million in Wales, & 1.7 million in Northern Ireland. Most of the British population is descendents (后裔) of the Anglo-Saxons (盎格鲁撒克逊人).And most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celtic (凯尔特人) people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Great Britain. There is also quite some Italians, Greeks, Australians, New Zealanders, and also many immigrants from Africa and Asia.,【在英国的约 6 100万人口中，约 4 800万(超过80%)居 住在英格兰，500多万居住在苏格兰，300多万居住在威 尔士，170多万居住在北爱尔兰。 当今英国人中的绝大 多数是盎格鲁撒克逊人的后裔，大多数居住在威尔士和 苏格兰两地的人是凯尔特人的后裔凯尔特人是已知 的英国最早的居民。】 It is generally agreed that the British are reserved in their manners, dress and speech. They are well-known for their politeness and self-discipline. You are expected to be polite all the timewhich means you can never overuse “please, thank you, excuse me” in your communication with British people.,【英国人在举止、穿着和言谈方面被公认为含蓄、矜持 和沉默寡言。他们以彬彬有礼和善于自律而著称。人们 总是彬彬有礼在与人交往过程中， please, thank you, excuse me 等词语总是不离口 。】 The British are also famous for being punctual (守时). As Britons are so time conscious (时间观念很强), the pace of life may seem very rushed. People there always try to make great effort to arrive on time. You are strongly suggested to be punctual in whatever you do with the British or while in Great Britain. For example, if you are unable to keep an appointment, you should call the person you are meeting at your earliest possible time.,【英国人以守时而著称。 由于英国人时间观念很强， 所 以他们的生活节奏很快，总在匆匆忙忙赶时间。建议你 与英国人交往或在英国时凡事都要守时。比如你不能准 时赴约，一定要尽可能早地通知对方。】 The following are some general tips: (以下是有关英国文化的一些建议) (Go over the 2nd, 3rd , 4th and 5th paragraphs from the bottom on p9.请阅读第9页下数第2-5段。) Tips concerning Invitations & Dressing (有关邀请和着装的建议) a. Do not literally take the meaning of expressions such as “Drop in