小升初语法总复习-副本.ppt

2013年PEP小学英语 语法总复习,第一部分 基础知识篇,1、字母：26个字母的大、小写,2、语音：元音的发音,五个元音字母：a; e; i; o; u 12个单元音：长元音：/:/，/:/，/:/， /i:/，/u:/ 短元音：/ /e/ /i/ / / / /u/ /,3、词汇：词汇量，近反义词,4、句子：大小写，标点符号,第二部分 语法知识篇,第一讲 名词篇,1.概念:表示事物名称的词,2.形式:可数名词和不可数名词,3.可数名词-有数量上的区别, 即单数和复数,4.不可数名词-无数量上的区别， 当作单数使用,备注： a和an常用来修饰可数名词，意思是“一个”。 一般情况下，当名词或名词短语是以元音音素 开头时，用an表示一个；其他用a表示一个。( ),an hour,一般,（一）可数名词单数变复数的变化规则：,6不规则名词复数： man-men; woman-women; fish-fish; sheep-sheep; child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; person-people; mouse-mice; Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese deer-deer,we,them,they/them,them/their,watches,children,photos,diaries,days,feet,books,dresses,teeth,strawberries,sheep,boxes,thieves,peaches,milk,men,women,sandwiches,（二）名词的格,(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirt 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bags 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoes 并列名词中，如果把 s加在最后一个名词后，表示共 有, 如: Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加s Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车,(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of 名词”来表示所有关系：如: a picture of the classroom a map of China,第二讲 冠词篇,1.概念:置于名词之前，对名词起限定作用的一 种虚词。,2.形式:不定冠词，定冠词,3.定冠词的用法,4.不用冠词的情况,（1）不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer /an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress/an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an hour an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / （2）定冠词：the the egg the plane,2.形式:不定冠词，定冠词,（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物： The ruler is on the desk. （2）复述上文提到的人或物： He has a sweater. The sweater is new. （3）谈话双方都知道的人或物： The boys arent at school. （4）在序数词前： Johns birthday is February the second. （5）用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening,3.定冠词的用法,4.不用冠词的情况,（ 1）专有名词前：China is a big country. （2）名词前有定语： this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等： This is my baseball. （3）复数名词表示一类人和事： Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers. （4）在节日，日期，月份，季节前： Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.,（5）一日三餐前： We have breakfast at 6:30. （6）球类 棋类运动前： They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. *但乐器前要用定冠词： I play the guitar very well. （7）学科名称前：My favorite subject is music. （8）在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li. （9）固定词组中：at noon at night by bus,第三讲 代词篇,一、人称代词,1、意义：谁（ ）,我，我们，你，你们，他，她，它，他们,2、分类：主格和宾格,3、用法：用于指代人、物或事的词 人称代词的主格放在句子前面作主语 宾格放在动词后面作宾语,代词篇,二、物主代词,1、意义：谁的（ ）,我的，我们的，你的，你们的， 他的，她的，它的，他们的,2、分类：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,3、用法： 用于指代物品所属的词 形容词性物主代词后需加名词，不可单独使用 名词性物主代词后不加名词，可单独使用,代词篇,I we you you he she it they,me us you you him her it them,my our your your his her its their,mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs,用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. That is not _ cat. That cat is very big, but _ is very small. ( I ) 2. The dress is _. Give it to _.( she ) 3. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _ . ( he ) 4. I can find my pen, but wheres _? ( you ) 5. Show _ your new kite, OK? ( we ),my,mine,hers,her,He,His,his,yours,us,第四讲 形容词、副词篇,1.概念:用来修饰人、物或事的词,2.形式:原级、比较级、最高级,3.比较级：两个（也可以是两类）人或 事物相比较时，需使用形容 词的比较级形式,4.比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格（口语中可用宾格）。,(一)形容词原级变比较级的变化规则：,一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级 short _ strong _ big _ small _ fat _ thin _ heavy _ light _ nice _ good _ beautiful _ low _ slow _ far _ fast _ late _ early _,shorter,stronger,bigger,smaller,fatter,thinner,heavier,lighter,nicer,better,more beautiful,lower,slower,farther/further,faster,later,earlier,二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式。 1. My brother is two years _ (old) than me. 2. Tom is as _ (fat) as Jim. 3. Is your sister _ (young) than you? 4. Who is _ (thin), you or Helen? 5. Mary is not as _ (tall) as the other girls. 6.My eyes are _ (big) than _ (she).,older,fat,younger,thinner,taller,bigger,hers,三、翻译句子： 1、谁比Jim年纪大？ _ is _ than Jim？ 2、我喜欢游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。 I like _ .All my _ are _ than me. 3、谁的铅笔更长，他的还是她的？ _ pencil is _, _ or _？ 4、我母亲比我父亲年纪小。 My _ _ _ than my _. 5、多做运动，你会更强壮。 _ more exercise, youll be _ soon.,Who older,swimming,friends slower,Whose longer,his hers,Mother is younger father,Do,stronger,(二)副词的比较级：,1形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动),在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后,副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后,2副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化：well-better, far-farther),第五讲 数词篇,1.概念:表示数目的多少或顺序的多少的词,2.形式:基数词、序数词,（1）1-20 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty,1.基数词:表示数目多少的数词,（2）21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。 23twenty-three，34thirty-four，45fortyfive，56fifty-six，67sixty-seven，78seventy-eight，89eighty-nine，91ninety-one,（3）101999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数； 586five hundred and eighty-six，803eight hundred and three,（4）l，000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand.第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion 1，001one thousand and one 18，423eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three 6，260，309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750，000，000，000seven hundred and fifty billion,2.序数词:表示顺序的数词,（1）一般在基数词后加th eg.fourfourth，thirteenthirteenth,（2）不规则变化 onefirst，twosecond，threethird， fivefifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth,（3）以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加th twentytwentieth， fortyfortieth， ninetyninetieth,（4）从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。 twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth 基数词转为序数词的口诀： 基变序，有规律，词尾加上-th. 一，二，三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d. 八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。 ty将y变成i，th前面有个e. 若是碰到几十几，前用基来后用序。,第六讲 介词篇,1.概念:表示词与词，词与句之间的关系的 虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。 2.常用介词：in, on, at, behind等,一.at表示时间概念的某一个点。（在某时刻、时间、阶段等）。 at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一点钟（黎明、午夜、中午）,二on 1）表示具体日期。 注：（1）关于“在周末“的几种表示法： at（on）the weekend在周末-特指 at（on）weekends在周末-泛指 over the weekend在整个周末 during the weekend在周末期间 （2）在圣诞节，应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas,2）在（刚）的时候。 On reaching the city he called up his parents 一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。,三in 1）表示“时段“、“时期“，在多数情况下可以和during互换，前者强调对比，后者强调持续。 in（during）1988（December，the 20th century）在一九八八年（十二月、二十世纪,第七讲 动词篇,1.概念:表示某个动作中状态的词，简单来说就是物或人在对别的东西怎么样或自己在干什么。,2.分类: be动词、情态动词、助动词、实义（行为）动词等等。,1、be动词：,am, is, are,注：I和am固定搭配，其他单数is复数are.,2、情态动词：,can, may, must,注： 情态动词后用动词原形。 含有情态动词的句子，变成否定句和一般 疑问句的规则和be动词变化规则基本一致。,3、助动词：,do, does, did,注：助动词帮助行为动词构成否定句和一般疑问句。 有助动词的句子，行为动词需用原形。,4、实义（行为）动词：,定义：实义动词通常也叫做行为动词，是专门表示动作， 状态，具有完整，实在意思的一类动词。实义动 词在句中可以直接，单独构成句子的谓语。,如：The children often read in the library. (read,动词，表示：“看书”之意，直接构成句子的谓语),口诀二： 句中含有情态动词，变成否定很简单。 情态动词后加not,意义即否定。,口诀一： 句中含有be动词，变成否定很简单。 be后加not,意义即否定。,口诀三： 句中含有be动词，变成一般疑问句有步骤。 be动词提前；首字母大写； 句号变问号； 读句子用升调； I和we变成you；my和our变成your。,口诀四： 句中含有情态动词，变成一般疑问句有步骤。 情态动词提前；首字母大写； 句号变问号； 读句子用升调； I和we变成you；my和our变成your.,动词及时态篇:一般现在时,时间,动词,状态,一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。 如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。 如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。 如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。,一般现在时的构成 be动词： 主语 + be (am, is, are) + 其它。如： I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2. 行为动词： 主语 + 行为动词( 其它)。如： We study English.我们学习英语。 注: 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加“s”或“es” (规则同名词单数变复数相似) 如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。,句法,1.陈述句,（1）肯定句：是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如：Im a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.,句法,（2）否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如：Im not a student. She is not (isnt) a doctor. He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital. There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom. He will not (wont) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didnt) watch TV yesterday evening.,句法,2. 疑问句,一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用“yes”，或“no”来回答。,特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词（what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等）开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no”来回答。,含有be动词的句式变化 肯：主语 + be + 其他。 否：主语 + be + not + 其他。 问：Be + 主语 + 其他？ 答：Yes, 主语 be. / No, 主语 be not. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + 其他？,I am a happy student.,I am not a happy student.,Are you a happy student?,Yes, I am. / No, Im not.,Who / What are you?,He is a teacher.,He is not a teacher.,Is he a teacher?,Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.,What is he? = What is his job?,含有行为动词的句式变化： 肯: 主 + 行为动词(s/es) + 其他。 否: 主 + dont / doesnt +行为动词 + 其他。 问: Do / Does + 主 + 行为动词 + 其他？ 答: Yes, 主 do/does. / No, 主 dont/doesnt. 特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词 + do/does + 主 + 行为动词 + 其他?,I go to school by bus every day.,I dont go to school by bus every day.,Do you go to school by bus every day?,Yes, I do. / No, I dont.,How do you go to school every day?,When do you go to school by bus?,What do you do every day?,He likes swimming.,He doesnt like swimming.,Does he like swimming?,Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.,What does he like doing?,Who likes swimming?,动词第三人称单数变化规则：,drinks,goes,stays,makes,looks,has,passes,carries,二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often _(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _ (be) in Class One. 3. We _(not watch) TV on Mondays. 4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sundays. 5. _ they _(like) the World Cup? 6. _ your parents often _ (read) books? 7. Mrs. Wu _ (teach) us English on Sundays. 8. She and I usually _(take) a walk together.,has,are,dont watch,doesnt go,Do,like,Do,read,take,teaches,Daniel doesnt watch TV every evening.,Do you do your homework every day? No, I dont.,Does she like milk? Yes, she does.,We dont go to school on Sundays.,现在进行时,现在进行时的功能：,现在进行时的构成:,1、现在进行时表示此时此刻正在进行或发生的动作。,如：My mother is cooking in the kitchen. 我妈妈正在厨房里做饭。,2、表示即将发生的动作。,如：Look！The bus is coming.看,公交车来啦。,主 + be + 动词ing.,夹心面包/汉堡/ Be动词不能少！,现在进行时的句式变化： 肯：主 + be + 动词ing + （其他）。 否：主 + be + not + 动词ing + （其他）。 问：Be + 主 + 动词ing + （其他）？ 答：Yes, 主 + be. / No, 主 + be + not. 特殊疑问句：,My mother is not reading in the bedroom.,My mother is reading in the bedroom.,Is your mother reading in the bedroom?,Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.,What is your mother doing in the bedroom?,Where is your mother reading?,Who is reading in the bedroom?,动词的现在分词（动词后加ing）变化规则：,running,swimming,making,beginning,writing,shopping,going,skipping,putting,having,singing,dancing,seeing,living,taking,coming,getting,sitting,二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空： 1.The boy _ (draw) a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _ (sing) in the classroom 3. My mother _ (cook) some nice food now. 4. What _ you _ ( do ) now? 5. Look! They _(have) an English lesson .,is drawing,are singing,is cooking,are doing,are having,Are they doing housework?,They are not doing housework.,Are the students doing their homework?,Yes, they are.,一般将来时,一般将来时的功能,如：I will play football this weekend. 我这个周末要去踢足球。,2.表示打算、计划或预备做某事。,如：I am going to play football this weekend. 我打算这个周末踢足球。,1.表示将要发生的事情。,一般将来时的结构,主 + be going to / will + 动词原形 + 其他。,一般将来时的句式变化 肯:主 + be going to+ 动词原形 + 其他。 主 + will + 动词原形 + 其他。 否:主 + be not going to t 动词原形 + 其他。 主 + will not/wont + 动词原形 + 其他。,I am going to play football tomorrow.,I will play football tomorrow.,I am not going to play football tomorrow.,I will not/wont play football tomorrow.,一般将来时的句式变化 问:Be + 主 + going to+ 动词原形 + 其他。 Will + 主 + 动词原形 + 其他? 答:Yes, 主 be. / No, 主 be not. Yes, 主 will. / No, 主 will not/wont.,Are you going to play football tomorrow?,Will you play football tomorrow?,Yes, I am. / No, Im not.,Yes, I will. / No, I wont.,一般将来时的句式变化 特殊疑问句： I am going to play football tomorrow. I will play football tomorrow. When are you going to play football? When will you play football?,I am going to play football tomorrow.,What are you going to do tomorrow?,I will play football tomorrow.,What will you do tomorrow?,am going to,will,are you going to do,am going to,Is going to weekend,is,is going to,are going to,are going to have,is going to (go),goes,is going to (go),watches,isnt going to watch,is making,一般过去时,一般过去时的功能,如：I played football last weekend. 上周末我去踢足球了。,2.表示过去某个时间发生的动作。,如：I was very fat five years ago. 五年前我非常胖。,1.表示过去某个时间存在的状态。,一般过去时的结构,主 + 动词过去式( ) + 其他。,be动词、行为动词、情态动词,一般过去时的句式变化： 肯：主 + be（was/were） + 其他。 否：主 + be (was/were) + not 其他。 问：Be (was/were) + 主 + 其他 ？ 答：Yes, 主 + be. / No, 主 + be + not. 特殊疑问句：,I was not/wasnt very fat five years ago.,I was very fat five years ago.,Were you very fat five years ago?,Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt.,When were you very fat?,How were you five years ago?,一般过去时的句式变化： 肯：主 + 动词过去式 + 其他。 否：主 + didnt + 动词原形 + 其他。 问：Did + 主 + 动词原形 + 其他？ 答：Yes, 主 + did. / No, 主 + didnt. 特殊疑问句：,I didnt play football last weekend.,I played football last weekend.,Did you play football last weekend?,Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.,When did you play football?,What did you do last weekend?,动词过去式变化规则：,常用不规则动词过去式： am、is- , are- , do- , see- , say- , give- , get- ， go- , come- , have- , eat- ， take- , run- , sing- , put- , make- , read- , write- , draw- , drink- , swim- , sit- ， ride- , hit-,was,were,did,saw,said,gave,got,went,came,had,ate,took,ran,sang,put,made,read,wrote,drew,drank,swam