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第一节 动词的时态一、 一般现在时:1、 由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.2、 当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。二、 一般过去时:区分三个短语的用法:1、 used to do sth:过去常常做某事。2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。三、 一般将来时:1、 be to+动词原形:表示安排或计划好了的动作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.2、 be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。3、 一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常常用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情,这类动词常见的有如:start, go, leave, come, arrive等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。四、 进行时态:重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。When表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时”,主句多用进行时态;while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当时”,该从句用进行时态。例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.五、现在完成时:重点区分have(has)been to:某人去过某地,表示一种经历,强调状态,可以和once, twice, often, never, ever连用;Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。六、过去完成时:1、强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时。2、It was the first/second/last time that,在该句型,that从句用过去完成时态。七、将来完成时:常常标志性地由by、by the time、by the end of引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语,主句用将来完成时态。第二节 感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一感觉”(see、watch、look、notice、observe;hear、listen to;feel),在主动语态中用动词原形或现在分词作宾补,如see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be seen to do sth。二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有make、let、have,在主动语态中用动词原形做宾补,如make sb do sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be made to do sth, 两种形式都表示使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我们被要求努力学习。三、英语中常考的句式结构一:sth need/ want/ require doing 某物需要(=sth need/want/require to be done)(此句式主语为物)例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理).四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get后接宾语为物)例:I have taken many photos. Im going to get the film developed.五、情态动词的被动语态,其构成为:情态动词+be+过去动词。例:The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。第三节 情态动词常见的情态动词有can、could;may、might;must、need;should;ought to,对于情态动词常考其两方面的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部分的讲解放在虚拟语气)一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有: 1、Can/may do sth:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型: 1、can/may have done sth:表示对过去内容的可能性; 2、must have done sth:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.第四节 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示与客观事实相反的假设,由if虚拟条件从句和主句构成。一、虚拟语气的基本内容 根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句与主句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式: 假设类型If虚拟条件从句主句与现在事实相反Did/wereWould/should do与过去事实相反Had doneWould/should have done与将来事实可能相反Were to do/did/should doWould/should do例:1、I wouldnt talk that way if I were Peter. 2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost3、Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language.6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time.二、if的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构)在if虚拟条件从句中,如果谓语部分包含were,should,had等词,则可以把这些词放到主语前,省略if,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成当虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表示的时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的that宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。这类常见的主观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五要求”,分别是:一坚持:insist 二命令:order、command 三建议:suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提议、建议) 五要求:ask、demand、require、request、desire例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out.同时,如果在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词形式,题干中从句部分的谓语动词也要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。考试中常见的词汇有:order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,demand,request,desire,advisable,desirable。五、wish that和if only引导的虚拟语气的构成Wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句都用虚拟语气来表示一种没有实现或无法实现的愿望,其中wish that句型往往翻译为:多么希望;if only表示的愿望较wish that更强烈,常翻译为但愿;要是就好了。两者的用法基本相同。两者的用法是:1、当表示与现在的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:did/were;2、当表示与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:had done;3、当表示未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:would do。六、would rather引导的虚拟语气的构成Would rather的意思是“宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去that)通常用虚拟语气表示一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设A、B是两个人,通过牢记一下句式来记住其用法:1、A would rather B did sth:表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。2、A would rather B had done sth:表示与过去事实相反的一种假设七、It is (high) time that句型中虚拟语气的构成 It is (high) time that句型表示“早该是的时候了”,在that从句中,谓语动词一般用(did) 例:1、Its high time we did something to stop traffic accident. 2、Dont you think it is time you gave up smoking?八、in case、lest、for fear that引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 in case、lest、for fear that引导的目的状语从句,表示忧虑或担心,翻译为“以防万一”,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。 例:1、Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the electric version. 2、I wrote it down in case I should forget it.九、含蓄虚拟语气的构成 虚拟条件句有时不是通过if虚拟条件从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中,这种情况称作含蓄虚拟语气。经常标志性地用于含虚拟语气的介词、副词有:without(要是没有),but for(要不是),otherwise(否则,要不然)。只要见到这几个词,所要选择的虚拟语气的构成多用would have done形式。 例:1、Without your help, we would not have achieved so much. 2、But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.十、as if,as though引导的虚拟语气的构成 As if,as though翻译为“好像”,谈论的往往是不可能或不真实的情况,他们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词采用的形式和wish that句型中谓语动词采用的形式相同。十一、it is+形容词+that引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 在it is+形容词+that引导的从句中,如果该形容词表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”、者“惊奇的、令人不满的”,that从句中的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。 1、用于表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”的形容词常见的有:important、vital(极重要的)、critical(决定性的)、crucial(决定性的)、necessary、essential(必不可少的)、urgent、compulsory,obligatory(必须的),imperative(必要的、紧急的) 2、用于表示“惊奇的、令人不满的”的形容词常见的有:strange、surprising、amazing,unthinkable、odd(奇怪的)、incredible(不可信的,不能相信的)、ridiculous。十二、虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合 一句话中,句子的一部分采用虚拟语气的构成形式,另一部分则采用与事实相对应的某一种时态,这样就形成了虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合的现象。在这种情况下,最为常见的一个词是but,一般情况下在虚拟与不虚拟相混合的句子中,由but引起的句子选择与事实相对应的某一种时态,而不采用虚拟语气的构成形式。 例:I would have come earlier, but I didnt know you were waiting.我本来可以早些到,但我不知道你在等我。十三、情态动词用于虚拟语气 记住以下句式及其含义: 1、should/ought to have done sth本来应该做某事而未做 2、should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth 本来不应该做某事而做了 3、need have done sth:本来需要做某事而未做 4、need not have done sth 本来不需要做某事而做了 5、could have done sth 本来能够做某事而未做 6、could not have done sth 本来不能够做某事而做了 7、might have done sth 本来可以做某事而未做 8、might not have done sth 本来不可以做某事而做了第五节 非谓语动词一、动词不定式 动词不定时的基本结构和用法 1、动词不定式的基本结构及其否定式主动形式被动形式一般式(not)to make(not)to be made完成式(not)to have made(not)to have been made进行式(not)to be making 2、动词不定式的语法功能 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 例:(1)Good-bye, Mr. Wang. Im pleased to meet you. (2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best. 3、动词不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语(一般情况下是动词不定式前面的名词)是不定式所表示的动作的对象(或动作的承受者)时,不定式一般要用被动式。 例:(1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house to be decorated so well. (2)The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 4、动词不定式的完成式 当不定式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动词不定时的完成式。 例:(1)Judging from his manner at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education. (2)The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now. 5、动词不定式的复合结构 如果需要指出不定式所表示的动作的发出者(即逻辑主语)时,要再不定式前用for加名词(或代词)表示。 例:(1)It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish. (2)It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately.6、同一动词接不定式和动名词的区别 英语中有些动词既可以接动词不定式,又可以后接动名词,但是两种形式所表达的意思却是截然不同的。考试中常见的形式有: Stop to do:停下来去做另外一件事情 stop doing:停下正在做的事情 Go on to do:继续去做另外一件事情 go on doing:继续做正在做的事情 Try to do:尽力去做某事 try doing:尝试去做某事 Mean to do:打算做某事 mean doing意味着某事 Remember to do:记得要去做事情 remember doing:记得曾经做过某事 Forget to do:忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 Regret to do:不得不去做某事 regret doing 后悔曾经做过某事 例:1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest. 2、Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy. 3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that? 4、Dont forget to close the window before leaving the room.二、动名词 动名词即动词ing形式,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。 1、动名词的基本形式主动形式被动形式一般时DoingBeing done完成时HavingHaving been done 例:(1)、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late. (2)、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling his time. (3)、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story. 2、英语中后接动名词的常见动词有: Admit、appreciate、avoid(避免)、consider、delay、deny(否认、拒绝)、enjoy、escape、finish、imagine、miss、practice、risk、suggest等。 例:We shall appreciate hearing from you soon. 3、英语中接动名词的常见词组有: Be accustomed to doing(惯常的,习惯于)、be used to doing(过去习惯),devote to doing(把奉献、专用)、feel like doing、look forward to doing、object(反感) to doing、cant help doing、have trouble (in)doing、have difficulty doing、have a hard timedoing等。 4、英语中后接动名词的常见形容词有: Be busy doing,be worth doing等。 5、英语中后接动名词的常见名词有: There is no use doing、there is no point(意义)doing、there is no good doing、 there is no need doing 6、动名词的否定式 动名词的否定式是在动名词前面直接加not。 例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts. 7、动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词。 例:(1)、He forgot about my asking him to attend my wifes birthday party. (2)、I object to his making private calls on the office phone.我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话 8、动名词的完成时 当动名词表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动名词的完成时。 例:(1)、I dont remember having ever said that. (2)、I regret having done such a thing. 我后悔做了这样的事。 9、动名词的被动式 例:(1)、No one avoid being influenced by advertisements. (2)、Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.三、分词 1、现在分词的具体形式: 主动形式被动形式一般式DoingBeing done完成式HavingHaving been done过去分词的形式:done 2、现在分词和过去分词的区别以及分词在句子中的语法功能 1)、现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时态上。在语态上,现在分词表示主动的意思,即现在分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是主动关系(现在分词表示的动作是句子的主语发出来的);过去分词表示被动的意思,即过去分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是被动的关系(句子的主语是过去分词表示的动作的承受者,或者可以说过去分词表示的动作所针对的对象是句子的主语);在时间上,现在分词表示动作正在进行,过去分词则表示动作已经完成。简而言之,现在分词表主动、表进行;过去分词表被动、表完成。这一原则要牢记。 2)、分词在句中的语法功能:分词在句子中可以做状语、补足语、表语和定语。其中分词作状语的用法最为常考。 3)、分词的否定式实在分词的前面加not。 例:(1)、Seeing on the top of hill, we find that the village seems very small. 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (2)、Seen from the top of hill, the village seems very small. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (3)、She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (4)、Damaged in the war, the bridge needs repairing now. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (5)、Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 现在分词的否定式表主动做原因状语。 (6)、We kept our fire burning all night to frighten the wolves. 现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行。 4)、两个经常考查的用过去分词形式做状语的词是convince和compare。 例:They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over. 5)、现在分词和过去分词转化的形容词的区别:在语法功能上,他们都可以做定语和表语,但是以ed形式结尾的形容词修饰人,以ing形式结尾的形容词修饰物。 例:(1)、She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. (2)、My parents are pleased with my progress. 6)、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:现在分词的被动式(being done)表示在进行着的被动,过去分词(done)表示完成了的被动。 例:(1)、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed answers the questions. (2)、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods.(现在分词的被动式) (3)、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。(过去分词表示动作的完成和结果) 3、分词与句子主语在逻辑关系上的一致性 现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,分词与句子主语的逻辑关系常常是三级英语出题的知识点。 例:(1)、Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. (2)、Arriving at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there. 4、分词的独立主格结构 当句子前后两部分的主语指代事物不一致(简称主语前后不一致),又需要其中一个部分作状语时,往往把该部分形成名词/代词+分词(n./pron.+doing/done)的形式,这种形式被称作分词的独立主格结构。在这种结构内部,当名词/代词与分词是逻辑上的主动关系时,用现在分词;当名词/代词是逻辑上的被动关系时,用过去分词。独立主格结构常做原因状语或伴随状语,是考试重点。 例:(1)、The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. (2)、Weather permitting, well go to the Summer Palace. 5、with结构作状语 With结构做状语,其构成是:with+名词+现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式/形容词/介词结构,由于经常考查with+名词+现在分词/过去分词这种形式,所以放在这里讲解,并且要明确何时用with+名词+现在分词结构,何时用with+名词+过去分词结构;如果分词与with后面的名词是主动关系,用现在分词;如果分词与with后面的名词是被动关系,则用过去分词。 例:(1)、He walked across the meeting room with everyone looking at her. (2)、With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (3)、With the novel published, the writer becomes a famous person. (4)、With the matter to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow, we leave the company. (5)、With the price so high, they still determine to buy the car. (6)、With the book in the hand, the teacher came in the classroom.第六节 各种从句 一、名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。如果一个句子在一句话中充当主语、宾语、或者表语,那么该句子就被称作主语从句、宾语从句或者表语从句。名词性从句是三级英语考试的重点,我们应该明确以下几个方面的内容: 1、主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句都用陈述语序,二不用疑问语序。 2、应对主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的题型,我们要牢记整体性原则,即首先要保证从句的完整性,一般要添加适当的连接代词、连接副词或者从属连词使从句完整,然后才能在主句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。 3、考试中常见的从属连词、连接代词、连接副词有: 从属连词:that(只起连接句子的作用,不具任何意义),if,whether; 连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose; 连接副词:when, where, how, why 例:(1)、Who let out the news remained unknown.(It remained unknown who let out the news.) 谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 (2)、When well start is not clear.(It is not clear when well start.)我们何时出发还不清楚。 (3)、What I saw two men crossing the street. (4)、What the press reported was not the way the event happened (5)、I dont doubt that he is telling the truth. (6)、Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes people love it so much? (7)、The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware of where. (8)、He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather. (9)、The reason I dont go there was that I got a new job. (10)、This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。 (11)、The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 4、在下列情况下不能用if,而用whether 1)、后面直接跟or not:I wonder whether Ill catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否赶上末班车 2)、引导主语从句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.我们胜利也好,失败也好,对我来说都是一样的。 3)、后跟不定式:He didnt tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。 4)、前面有介词:He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。 二、定语从句 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫作定语从句,被修饰或者限定的那个次叫作先行词。定语从句分为两种:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句紧跟在先行词后面,不用逗号和先行词分开的定语从句叫作限定性定语从句;而用逗号和先行词分开的定语从句叫作非限定性定语从句。 1、引导定语从句ude关联词包括: 关系代词:that、which、whose、who、whom、as; 关系副词:when、where、why 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的成分。 2、which指物,who或者whom指人,whose表示所属关系,这些关系代词既可用于限定性定语从句,又可用于非限定性定语从句;that既可以指人,又可以指物,但是只能用于限定性定语从句。 例:(1)、The company official who I thought would be fired received a raise. (2)、The investigation, whose results will soon be published, was made by john. (3)、An old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with, telephone me from the airport. (4)、I dont like the way that/in which you speak. 3、关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示时间的名词,一般用when,如果先行词是表示地点的名词,一般用where,但是也应注意例外的情况;如先行词是reason,则用why。关系副词相当于介词加关系代词。 例:(1)、The time will come when man can fly to outer space freely. (2)、I will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. (3)、Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood. (4)、Ill never forget the village which I visited last year. (5)、I dont know the reason why (for which ) he did that. 4、先行词也可以是整个句子,这时定语从句一般用which或as来引导,修饰整个句子的内容。Which一般只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比较灵活。 例:(1)、He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. (2)、He was awarded a gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor. (3)、As we all know, the earth is round. 5、“名词(代词)+of+which/whom”意思上等于whose+名词,表示所属关系,一般出现在非限定性定语从句。 例:(1)、We ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely water proof (2)、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by land or water. 6、当先行词由the same或such修饰时,关系代词用as指代前面作为先行词的人或物,形成“the sameas”,“suchas”结构。 例:It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 7、当先行词由形容词的最高级、序数词或the only/next/very等修饰时,关系代词用that而不用which。 例:(1)、This is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater. (2)、This is the very

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