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,高分子材料与工程专业英语,授课人: 刘春华,科技英语翻译 特点:注重逻辑思维,讲究语言上的规范,表达上的妥切和译文的流畅。 一般翻译的要求(准确性是总的标准): 科技英语翻译,还须做到:明确,通顺,简练 明确:(1)确切技术内容上忠实原文; (2)明白表达原文,不应有模糊不清,模棱两可之处 通顺:译文应当合乎中文的语法要求,读起来易懂,顺口 (切记译文是给本国人阅读的,一定要符合汉语表达习惯) 简练:尽可能简短,精练,没有冗词废字,不重复罗嗦。,信忠实原文;达通顺;雅语言精炼,译文优美,翻译过程: 理解,表达,校核三个阶段 (1)深刻理解原文。 必须精通专业知识,理解科技文献中的每一个名称术语的特定含义 专有名词:如果明知看不懂,可查阅专业词典; 注意:常用词,在某专业已经转义成为专有名词,切不可按一般意义理解翻译,以免造成错误。 yield:一般作产量,收率,但塑料工业(成型加工),则译作“屈服”或“挤出量” spin 原意为“旋转”,如spin coating (旋涂) ESR: Electron Spin Resonance 电子自旋共振 转义为“纺丝”,(纺丝时在卷线筒上不断旋转绕丝),原则:当感到按常规意义理解不太通顺时,一定要查字典,且不可怕麻烦,否则翻译稿无法读懂,甚至自己也不知所云。 翻译切忌见到文章马上动笔。一定要先通读全文,基本掌握文中意思,以及其中专业词语的特定含义,再下笔翻译。否则翻译将错误很多,甚至难以进行下去(和汉语阅读一样,英语翻译也需上下文对照,才能明白其含义) (2)确切表达译文 理解原文后,开始动笔,以确切表达译文。 要求:准确选词和恰当造句。避免歧义并力求文字简练,来恰如其分,明确通顺地进行翻译。 真正做好翻译,十分困难(翻译家),十分困难,要求译者中文造诣也相当高,否则经常会出现看得懂,但写不出,或者写不清楚,这是只有反复推敲,思考,磨炼,也可参考有关译文或翻译书籍。 可以试写出多种译法,看后根据原文进行调整,改动,以得出最佳答案。,(3)校核 翻译完后,对照原文,对自己翻译稿进行核实(看是否有遗漏或错误之处),并对于译文语言进行进一步推敲,看是否通顺流畅,同时进行必要加工,尽量删去可有可无文字,并适当进行增补,以避免罗嗦,消除歧义。 翻译十分灵活,在忠实原文的前提下,同一句子可有多种译法,因此很难教条地定义应如何翻译。 不过翻译过程中还是有一定的规律可循,即所谓的翻译技巧,只能讲究一些原则。真正掌握需要大家通过实践体验才行。,英汉翻译规则 1. 词语的顺序 英语中词语顺序的排列一般可表示词语之间的相互关系。 短语形式的定语和状语一般都和它前面最靠近的词发生关系,而单个的形容词和副词一般修饰其后最靠近的词。 E.g. (1) Only she did the experiment yesterday. (2) She only did the experiment yesterday. (强调只作了试验,没做其它事)(她昨天只作了这个实验) (3)She did only the experiment yesterday. (强调只作这个试验,没做其它试验)(她昨天做的只是这个实验) (4) She did the experiment only yesterday.,2. 照译法 直译和顺译 特点:(1)基本上保留原文的语法结构形式,在语序和句序上未作大的变动; (2)保留原文词语的书面意义,未加引申和转译 凡是原文结构接近汉语,照译时符合汉语语法修辞习惯,都应该照译。 E.g. He gave me a book. 他给了我一本书 I had breakfast at home. 我在家吃早饭(我吃早饭在家) In melt spinning, the molten polymer is extruded directly into filaments. 在熔融纺丝(过程)中,融化的聚合物直接挤出成丝 (基本按原语序),3. 转换法 转换类似于意译,但比意译的范围小一些(对原文改变不如意译大) (意译不是转换,而是在理解原文的基础上,按其意思重新表达,相当于“再次创作”) 在难于进行照译或为了使译文明确、简练时,在不背离原意的前提下,可根据上下文表达需要做适当转换,包括: (1)词性转换; (2)句子成分转换; (3)句子结构转换; (4)表达方式转换 科技英语不存在描述感情的词句,相对要简单的多,3.1. 词性转换 动词转换 Coating thicknesses range from one tenth mm to 2 mm. 涂层厚度范围为0.1到2 mm。(verb noun) 名词转换 This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route. 对确定最佳工艺条件而言,这次试验是绝对必须的。(n. adj.) 形容词转换 We have made a careful study of these formulas. 我们仔细研究了这些配方(adj. adv.) 副词转换 The injection mold must be dimensionally correct. 注塑模具尺寸必须准确(adv. noun),3.2.句子成分的转换 (1)主语的转换 Polycarbonate has an advantage in that it can compete with metal like copper, zinc in engineering properties. 聚碳酸酯的优点是在工程性能方面可与铜、锌等金属材料媲美。 主语定语;宾语主语,(2) 宾语的转换 Care should be taken to keep the instrument dry.注意,这台仪器要保持干燥(宾语主语) (3)谓语的转换 The pressure was measured to be 8 Mpa.测得的压力为8 Mpa。(谓语定语) (4)其它 These materials are highly variable in nature.这些原料性质有很大差异(状语主语),3.3 句子结构的转换 简单句复合句或复合句简单句,改变从句类型,颠倒句序等 E.g. Higher temperatures are associated with greater melting rates. 温度升高,熔化速率就加快(简单句复合句) This is what the equation means. 这就是该方程的含义(复合句简单句) 须根据实际情况,灵活运用。 原则:在不改变原意的前提下,使翻译流畅。 “运用之妙,存乎一心”,3.4 表达方式的转换 语态的转换 英语中被动态(尤其科技论文),常转译为主动态 E.g. Conditioners are usually used. 通常,也使用(一些)调节剂。(PassiveActive) 肯定句与否定句转换 双重否定时表示肯定 There is no rule that has no exceptions. 任何规则都有例外。(否定句肯定句),3.5. 省略 省略冠词,代词,动词等(翻译要灵活,不要逐词译出) A whale is the largest animal in the world. 鲸是世界上最大的动物(冠词不译出) If you know the frequency, you can calculate the capacitance with Equation 1. 如果知道频率,就可由方程1求出电容(省略“you”) The polymer has a very high molecular weight. 这种聚合物的分子量很高。(省略“have”) A gas becomes hot if it is compressed. 气体受压缩后温度升高(省略“if”),3.6. 增补 某些词,在科技英语中没有,但翻译成中文时,为了使意思完整明确,应进行增补,以符合汉语阅读习惯。 In rapid oxidation, a flame is produced. 在快速氧化过程中会产生火焰 In solution spinning, a solution of polymer is . 在溶液纺丝过程中,.,什么是科研论文(Experimental Research Report) 简而言之,即研究者描述其所从事研究的文章 目的:对于在同一个领域(相关领域)工作的同行解释研究的目的,方法,结果 Three Purposes : (Objectives, Methods, Results) 发表形式: (1)在专业期刊上(Professional journal)发表论文(Paper); (2)研究单位或出版商约定出版专论,专著(monograph); (3)学位论文(Dissertation, thesis),论文写作,本课程重点专业论文 尽管研究领域不同,有其共同特征: 首先,均是围绕一个研究问题来进行设计(实验或推理) (Research Question); 然后,研究者提出一个假设(Hypothesis),设计其研究(Design the study),以支持或反对这一假设 特点:通常这类研究是定量的(Quantitative/ Qualitative), 即通常涉及在研究过程中得到的数据的处理 (数据广义,包括图片等),有时,有些期刊也要求在最后加上一段简短的作者介绍(biography),尤其是综述性文章,现在很多要求作者介绍,Jiao-Tong Sun, Chun-Yan Hong* and Cai-Yuan Pan,Surface modification of carbon nanotubes with dendrimers or hyperbranched Polymers,Polymer Chemistry,Published on line,某些情况下,文章还有附录(Appendix),包括术语表(Nomenclature)或某些公式推导过程,或其它要说明的特殊问题,对于论文格式,各期刊要求不同,其原则在于“清楚明了”。大部分期刊要求明确标记出各部分,以便读者容易地找到相关感兴趣部分。 不过,较为短小的文章,如快讯(Rapid Communication ),简报(letters)等,往往不要求注明各部分,有时甚至不要求摘要,对正文(Text)字数也有要求。而Full paper则基本不受篇幅限制,比较完整。 在投稿时,应仔细阅读其投稿须知(Guide for Authors)。,第一部分引言 Introduction 目的:对于读者来说起到定位作用(Orientation),给读者一个基本概况,以帮助理解以下部分所涉及的具体内容(Perspective, 透视画法,前景) 详细分为五个阶段: (1)概述研究领域情况,给予读者了解本文所研究的问题所需的背景; (2)更具体地描述前人在这方面已做的工作; (3)阐述进一步研究的必要性; (4)具体讲述本研究的目的/目标(purpose/objective) (5)(可选部分, optional)讲述本研究的价值或意义,思路:一般(General)具体(Specific) 大的背景其中某个问题(前人工作)本研究工作:问题的某个方面 可以作以下比喻: Universe Galaxy Star 首先给读者演示一个“宇宙”,然后分离出宇宙中一个“银河系”,最后,引向银河系中的某一个恒星,即所研究的具体问题(Specific topic) 如:导电聚合物取代乙炔聚合物聚苯乙炔 研究聚苯乙炔光电特性,先讲述导电聚合物的光电特性,然后讲述其中最重要的一类,即取代乙炔聚合物的研究情况,最后讲述本文涉及的一种典型的取代聚乙炔聚苯乙炔的光电性能,(1)讲述一些常识性的,或已为本领域研究人员所共知的一些信息,要求写得尽量通俗易懂。多采用一般名词短语(Generic Noun Phrase),通常指向整个一类物质(事件),而不是具体事情。,C. H. Liu, C. Y. Pan, Grafting polystyrene onto silica nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization, Polymer , 2007, 48, 3679-3685,(2)综述前人工作(Reviewing Previous Research) 目的:综述其他研究者在本文所涉及的研究领域已经发表的工作,通常又称为“文献综述”(Review of Literature) 它基本上是对于文章末尾列出的引用参考文献的一个总结。 这一部分十分重要,它具有三个功能: a. 沿袭(1)中给予读者以了解你所进行工作的必需的背景知识; b. 使读者相信你对于这一领域前人所进行的重要研究十分熟悉(尤其使评阅人相信); c. 将你的工作与这一领域正在进行的一系列研究相关联,而不是脱节。 在撰写毕业论文时,这一部分扩展成为专门一章(Chapter),即“文献综述”。,Generally, chemically grafting techniques include the grafting to and grafting from methods. Grafting to involves the reaction of appropriate end-capped functional groups or side pendant groups in the polymers with the particles. This method is simple, but the graft density is fairly low because the diffusion of polymer chains to the surface of the particles is hindered sterically 6,7. This limitation can be circumvented by the grafting from method, in which initiating groups are anchored onto the surface of the particles followed by in situ polymerization. Because the chain radicals are consistently on the surface of the grafted polymers, and the diffusion of the smaller monomers is easier relatively, the graft density is determined by density of the initiating groups, and generally, higher graft density can be achieved 8,9. A variety of polymerization techniques, including conventional free radical 10, cationic 11, anionic 12, ring-opening 13,15 and controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs) have been used to graft the polymers onto the surface of different inorganic particles. Among those different methods, CRPs reveal advantages because they can control the architecture, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution in comparison with the conventional radical polymerization and they are simple on operation procedure and versatile on monomers in comparison with the ionic polymerizations.,Among the CRPs, nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) have been used to graft polymers from solid surface. There are a large number of reports on grafting the polymers onto the solid surface by NMP and ATRP 16-23. Comparing to the NMP and ATRP, the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization displays the advantage on compatibility with a wide range of monomers including functional monomers and free of transition metal ion contamination. Up to date, RAFT polymerization has been successfully used to graft various polymer chains on different solid surface. Dithiobenzoate was anchored to the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and following grafted polymers on the MWNTs by RAFT polymerization 23,24. Skaff et al. applied RAFT polymerization in the preparation of polymer-grafted CdSe nanoparticles using trithiocarbonate functionalized CdSe particles as RAFT agent 25. RAFT polymerization was also used to modified surface of gold nanoparticle 26,27, cotton 28, cellulose 29, and silica wafer 30,31. As to silica particles, Li et al. reported the preparation of polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles by graft from method via RAFT polymerization by attaching R group of RAFT agent to silica particles. But the RAFTagent was synthesized in low yield via a multi-step process 32. They reported another method to prepare the dithiobenzoate-anchored silica via the reaction of 2-mercaptothiazoline-activated 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CPDB) with amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles 33. While Perrier et al. synthesized well defined homopolymer and diblock copolymer grafted onto silica particles by Z-supported RAFT polymerization 34.,In this article, we report an easy and facile method for preparation of RAFT agent anchored silica nanoparticles, and then it was used in the RAFT polymerization of St for synthesis of PS grafted silica nanoparticles. The kinetics and graft efficiency were investigated.,写作时,需要注意时态: 当泛指研究成果时,用一般现在时(present tense)或现在完成时(present perfect) e.g. This phenomena has been found by several authors 1,2,3. 具体指某一个/几个研究者的工作时,用过去时 e.g. Dunmore developed the first humidity sensor 1. 引用某人的研究结果时,描述结果可采用多种时态 一般现在时/过去时,具体根据对于研究结果的态度而定。 a. 研究结果得到公认(Accepted as fact)现在时 Sb. found that conjugated polymers have high conductivity when doped with salts or acids. b. 结果只局限于某一研究过去时 Sb. found that this polymer had a better stability.,(3)指出在前人研究中尚未涉及的问题或研究的不足,同时显示对这一问题进行研究具有重要的意义。 (4)尽量简明地说明本研究工作的目的/内容 In this paper, we report that (active voice) In this paper, sth. is reported(passive voice) (5)提出本研究工作所取得结果的意义 (可用于哪些方面,实际应用方面,或对其他研究者有何帮助) 一般期刊发表的文章不包括这一部分,多用于毕业论文,专著等,也有人提出引言部分(Introduction)由三方面组成: 1. 介绍研究背景、研究意义; 2. 阐述目前该领域的研究现状、存在问题,待解决的问题; 3. 指出本文的研究内容、目的及其独到之处,实验部分:(Experimental) 描述进行研究所采用的步骤,以及所用的材料、测试方法、仪器等 意义:a)了解实验过程,便于重复或扩展报道的研究工作 b) 发现研究所采用的方法可能存在什么问题,对结果将造成什么影响 通常又可分为: 原料(Materials/Reagents); 制备(Preparation of ./Synthesis of.) 仪器/测试(Instrument/Measurements)等小节(Subsection),Materials All reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. Carbon disulfide was dried with calcium chloride, and then distilled. Hexane was dried with calcium chloride and distilled before use. Styrene (St) was refluxed with calcium hydride overnight and distilled under reduced pressure. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was distilled from a purple sodium ketyl solution. Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was distilled after drying with calcium chloride. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was distilled under reduced pressure before use. 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS) and other reagents were used as received without further purification.,仪器/测试(Instrumentation/Measurements),Instrumental Analysis. The molecular weight, Mn,GPC and the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) were measured on a Waters 150C and Waters 1515 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) respectively. The former equipped with three ultrastyragel columns (103, 104, 105 ), and the latter equipped with linear columns, monodisperse polystyrene was used as a calibration standard and THF was used as eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min for Waters 150C and 0.3 mL/min for Waters 1515. 1H NMR spectra were determined on a Bruker DMX-300 nuclear magnetic resonance instrument with CDCl3 as solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. FTIR spectra were recorded on a Bruker VECTOR-22 IR spectrometer. Thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out on a PE TGA-7 instrument with a heating rate of 100C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image was made on a Hitach-7650 microscopy operated at 100kv.,measure,determine,record,carry out,observe,made,Collect, perform,monitor,Results 描述结果并简单评述 本节通常包括文字(text),图(Figure, Scheme),表(Table)等 一般是通过图、表(Graph, Table, Diagram)直观地表述研究的全部结果/发现,而文字则用来帮助读者将主意力集中在所得结果的最重要部分,并进行简要解释。 Discussion 对于所得的结果进行综合性的,整体的讨论 回顾试验及结果部分内容,以了解所得出的现象(Findings)应如何解释,Results and Discussion 说明实验现象,报告实验结果;分析试验数据;阐明自己的观点 Conclusions (结论) 对于所进行的研究工作发现的现象,获得的数据等进行分析后,最终可提炼出的结论性的成果 “简述研究内容,强调试验结果”,图表,Q. Zheng and C. Y. Pan, Macromolecules, 2005,38, 6841,编号Table 1. or Table 1.1 b. 标题写在表标号后 c. 表中栏目称为Column,每一项具体内容称为Entry d. 表的来源,在表下方说明,同图相似 e. 表下方为表中注释符的意义,对表内容的简单说明(如反应条件等),图(Figure) a. 编号:Fig. 1 or Figure 1, 第一个字母大写; b. 图题(Caption)对图的内容加以简要说明 c. 图例(Legend)表明图中符号/线型等的意义。,若图是引用其他人文献,还需说明图的来源,注明经某机构许可重印。(, reprinted with permission of. ),Figure 4 Typical UV-vis absorption spectra of (A) PLLA2 and (B) MWNT-PLLA2 composites. The inset Figure shows dependence of absorption intensity of MWNT-PLLA2 suspension at 300-800 nm on staying times,图(Scheme) a. 编号: Scheme 1, 第一个字母大写; b. 图题(Caption)对图的内容加以简要说明 c. 图例(Legend)表明图中符号等的意义。,1. be graphed as 以对作图 Y (be) graphed as X 以Y对X作图,一般以纵坐标对横坐标作图 一般图形坐标表示,都是先纵坐标,后横坐标,两者可用versus (简写为vs.) 或against 连在一起 即:y versus x, 或y plotted against x e.g. A) A plot of dc voltage versus time normally produces a straight line. B) In Fig. 1, lgI is plotted against v. LognX: log x to the base n; lnx: log x to the base If a pressure-volume diagram is made, 其它:If a pressure-volume diagram is made, (压力体积图) 例外:伏安特性,伏特为横坐标,安培为纵坐标,但表达为volt-ampere characteristics,线型: 实线solid line; 虚线dashed line; 点线dotted line; 粗线heavy line; 细线light line; 点划线dot-dash line,Acknowledgement: 致谢:在于感谢帮助完成本研究工作的人员(如帮助测试,提供样品,进行讨论等等),但更重要的是感谢“提供经费支持”(financial support) Reference:按照文中出现次序列出所引用文献,要求尽量详尽给出其出处,有时还要求给出文章标题,这样方便读者查找。 Supporting Information 对于Rapid Communication 或Letter,一般把实验部分或其他佐证性测试结果作为Supporting Information 。有些Full Paper也有 Supporting Information。,Reference,Polymer,Macromolecules,Polymer Chemistry,各种期刊要求的参考文献格式基本相同:作者,(论文题目),期刊名称,年,卷(期),起始页码-(结束页码)。括号中的内容很多刊物不要求,作者一般姓全写,名简写,有几种格式,Abstract(摘要) 使读者对于本研究工作有一简短的大致了解(Preview) 虽然置于文章开头(正文之前),但写作时通常是最后写。因为只有在全文完成后,才能进行总结提炼其主要内容(结论) 意义:科学技术迅猛发展,文章数量急剧增加,文献可谓“浩如烟海”,要在其中寻找自己感兴趣的内容,极为困难。新的检索工具的出现,对此帮助极大,但文章数量实在极为庞大,根本无法直接阅读正文从而了解相关信息。 绝大部分读者在进行文献检索时,均通过阅读文摘来了解正文研究的主要内容和重要结论,由此判断是否有必要阅读全文,这样可以大大节省时间(文摘字数有限,不带图表),摘要写作要求:简明扼要,信息量大 如果摘要写作质量很差,根本不会被收录,或者即使被收录,也因难以阅读,或所反映信息不全,而不能引起读者注意,不会为人所引用。 SCI Science Citation Index 引用次数 一般性摘要包括部分及其排列次序(Summary) B = Some background information 一些基本背景知识 P = Principal activity/ purpose of the study and its scope 本研究主要内容/目的及其范围 M = Some information about the methodology used in the study 关于本研究所采用的一些(试验)方法 R = The most important results of the study 最重要的研究结果 C = A statement of conclusion or recommendation 结论/意义,以上又称为Full Abstract 但对于发表论文而言,由于科技文献数量剧增,对于摘要篇幅质量也加以限制(brief and concise),一般不超过150200字(words)。为此,对以上Full Abstract 必须再作删除或合并,得到所谓的(Reduced Abstract) 它包括二至三个部分,重点放在研究结果上,次序如下: P + M = Purpose + method of the study 目的及研究方法 R = Results 结果 C*= conclusions and recommendations 结论 *optional (可选) 首先阐述实验内容(目的)和方法(很多时候实验目的也不写明,背景不再包括在内),然后总结重要的实验结果,最后用一、两个句子包括重要结论。,内容要点: (1)理论研究论文: 以陈述性为主,内容主要是研究的课题和目标,指导 思想,论据,结论以及应用的可能性; (2)实验性研究论文: 以资料性为主,内容主要包括研究项目和目标,实验 方案和主要设备、实验数据、结论及理论意义或实用 价值。,摘要写作:1. 摘要的起首句:直接式起首句,开门见山说明论文主题常用三种句型:(1)主语(说明文章性质的名词)谓语(主动谓语)宾语或其它成份,特点:由宾语引出主要内容 e.g. This paper describes the synthesis of high molecular weight polyether by using metalloporphyrin(金属卟啉络合物) complex catalyst system.,(2)主语(论文主体的有关内容)被动态谓语其它成分* e.g. Long-chain aliphatic ,-diols containing up to 32 consecutive methylene groups were synthesized by several methods and characterized. e.g. Poly(styrene-ran-styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(styrene-block-styrenesulfonic acid) with low polydispersity were prepared using nitroxide-mediated living radical polymerization technique.,(3)The purpose (objective/aim) of+ 主语(文章性质) be + to主要介绍研究项目的目的及研究工作的性质 e.g. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ligand on catalytic activity of transition metal as acetylide catalysts. (4)用“we”作主语,用于说明所从事的研究工作(常用现在完成时或过去时),或说明在论文中要论述什么(用现在时) We discuss (report/ have studied) the results of a study of 2. 描述研究方法、实验手段等的句例 a) Surface analyses of polymers were clarified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). b) These new materials were electro synthesised and characterised by cyclic voltammetry(循环伏安法), UVVIS spectrophotometer, elemental analysis, and four point probe conductivity measurements before being tested in photoelectro chemical cells.,表示结论和建议等的句例 E.g. The membrane was found to be thermally stable at high temperatures because of the inorganic SiO2 framework in the composites matrix. E.g. In summary, by addition of around 1% PS into St, the rate of SI-ATRP can be significantly increased, and PS chains anchored the silica NPs and MWCNTs can be grown to high molecular weight in short time, and the polymerization rate increased with increase of the PS content in monomer St.,无机化合物命名 (Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature) 1、元素命名(元素周期表)(Periodical Table),数字,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,Name of compounds Stock system (Albert Stock): For the naming of compounds of metals (oxides, hydroxides and salts) in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state: The oxidation state of the metal is shown by a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its oxidation number. No numeral is used if the metal has only one common oxidation number e.g. NaCl: sodium chloride; Al(OH)3: aluminum hydroxide FeBr2: iron (II) bromide;,Monovalent, divalent, trivalent, etc.,Cr2(SO4)3: chromium (III) sulfate 如果不用罗马数字表明其价态,也可用离子的名称表示 e.g. FeCl2 : ferrous chloride (iron (II) chloride) FeCl3: ferric chloride (iron (III) chloride),Some Common Ions (Cation),Some Common Ions (Anion),Naming nonmetal oxides Using the Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atom and that of the other element in the compounds The prefix used are: (1) mono- (mon-); (2) di-; (3) tri-; (4) tetra-; (5) penta-; (6) hexa-; (7) hepta; (8) octa-; (9) nona-; (10)deca-. Generally the letter “a” is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on) when naming a nonmetal oxide

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