高考语法复习之一非谓语.ppt

非谓语动词 Non-restricted Verbs,2008届高考语法复习之一,邝晓芬,非谓语,不定式（to do),分词,动名词(-ing),过去分词(-ed),现在分词(-ing),- ing 分词,-ed 分词,一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别 顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不 能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近 年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或 利用一些“ 貌合神离” 的手段，加大考生辨别 非谓语动词的难度。 一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓 语动词， 除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现 在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓 语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。,例 At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and_(sit) down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）,A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat,sat,解析： 此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即 或项，而and实际上作为并列连词并列的 是found及sat两个动作，而非并列providing与 sitting.,例 Prices of daily goods _(buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.,解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为或。依据上面陈述，填入或句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为，bought through a computer为一过去分词短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语can be lower than。当然此题如改为Prices of daily goods which have been bought through也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。,are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. buying,bought,1). If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better_(forget) it youve got some big bills coming.(2004广东） 2). Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _(have) fun.,forget,having,A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget,A. had B. have C. to have D. having,3) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ (think)that all children like these things. ( 06全国II) 4). Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a title _ (give)to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. (06山东),thinking,given,A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought,A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given,二、考查非谓语动词作主语 能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的 区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比 较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it 作形式主语放在句首。 1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. 2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 3) Collecting information is very important to business men. 4) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.,(抽象),(具体),2. 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。,It is/was,no use/good,not any use/good,of little use/good,useless,+doing sth.,It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is of little good staying up too late every day.,若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式 上的一致。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,1). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _(have)the answers ready will be of great help. 2). In fact _ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important match.,Having,it,A. To have B. Having had C. Have D. Having,A. this B. that C. there D. it,三、考查非谓语动词作宾语 不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。 1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： want, wish, hope, manage, demand, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree, expect等。 I dont want _(sound) like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.,to sound,A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, deny. 1) I cant stand _(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_(stop)talking while she works.,working,to stop,A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop,3.有些动词如intend, start, continue后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别。 I intend to finish/ finishing the task this morning. 但love, like, hate, prefer后接动名词表示经常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。 1). I like _ very much, but I dont like _ this afternoon. A. swimming, swimming B. to swim, to swim C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming,C,2). Little Jim should love _(take) to the theatre this evening A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking,A,to be taken,但要注意: 如果like, love, prefer前有would/ should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。 Id like to go swimming this weekend.,4. 既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语,但不定 式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。 句子的意思没有差别。但句子得主语一般是 一表物的名词或代词。这类动词主要有： want、need、require等。,1) Your watch needs repairing to be repaired. 2) The windows need painting again to be painted again.,5. 1). If you think treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again. A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting 2). When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _. A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave 有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾 语，但意义上有区别。如forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try, go on, cant help等。,D,C,6. 1). I have no choice but to accept the fact. 2). Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers? A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 3). Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able 介词后可接动名词或不定式作宾语。,D,C,四、考查非谓语动词作宾补和主补 Walking along the river, we heard someone _for help. A. shouting B. shout C. shouted D. having shouted 2) When she returned home, she found the window open and something _. A. to steal B. losing C. missed D. stolen 3) My teacher told me _ so careless. A. not be B. dont to be C. not to be D. wont be,A,D,C,4) Children should be allowed _ their own decisions. A. making B. to make C. make D. having made 能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语 动词有不定式，现在分词，过去分词，用哪 种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句 型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。,B,My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补 足语的动词有： ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order, warn, cause等，表示宾语或主语执行 不定式的动作（具有“主动”的意义），而且不 定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后（具 有“ 将来”的意义）。,D,使役动词，感官动词能接不带to 的不定式作 宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。 常见的使役动词有make, let, have等； 感官 动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel 以及look at, listen to等。 Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,B,3. 有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也 可跟“宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。 We found him (to be ) dishonest. We all know him to be dead. We _ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer. A. accept B. receive C. think D. regard,C,4. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。 I heard her _( sing) an English song just now. I heard her _ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _( sing) many times. 接不定式时，表示动作发生的全过程；接现在分词 时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的 动作；接过去分词时，表被动或完成。 I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.,sing,singing,sung,（状态）,（完成）,Practise They should understand the traffic rule by now. youve had it _ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained. The missing boy were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play,D,A, In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start. （06上海春） A. chased B. to be chased C. be chased D. having been chased There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. （06上海春） A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait,A,C,五. 考查非谓语动词作定语 不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关 系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受 者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式 动词后加上相应的介词。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. He was the last one to leave school yesterday. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不 定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语 态，也可用被动语态. 1). Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything _(take) to your son? 2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything _(take) to your son?,to be taken,to take,2. 现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修 饰的名词正在承受其动作(即与名词是动宾关系),Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise., The factory making (= that makes) such tools is a small one run by Tom. They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. Barking dogs seldom bite. The building built will be completed next year.,（=who are playing),过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。 Some of the experiments _ in the book are easy to perform. A. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher learning_ in China. A. established B. being established C. to be established D .having been established,C,A,Practise 1). The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert. A. coving B. covered C. cover D. to cover. 2). There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added 3). The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. being recorded,A,D,A,4). Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 5)The English exam is not difficult, is it? _. Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging,C,C,6). The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海） A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 7). A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. （04江苏） A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted,该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语 flowers。,“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。,B,C,3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是： 现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表 示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表 示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如： The question _ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.,discussed,being discussed,to be discussed,4.只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。 There is a swimming pool in the back yard. Only after repeated practice can we improve our teaching method. 注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别： 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。 flying fish 飞鱼 a running dog 走狗 a falling tide 落潮 a crying boy 哭着的孩子,(= a pool for swimming),(=a method for teaching),(=A boy is crying ),六、考查非谓语动词作状语 能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。,1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen. （结果状语） To make himself heard, he raised his voice. （目的状语） All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语),不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句 末多作原因状语，结果状语。,2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式： 1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （条件状语） 2). Coming into the room, he found his father angry. （时间状语） 3). Being tired, they went on working. 4). Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 5). He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.,（让步状语）,（原因状语）,（伴随状语）,Practise 1). When _(heat) water will be changed into vapour. While _ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour. 2) _(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful. 3) Generally speaking, when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. If _(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.,heated,heating,Seen,Seeing,taken,taking,3.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。 1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中 可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。,F,T,T,(True or false),The key_，she went through her handbag carefully. A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found 试题分析： 选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项,前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除.选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。Not having been found同其逻辑主语the key构成独立主格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语 she不能充当分词的逻辑主语。,C,_ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing this C. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this 试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，时态不正确，应该排除。选项 A 的knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。,A,3). _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (00 北京春季) A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 4). He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. (00 上海) A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope,given 作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当considering。,注意 hoping 为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的 to get 。,B,A,现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别 1). European football is played in 80 countries , _ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998) A. making B. makes C. make D. to make 2). He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left . (2005广东) A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自 然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语 时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果,A,A,过去分词做状语 Permitted, he would have succeeded in doing that. 讨论：此句为什么不用having been permitted? 本句的句意是“如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会成 功的” 过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与if + done可以互换。 而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动， 而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用, 如： Having been finished, his homework was sent to his teacher to be corrected. 如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词 即可。如： Guided by the guide, he found the place easily. Scolded by the teacher, he felt very depressed.,1). _ this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making 2). He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to be told B. to told C. told D. telling 3). The storm left, _ a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused,C,A,D,4). _ into use in April 2002, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 5). _ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any country in the world. A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. to be separated,A,C,七、考查非谓语动词作表语 能作表语的有不定式、动名词和分词。 1). It remains _ whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals. (2006浙江） A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see 2) Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly,B,A,3). The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. (99 N) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make,B,动词不定式短语 to make life easier 及 not to make it more difficult 都作 purpose 的表语。非谓 语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结 构问题，二是时间问题。一般来说，不定式作表语 都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、 梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。,1. 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释解或用来表示“身份、职业”等。这时主语与表语位置可以互换 The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs. Our work is serving the people 2. 动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相 同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主 语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （ 现在进行时）,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物 动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激 动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、 “令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高 兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡 是表示“感到 ”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人 对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.， 若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。,现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别,delighting 令人高兴的delighted 感到高兴的 disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 感到 失望的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓 舞的 pleasing 令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的 puzzling 令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的 satisfying 令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的 surprising 令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的 worrying 令人担心的worried 感到担心的,八、考查连词之后加分词 分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since, when, while, whenever, no matter how, once, until 等之后，可以看作是状语从句中的省略现 象。 1). No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven will still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performing,A,2). When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 3). The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 4) When _, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed C. completing C. being completed D. to be completed,C,D,A,非谓语动词时态形式的确定 弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作 之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓 语动词的时态有以下三种形式。,在谓语表示的动作之后,与谓语表示的动作同时发生,在谓语表示的动作之前,to do,doing 或 to be doing,to have done 或having done,1). - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to have C. to have been left D. to be left 2). Aids is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北) A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been ( = It is said that Aids have been the biggest health challenge to both men and women in),A,D,3). The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to produce in the cells inside human nose and throat. (2004上海) A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 4). You must make every effort to find the person _ the car. A. who damaged B. damaging C. damaged D. that damaging,A,C,讨论：此题为什么不能选B？,非谓语动词语态形式的确定 非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：,动词不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,to be done,to have be