历城四中2010写作方法指导.ppt

英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分,简单句 并列句 复合句,主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) There + be / stand/ lie / live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English. 主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me. 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be There lies a book on the desk.,简单句基本句型实例,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语 Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. Youd better stay here.,状 语,Examples: Oh！What is that！（惊叹词） He has，alas，failed again Come here，John（呼语） Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,（You） Come here （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。 另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。 一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。 作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow train this is!,简单句的基本词序,主语 动词部分 宾语 状语 （谓语） 方式 地点 时间 I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。 I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock. He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、bothand、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。 The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome. The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin. The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。 I met Jane. I met her husband. I met Jane and her husband. I met both Jane and her husband. It was cold. It was wet. It was cold and wet. I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband. I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband. 两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。 We sang all night. We danced all night. We sang and danced all night.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号： We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词： We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词 coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词: 转折并列连词： 因果并列连词: 选择并列连词:,and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then,but, however, while, yet,for, so,or, eitheror, neither nor,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 动词 表语 Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主 谓 状（方式） 连 主 谓 表 Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect. 主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点 I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾 They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.,Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.,He made a promise, but He didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接 在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非 同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引 导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句 = 主句 + 从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句 5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his father was working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washington. whether he is leaving for Washington.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he said what he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. because he was ill. what has happened.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,He has found out. She was late. (why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间） It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果） Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件) We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him. Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him. Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.,书面表达的五个步骤,书面表达的五个步骤,仔细审题（4确定） （1）体裁格式_ （2）题材内容_ （3）中心人称_ （4）主体时态_,2.提炼要点，确定重点词汇,要点： Point 1: Point 2： Point 3: Point4 4个主要点 4个次要点 用英语列出动词，动词短语 句型等,3.连词成句,4. 组句成篇,（1）适当添加信息点， 使文意通顺连贯 （2）巧妙使用连接词， 使文章结构紧凑 （3）灵活运用好句式， 使文章文采飞扬,5.检查誊写,仔细誊写，保证字迹工整，卷面整洁。,原题内容：大学生活即将开始，你将面对新的学习和生活环境，请根据提示写一篇英语短文，谈谈你打算如何安排你的大学生活。内容要点应包括： 1.确定新的学习目标 2.改进学习方法 3.学会独立生活 4.参加各种课外活动 5.处理好与同学的关系 注意：短言语的内容要连贯、完整； 短文单词数：100左右（开头已给出的单词不计入单词总数）。 I will go to college in the near future. _,当我们看到以上要点时，可以按以下五步进行“扩句”并连句成篇。 步骤一：列要点 1. set a new target for learning 2. improve my study method 3. learn how to live on my own 4. take part in different kinds of after-class activities 5. get on well with my classmates,当对限定的内容表达“山穷水尽疑无路”时，可用“变通”的手法，比如： 1. set a new target for learningfind a better way to study my lessons/ try to reach a new goal/ aim at a new goal 2. studying methods learning skills/ ways of learning 3. live on my own make myself independent/ depend on myself 4. after- class activitiesschool activities/ activities in my spare time 5. get on well with work well with/ communicate successfully with,步骤二：造简单句 1.I would like to set a new target for my studies. 2. I want to improve my learning skills. 3. I am willing to learn how to live on my own. 4. I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities. 5. I hope that I can get on well with my classmates,步骤三：扩展句子 句子是文章的基本单位。英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是有基本句型扩展而生成的，因此，在基本句型的基础上添加各种修饰成分便可使句子得到扩展，正如树干长出了大枝、小枝、绿叶、花朵等，使句子的意思更具体形象。 1.I would like to set a new target for my studies after I enter college.（添加状语从句） 2. I want to improve my learning skills and work even harder at my lessons.（补充细节） 3. I am willing to learn how to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school/ such as doing some cleaning or washing by myself.( 添加状语从句或通过举例来补充细节) 4. I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities in order to get some more experience and learn more about the world.（添加目的状语） 5. I hope that I can get on well with my classmates by helping them and learning from each other.(添加分词作方式状语),步骤四：润色句子 句要点2：I want to improve my learning skills and work even harder（and more efficiently） at my lessons. 要点4：I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities in order to get some more experience and learn more about the world.如将本句替换为“broaden my horizons”或“enlarge my knowledge”， 要点3还可利用it 作形式主语：It is necessary for me to learn how to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school；要点4前还可以再添加“if possible”。 要点5可以添加do 来加强语气。总之，我们可以灵活巧妙地运用 “it” 句型（如：强调句、形式主语或宾语）、倒装句、省略句等，使文章句式丰富多彩、行文自然流畅。,步骤五：连句成篇 I will go to college in the near future.（原题已给出） Therefore(连接词).I would like to set a new target for my studies after I enter college.（要点1）I want to improve my learning skills and work even harder at my lessons（要点2）. Whats more（连接词）, it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school （要点3）. If possible(连接词), I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities in order to get some more experience and learn more about the world(或broaden my horizons)(要点4).Finally（连接词）I do hope that I can get on well with my classmates by helping them and learning from each other. （要点5）I believe I will have a wonderful life at college（结尾句）.,亮点句型句式总结,一.开头句型,1.As far as .is concerned 2.It goes without saying that. 3.It can be said with certainty that. 4.As the proverb says， 5.It has to be noticed that. 6.Its generally recognized that. 7.Its likely that .,8.Its hardly that. 9.Its hardly too much to say that. 10.What calls for special attention is that.需要特别注意的是 11.Theres no denying the fact that.毫无疑问，无可否认 12.Nothing is more important than the fact that. 13.whats far more important is that.,二.衔接句型,A case in point is . As is often the case. As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以 But its a pity that. For all that.In spite of the fact that. Further, we hold opinion that.,However , the difficulty lies in. Similarly, we should pay attention to. not(that).but(that).不是，而是 In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势 As has been mentioned above. In this respect, we may as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说 However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is.然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即,三.结尾句型,I will conclude by saying. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that. All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that. Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable.,From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that. The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that. It can be concluded from the discussion that.从中我们可以得出这样的结论 From my point of view, it would be better if.在我看来也许更好,四.举例句型,Lets take.to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明 lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. Here is one more example. Take for example. The same is true of. This offers a typical instance of. We may quote a common example of. Just think of.,五 常用于引言段的句型,Some people think that . To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. For years, has been seen as , but things are quite different now. I believe the title statement is valid because. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that . I believe. My argument for this view goes as follows.,6. Along with the development of, more and more. 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether. 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that. 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter. 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.,六 表示比较和对比的常用句型 和表达法,A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. A and B differ in. A differs from B in. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in.,6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B. 7. A, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B. 8. While it is generally believed that A , I believe B. 9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different. 10. Both A and B . However, A; on the other hand, B. 11. The most striking difference is that A, while B.,七 演绎法常用的句型,1 There are several reasons for, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 2 There are many factors that may account for, but the following are the most typical ones. 3 Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. 4 Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. 5 The reasons are as follows.,八 因果推理法常用句型,1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot.,4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much. 6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much. 7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.,英语写作中的句式选择,结合平时练习和所学短语及语法运用，总结如下,与大家共同探讨: 一 改变时态 例: The bell is ringing now. 一般 There goes the bell. 特殊 二 改变语态 例: People suggest that the conference be put off.一般 It is suggested that the conference be put off.特殊 三 使用不定式 例: He is so kind that he can help me.一般 He is so kind as to help me. 特殊,四 使用过去分词 例: 1 She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.一般 Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab 特殊. 2 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.一般 Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 特殊 五 使用 v- ing 1 When he arrives，please give me an e-mail一般 On arriving /his arrival ,please give me an e-mail.特殊 2 If the weather permits ,I will come tomorrow.一般 I will come tomorrow, weather permitting. .特殊 .,六 使用名词性从句 1 It disappointed everybody that he didnt turn up.一般 The fact that he did n t turn up disappointed everybody.特殊 2 I happened to have met him.一般 It happened that I had met him. 特殊 3To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.一般 What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 特殊,七 使用定语从句 例; The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.一般 The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. 特殊 八 使用状语从句 1 I wont believe what he says.一般 No matter what he says, I wont believe.特殊 2 If you come back before six oclock, you can go out.一般 You can go out on condition that you come back before six oclock. .特殊 3 If she doesnt agree, what shall we do? 一般 Supposing that she doesnt agree, what shell we do ?特殊,九 使用虚拟语气 例: The ship didnt sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.一般 But for the efforts of the captain ,the ship would have sunk with all on board.特殊 十 使用倒装句型 例：Though Im weak Ill make the effort.一般 Weak as I am, Ill make the effort. .特殊,影响给分的因素,漂亮的书写是写作得分的亮点,影响给分的因素之一：作文的卷面,影响给分的因素之二： 文中所采用的语言材料,人靠衣装，文靠词装,A. 词汇的选择灵活新颖，出奇制胜；,B. 句型结构运用灵活多变;,Practice,Find some similar words or phrases of the followings,good 2. think 3.clever,perfect excellent outstanding pleasant wonderful favorable magnificent,in ones opinion/view hold the view that it is widely shared that ,wise bright smart intelligent c