英语四级写作讲座.ppt

大学外语教学科研部2011年4/6级考试系列讲座,4/6级考试写作技巧,江浩 ,在四六级考试所有题型中，我们最有可能在较短时间内有较大突破的就是写作。,Why I am the last?,第一节： 4/6级考试写作部分简介,第二节： 应试策略与解题思路,第三节： 常见问题分析,第四节： 冲击高分,第一节：4/6级考试写作部分简介,四级考试短文写作部分的设计旨在测试学生用书面英语表达思想的一种能力。学生达到四级水平时应做到：能就一定的话题或提纲在30分钟内写出120150词的短文，能写短信或便条。 对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。 考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。,四级作文的命题形式,四级考试是一项大规模的考试，为提高其客观性，以利评分，作文考采用以下几种命题形式： 提纲作文（outline composition） 这类题型是四级作文考试到目前为止最常见的。它给出作文的英文题目以及较为详细的提纲，提纲有时是英文的，但大多数时候是用中文给出的。每段的提纲规定了各段的主旨，要求考生围绕这个中心制定主题句，再顺着主题句展开段落，最后用一句总结句回应主题。（主要包括议论文，记叙文和应用文）,图表作文（graph composition） 图表作文是四级作文考试考题型之一，也是考生觉得较难对付的作文形式。图表作文一般在题目中给出一个或几个统计表格、柱状图或饼状结构图等，通常还给出作文的标题和一些提示，一般要写成论说文。要求考生：描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息并找出某种规律或趋势；就图表中所反映出的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。（2002年6月以后一直未考过）,情景作文（situational composition） 题目中给定一个情景，要求考生在这个范围内充分发挥想象力，精心构思出一篇符合情景要求、意思连贯的短文。这类作文限定条件比较少，考生自由发挥程度较大。通常是采用书信形式，因此要求考生掌握书信的基本写作格式。2003年9月（ The Day My Classmate Fell Ill ）和2005年1月（A Campaign Speech ）,07年6月：Welcome to Our Club（社团招募通知）为应用文，此后的7次考试全部为议论文。,近年考试真题回顾（CET-4）,2011年6月英语四级作文 : Online Shopping. 1. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2. 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3. 我的建议,2010年12月: How Should Parents Help Children 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该,2010年6月 Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling 1. 如今不少学生在英语(论坛)学习中不重视写 2. 出现这种现象的原因是 3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为.,09年12月 Create a Green Campus 1.建设绿色校园十分重要 2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境 3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该,2009年6月 Free Admission to Museums 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题; 3. 你的看法。,写作部分考核的技能是： A 思想表达 1）表达中心思想 2）表达重要或特定信息 3）表达观点、态度等 B 篇章组织 4）围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5）连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C 语言运用 6）运用恰当的词汇 7）运用正确的语法 8）运用合适的句子结构 9）使用正确的标点符号 10）使用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D 写作格式,4/6级作文评分原则,（1）CET 作文题采用总体 总体评分方法。阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分，不是按语言点的总体印象、错误数目扣分。 （2）从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成了理解上 的障碍。 针对这些原则，考生在写作中要注意： 1. 重视内容和语言 2. 尽量避免语法错误 3. 语言要有闪光点,CET-4 评分标准 (1)本题满分为 15 分（按百分制计算）。 (2)阅卷标准共分五等：2 分、5 分、8 分、11 分及 14 分。 (3)阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照阅卷评分，如果认为与某一分数(如 8 分)相似，则定为该分数(即 8 分)；如果认为稍优或稍劣于该分数， 则可加 1 分(即 9 分)或减 1 分(即 7 分)。 但不得加减半分。,评分标准： 2 分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5 分：基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。 8 分：基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严 重错误。 11 分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14 分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误。 注：白卷、作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达，则给 0 分。 字数不足应酌情扣分,Recreational Activities in College， 要求： 1目前大学文娱活动的现状； 2人们对文娱活动的看法； 3你的观点。,2 points条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,Recreational activities have very much kinds, it inclouad PE, art activit, musick, play games and so on. So much kinds recreational acitivities in our morden world so that our think unclear. Recreation activities have two face. Fine face make people pleasing. For example, sport make people is full of living. When you hard work, you listet musick. But another face is bad. It make some young man cannt to work. Student cannt standby. As a unitered student we should see our clean true world and find himself valuou.,5 points基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。,Nowadays, peoples press is growing larger. They need more to take it easy. Recreational activities are the best way to choose. There are many kinds of different recreational activities such as from out to in door, from body to mental. Every body can choose the most proper for himself. However, the recreational actitivites may also do harm to the people when they could help one. They will take more time from you. You will have no heart to work. It can also make you lost large money. Above all, I think we need recreational ativitities, but hard work is more important for us.,8 points基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严重错误。,In recent years, with the developing of economics and social, there are more and more recreational activities. If you have enough time, you can participate in these activities everyday. However, is it good for our life to have more recreational activities? Its my mind that recreational activities must adapt to our life styles. We must make a good choice on how much time we can used to work and how much to recreational activities. If we put sometimes on recreational activities, but not much more time, we can have a healthy life. But if we put all time on it and dont work, its very harmful to our life. As a college student, the major duty is study hard. We can have recreational activities, but we cant forge that our duty is still study. I hope we can manage well our time.,11 points切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。,Today people have all kinds of recreational activities. (have过于平淡，改：nowadays, we are accessed to all kinds of recreational activities)With the help of the computer and the internet, we may choose to play computer games or enjoy ourselves on the Internet (with+名词结构，加分). Taking exercise is also a good choice. It may relax us and be good to our health（这种v+and be结构要避免，改：it can relax us, good to our health 或者 it can relax us and benefit our health）. And reading books is also a good kind of recreational activities (activity).,But we should remember that recreational activities have both good and bad effects. With a little (a few) recreational activity (activities) after working, you can relax yourself, and improve your work efficiency. Recreational activities can also make you more friends. (结构不对，改：you can also make friends through recreational activities 或者 recreational activities may also offer you a good opportunity to make friends with others )But too much recreational activity (too many recreational activities) is (are )bad for us. If you are addicted to such games, you cannot do your work or study(意思不到位,改：you will be unable to concentrate on your work or study). It is also do harm to your health.(大错，改：it is also harmful to your health 或 it also does harm to your health),As a university student, we should balance our work and play. Work hard when studying and play hard when playing. (口语化太强，play hard说话不够地道，改为：it is suggested that we should focus on work when working and enjoy ourselves when taking part in recreational activities )By doing so recreational activities make our life more beautiful. (结构不对，改：by doing so, we can benefit a lot from recreational activities 或者only by so doing can we benefit a lot from recreational activities),14 points切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误。,Nowadays, there are a variety of recreational activities for people to take part in.（a variety of用得好）Some like singing and dancing, while the others are fond of watching movies or TV series. (应为：Some like singing and dancing, others are fond of watching movies or TV series.值得表扬的是： like , be fond of的交替使用避免了重复，加分) People are free to choose whatever recreational activities they like. It is obvious that recreational activities are relaxing and people can benefit from them. （it形式主语，加分点：it is adj that，it is adj for sb to do sth）Furthermore, people can develop interest and make friends through those activities, which make their life colorful. （which,定语从句加分点）However, recreational activities can also do harm to them. It is commonly seen that a youngster gets addicted to a certain recreational activity and wastes a lot of time and money in, resulting in his falling behind in his study or work. （it形式主语，加分点：it is seen that; resulting in, ing表结果，加分）,As a college student, I think we must try not to break the balance between study and leisure. (比较别扭：As a college student, I think we should spare no efforts to strike/keep the balance between study and recreational activities). Recreational activities are a necessary part of our life but we shouldnt spend too much time on them. We should concentrate on our study instead of indulging ourselves with recreational activities. (instead of , indulge 用得好，但最好用indulging ourselves in recreational activities),第二节：应试策略与解题思路,一、如何打开写作思路？,议论文是一种既重要的文体。在四级作文考试中最为常见。议论文通常采用摆事实讲道理的方式，围绕着某一个有争议的观点展开论证，陈述各种理由，表明作者立场、阐明作者观点看法。在文章中要明确地表明赞成什么、反对什么，用词不能模棱两可。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其中论点要鲜明，论据要合理、恰当、充分，论证过程要逻辑严密。,1. 生活化细节联想法,针对大多数相对抽象不好下手的作文题目，我们可以先把作文题同自身联系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文题细化到自己身边，先打开一个突破口，再顺藤摸瓜，进行发散式联想。请看例子：,What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?,题目的主题是快餐，方向为利弊处。先不要考虑快餐是好是坏，而应该先考虑你身边的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，这些快餐给你或你的家人带来了哪些影响。请看一位同学记录下来的思路。请注意其跳跃性。 遍地都是麦当劳、肯德基、永和豆浆、馄饨、油条。 每次老爸不在家时，我吃鸡腿汉堡，快，省事、省时间。不用买菜，切菜，做菜，蒸饭，洗碗，擦桌子。不过还是老爸做的饭好吃，吃麦当劳吃不饱。为什么呢？太油腻，没营养！ 永和24小时，但东西贼贵，晚上避风的好地方，粥还行，油条，烂！ 麦当劳小孩多，因为玩具多，电视上有很多他们的广告，小孩又哭又笑，学鸡叫的那个广告特傻，儿童乐园。 还是太贵。在美国，垃圾食品，到了中国，特火！洋货？老爸不爱吃汉堡，因有奶酪。不符合中国人的口味，农民就不喜欢，中国有8亿农民 （为了方便大家阅读，我们把草稿进行了整理） 大家不妨问问自己两个问题： 上面的东西不够写120字吗？ 上面的东西用英文表达难吗？ 答案是否定的。试想，有了这个思路，无论怎么写，从哪一个方面写，我们都不缺观点和支持观点的细节性论据。,2. 逆向思维联想法 有一些题目从正面不好罗列素材，总结观点，我们可以从命题的对立面去思考问题，这样往往可以达到意想不到的收获。如果问题是一个东西有什么样的好处，也许这个东西是日常生活中常见的东西，我们早已对其失去了敏感，这个时候不妨想一想如果失去了这个东西，我们的生活会受到哪些影响。试举一例：,How can we protect our properties？ （我们如何保护自己的财产？）,对于大多数同学来讲，对财产的概念还不清楚，谈何保护措施？于是，从反面破题，从我们周围的盗窃想起，请看一位同学的草稿： 前两天，丢了钱包，bus上，小偷走了，才有人告诉我，社会公德真有问题。 隔壁寝室3台笔记本电脑被偷了。宿舍经常丢鞋、丢衣服。 家里与房地产开发公司打官司，合同有问题。 警察现在都不管事，出了问题才来，没出问题，懒得理你，防患于未然。 （为了方便阅读，我们把草稿进行了整理） 有了上面的几个问题，综合分析保护个人财产的措施也就不难得出了，个人、单位、社会、国家都应采取相应的措施，而论证过程可以从草稿中总结说理，也可以按照草稿上的思路举反例论证。 总之，在拓展思维时，一定要避免定向的、大而空的思维模式，应尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。,3. 分组思考法： 在考虑某种现象的优缺点或影响的时候，如果发现从这种现象本身无法打开思路，不妨从它的受众去考虑。 例如在讨论网络的有缺点的时候，我们可以从网络的受众入手，把网络的使用者按照年龄分为：小孩、中青年和老人。分别讨论网络对他们的影响，对小孩：增进知识；对中青年：方便、有效率；对老年人：丰富生活。这样在写作的时候也比较容易，更会让文章显得条理清晰。当然，分组的原则除了年龄外，还有好多别的选择，如职业、性别、国别等等。,4. 分层思考法 分层思考法和分组思考法原则很类似，只是划分的方法是按照层次的不同。 例如：在讨论如何解决全球性缺水的问题的时候，我们可以把解决方法分为： 1）政府应该怎么做：制定相关法律； 2）社会应该怎么办：鼓励节约用水的精神； 3）个人我，该怎么办：千里之行，始于足下，从我做起。 当然也可以有另外的一些分层方法。,5. 举例说明法： 四级考试的题材多是跟大家的学习和生活相关的，所以有的时候用我们生活当中的例子来说明再好不过了。而且有些作文明确要求考生举例说明。,二、写作基本步骤 第一步：确定各段主题 四级作文的结构比较固定，一般都是三段式。命题要求中大都会给出两到三个中文或英文提纲，但所给提纲只是规定了文章的主要内容，每一个提纲并不等于每一段的主题，考生需要结合文章题目和所给提纲的内容重新确定各段的主题。例如： Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags. 1. 一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用。2. 由此带来的问题。3. 限制一次性塑料袋。分析：第一段主题：描述一次性塑料袋在人们生活中的广泛应用情况。第二段主题：指出一次性塑料袋带来的问题和危害。第三段主题：阐述限制使用一次性塑料袋的作用和意义。,第二步：列出各段提纲 确定各段主题以后，不要匆忙动笔，应该在草稿纸或心中将各段要写的内容大致列出， 做到心中有数，这样才能行文流畅，衔接自然。 第三步： 逐一展开段落 一般来说，段落的基本构成包括：主题句，扩展句和结尾句。 第四步：通读全文检查,第三节：常见写作问题及对策,1. 审题 1）偏题：审题时，考生应仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如提示句、图画、数字等，准确把握出题意图。要了解标题的关键词是什么，要确定写作的重点应放在那个部分，比重如何分配，是否要平均等。但如果没能理解题目的核心，那么按照给出的提纲来写也未必不会失分。 2）漏点：漏点，即漏掉提纲中的内容。漏点在学生四级作文中很常见，从而在不够丢分的地方丢分。对此，学生在考试时应仔细审题，严格按照提纲来确定写作内容。,2. 衔接与连贯 1）语义不连贯：语义连贯是指文章在内容上是连贯的、统一的，所有的句子都是为全文的中心服务，表达的信息相互关联。就各段而言，其中的每一句话都要紧紧围绕该段的主题句，避免出现与主题句无关的内容。在写作时，要选择那些最能体现文章主题、最具代表性的例子，这些例子要表达一些思想，这样语义才会连贯，文章才会显得一气呵成。 2）衔接不当：衔接得当是保证语义连贯的重要手段之一。文章处理内容要统一，逻辑关系也要紧密相连。在写作时，可以恰当地运用一些关联词或代词，使文章显得逻辑清楚，结构紧凑。,Relation words than, gradation Furthermore; in addition; additionally; plus; besides; what is more; moreover sequence to begin with; firstly; secondly; thirdly; in the first place; in the second place. Last but not the least; on the one hand; on the other hand., Illustration for example; for instance; take sth. for example; take sth. for instance cause-effect Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason，Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly, hence, thus , The reasons why/for are/lie in , results in , result from, point shift Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though, Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked. conclusion To sum up, to conclude, to summarize, In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief, So, therefore, thus, We can come to the conclusion that,3. 中国式思维写作模式,从外围围绕主题阐述评论 用反复而有发展的螺旋式形式对主题思想加以展开 引出主题,下文为根据中国式思维方式写就的作文 Most of the scientists of the important academic journals write in English, and in all the international academic meetings, English is widely used. If we master English, we can go to any corner of the world to communicate with the people with different mother tongue. So English is important to scientists.(才引出主题),4. 语言错误,单词拼写错误 名词单复数 冠词误用 一致问题 时态交替 词性误用,5. 逻辑错误和常识性错误,My father had died for two years before I was born.,第四节： 冲击高分,灵活变换长句短句、主动被动、强调倒装等各类句式、巧妙运用限定词、动态名词、 抽象名词等亮点词语可为作文锦上添花，为考试博得高分。,一、 措词,常见问题： 1）可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。 Eg. Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 2）表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。 Eg. Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit. 3）形容词、副词的混用,1. 用词要简洁 能一个词表达清楚的意思， 就不要加上多余的成分， 另外还要注意不要造成意义上的重 复累赘。 如： What you have done is illegal under the law. What you have done is illegal.,2. 用词要多样 注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇， 可适当转换成同义词或短语。 也不要一味地使用同一种词性，要学会使用不同的词性。 3. 多用朴素、易懂的词。太多生僻或华丽的辞藻很容易使阅卷老师困惑，起到负面作用。学生本身也容易使用不当。,Compare the Following Sentences We should use different ways to get to know the society. We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society. We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society. There was only silence in the room There was nothing but silence in the room 选词的基本原则 尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的,常用的词或词组. 尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语. 尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达. 最吸引眼球的词汇(eye-catching words).,二、组句 1在写作中可以通过关联词语引导从句或并列句来体现句子的内部关系，也可适当使用分词结构和一些独立的短语或是插入语成分来代替从句，此外，句子之间还要注意指代、时态、语态、人称和数等方面的一致。如： Teenagers are pressured by school work and they are also encouraged by their peers, and under these, they resort to smoking, and sometimes they feel a little guilty. Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.,2. 句式要有变化，句式的变化会使文章内容丰富、语言生动，如主动句和被动句的搭配使用、适当穿插倒装句和强调句等特殊句式。加入插入语，非谓语动词，谚语格言等都是制造亮点句式的好方法。另外，不要一味地使用常见的“主语+谓语”的开头方式，可以适当搭配分词、副词等开头的句式。如： They say that people obtain most of their knowledge through reading extensively. They say that it is through reading extensively that people obtain most of their knowledge.,3. 句子表达要简洁 只要意思表达清楚，多余的词语就没有必要。有时考生为了凑字数，加上了一些不必要 的成分，导致语义含混不清，啰嗦冗长。如： I think Gone with the Wind is one of those good films which I enjoyed watching very much. Gone with the Wind is a film I enjoyed very much.,4. 不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头。受汉语表达的影响，很多考生都喜欢以I, People, We等开头！ Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. It is widely / commonly thought / believed / held / accepted that birth control is quite necessary in China. More and more people agree / realize / are aware that women should enjoy full equality with men. There is a growing agreement / realization / awareness that women should enjoy full equality with men.,5. 不要千篇一律地使用主动语态，英语中被动结构的使用频率远远高于汉语！ We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve our English. We know very little about the nature of human beings. Little is known about the nature of human beings.,6. 不要总是使用“如果”,“因为”“当”等口语意味较重的句子，要注意使用书面语体的句子。 if you compare bicycles with cars, you will find bicycles are superior to cars. Careful comparison of bicycles with cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter. Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it. Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.,7. 不要总是用肯定句来表达，要学会用否定句来表达肯定的意思。 Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements. It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements. Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost. There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,8. 恰当地使用排比、平行句。 I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion. I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.,不同作文经常用的句式（比较 ）,1.the advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.the advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. 4.it is reasonable to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that. 5.for all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.like anything else, it has its faults. 7.A and B has several points in common.,8.A bears some resemblances to B. 9.however, the same is not applicable to B. 10. A and B differ in several ways. 11. evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12. people used to think ., but things are different now. 13. the same is true of B. 14. wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks. 15. it is true that a . , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are .,不同作文经常用的句式（原因 ）,1.a number of factors are accountable for this situation. a number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon (problem). 2. the answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. the phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that. 4. the factors that contribute to this situation include.,5. the change in .largely results from the fact that. 6. we may blame .,but the real causes are. 7. part of the explanations for it is that . one of the most common factors (causes ) is that . another contributing factor (cause ) is . perhaps the primary factor is that but the fundamental cause is that .,不同作文经常用的句式（后果 ）,1. it may give rise to a host of problems. 2. the immediate result it produces is . 3. it will exercise a profound influence upon. 4. its consequence can be so great that.,不同作文经常用的句式（批驳 ）,1. it is true that ., but one vital point is being left out. 2. there is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact. 3. some people say ., but it does not hold water. 4. many of us have been under the illusion that. 5. a close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6. it makes no sense to argue for . 7. too much stress placed on . may lead to . 8. such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that . 9. contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that .,不同作文经常用的