高中英语语法之非谓语动词课件

非谓语动词,非谓语动词：不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式，没有人称和数的变化，具有动词的特点，有自己的宾语或状语，同时还具有名词、形容词或副词的性质，在句子可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语或状语。,1.分类： 非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（to do），动词-ing (现在分词和动名词)，动词-ed分词。,2.功能： 1）不定式：主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、状语（常表目的、结果） 2）动词ing：动名词（相当于名词，同时又具有动词的性质）：主语、表语、宾语、定语 现在分词：定语、表语、宾补、状语（时间、原因、伴随状况、结果、让步） 3）-ed分词：表语、定语、宾补、状语,3.形式： 1）肯定形式： 动词不定式的形式：,动词-ing （动名词和现在分词）,2）否定形式： not+ 不定式 / 动词ing / 动词-ed分词,注意：当前面有逻辑主语时，not要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。,eg: Victor apologized for to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able,非谓语动词的逻辑主语,非谓语动词的时态和语态选择 不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作若发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，就用完成式；强调正在进行的用进行式；否则，用一般式。当不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语若是主谓关系，就用主动式，否则，用被动式。,1.The houses being built are for the teachers 2.The broken glass is Toms 3.Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? 4.He is a man loved and respected by all. 5.The questions to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 6.I have a computer to repair. 我有电脑要修理。(我自己修理) 7.I have a computer to be repaired. 我有电脑要修理。(别人修理) 8.China is a developing country, while America is a developed country.,2.不定式 不定式作定语，通常放被修饰的名词或代词之后，表动作尚未发生，与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，若不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子的主语，用主动表被动，否则用被动。,1.With online course Crazy English has over 20 million students all over China _ the class through Internet. A. attend B. attended C. attending D. to be attended 2.G8 is an international organization _ the richest countries in the world, five of which are quite small and two of which are island states. A. is consisted of B. consisting of C. consists of D. consisted of 3.Research _ out at the Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we dont use the sense of direction, we lose it. A. to carry B. carrying C. being carried D. having carried 4.Here is a photo_ in my classroom at primary school. Can you recognize me in it? A. taking B. was taken C. taken D. been taken,不定式、分词作状语的区别：,1.不定式做状语，表目的（句首、句末）、结果、原因； 现在分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件（通常放句首）伴随状况、结果、方式（放句末），用逗号与主句隔开，表主动； 过去分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、让步，通常放句首，也可放句末或句中，表被动（vt）或完成(vi)。,2. 现在分词作状语，如果既要表示分词与逻辑主语之间的被动关系，又要说明分词的动词是正在进行的与句子谓语动词同时发生的动作，则要用现在分词的被动式，即being + 过去分词；如果既表示被动关系，又要说明分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前，则要用现在分词的完成式的被动语态，即having been+过去分词,一般在句中作时间或原因状语,注意：1.非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语一定要跟主句主语一致，否则就要用独立主格结构：主语+非谓语动词 2.有些过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。有此用法的过去分词及短语有：seated（坐） hidden（躲, 藏） dressed in（穿） tired of （厌烦）born （出生于）lost (迷路) lost / absorbed in（沉浸于） determined to （决定）faced with （面对）based on（根据；以为依据）,eg: 1.Lost in thought, he didnt notice that everyone had gone 2.Faced with such great difficulty, Jack felt at a loss what to say. 3.The signal given, the bus started.(独立主格) 4.Born in a poor family, he had to take part-time jobs to earn some money for his tuition fee.,1. Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. having 2. in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 3. When help ,one often says, “Thank you.” or “Its kind of you.” A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered,4._ we were taken to see the library. A. We had been shown the classrooms B. Being shown the classrooms C. Having been shown the classrooms D. Having shown the classrooms 5.Hill often attends public lectures at the University of London, chiefly_ his English. A. to improve B. improving C. to have improved D. improved 6.A remote-controlled bomb exploded outside a hotel yesterday, _ at least 12 people. A. having been injured B. having injured C. injuring D. injured 7.The suspect was cunning. He told a lie to the policeman _ at the scene. A. when questioned B. while to be questioned C. as questioning D. when questioning,不定式、动名词作宾语的区别：,1.动名词表示一般，经常性，抽象的动作，不指某一次具体的动作；不定式则表示具体的动作。 动词like, love, prefer+ to do / doing would/ should+ like/ love / prefer+ to do eg: 1)He likes swimming, but he doesnt like to swim today. 2)I would like to go swimming this weekend.,2.某些动词跟不定式或动名词作宾语的区别： stop to do sth 停止正在做的事情去做别的亊 stop doing sth停止正在做的亊,remember to do sth记住去做某事 remember doing sth记得曾经做过某事 forget to do sth忘记去做某事 forget doing sth忘记已做了某事 go on to do sth（做完一件亊）接着做另一件亊 go on doing sth继续做同一件亊 regret to do sth为将要做的亊感到遗憾 regret doing sth后悔做过某事 try to do sth尽力/ 努力做某亊 try doing sth尝试着做某事 mean to do sth意欲/想/打算做某事 mean doing sth意味着做某事 cant help to do sth不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth情不自禁地做某事,不定式、分词作宾补的区别：,1. 感官的动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe等+ sb/ sth + do（不带to的不定式） / doing / done 不定式(短语)作宾补时，表示该动作已发生，跟宾语是主动关系，指事情的全过程；现在分词(短语)作宾补，表示动作正在进行，跟宾语是主动关系, 指事情的一个阶段；过去分词(vt)作宾补，表示完成, 跟宾语是被动关系,注意：1).不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态,2)被动语态：V(感官的动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe等)+ sb / sth + do 变为被动语态时，sb/ sth be + V-ed + to do,1）I heard her sing an English song just now. 2）I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 3）I heard the English song sung many times. 4）I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（状态） 5）I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成) 6）I saw him climb up a tree yesterday. 7）He was seen to climb up a tree. 8）The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.,1) have + sb + do (不带to 的不定式) “让某人做某事”= get sb to do (宾语与宾补是主谓关系) have + sb / sth + doing “使/ 让某人/ 物持续地做某事”侧重动作的持续 have + sth + done “使被”= get sth done “遭受，经历”（宾语与宾补是动宾关系）,2.使役动词,eg: My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. Ill have my bike repaired tomorrow. Tom had his leg broken while playing football.,2) leave + sb/sth+ doing sth让/使某人/物一直（持续）做某事，(宾语与宾补之间是主谓关系，侧重动作的持续)=keep+ sb/sth+ doing sth leave + sb/ sth+ done 使某人/ 物处于某种状态,（宾语和宾补是动宾关系）=keep+ sb/ sth+ done leave sth+ undone 留下某事未(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表被动和完成，状态，宾补多为undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched) leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事（不定式表将来的动作） leave sth to be done 留下某亊要做（不定式表将来的动作）,eg: Its wrong to leave the machine running (主动，正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.(状态) He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. We hurried ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.(问题等待解决) I left the window closed for a long time.（状态）,3)make+ sb/ sth + do（不带to 的不定式）“让做某事”（宾语与宾补是主谓关系，表主动） 被动语态：sb / sth+ be + made +to do make+ sb/ sth + done“使被”（宾语与宾补是动宾关系，表被动）(make oneself + heard / seen / known / understood分别表示让别人听到自己讲的话 /让别人看到自己/让别人认识自己/让别人明白自己的意思),eg:I often make Tom call his mother. Tom was often made to call his mother. I raised my voice to make myself heard clearly.,4.find, catch 也可以用现在分词作宾补 eg: At that time, I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing.,3.with+ 宾语+ to do (将来)/ doing（正在进行）/ done （完成）,eg: With no rain for three months and food supplies_ out, the situation here is getting from bad to worse. A. run B. running C. to run D. to be run With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled With the magazine An Express Way to English _ us, we will improve our language skills a lot. A. helping B. helped C. has helped D. to help,B,C,D,不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别,表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式；表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。,eg: 1. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview; _the answers ready will be of great help. A. to have had B. having had C. have D. having 2._is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 3.He likes _ at weekends, but he doesnt like _ this weekend. A. swim, swimming B. swimming, to swim C. to swim, swimming D. swimming, swim,注：有时这种区别并不很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平等结构中要用同一种形式。,eg: Fishing is his favorite hobby, and . A. hed like to collect coins as well B. he feels like collecting coins, too C. to collect coins is also his hobby D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure,在seem ,appear, prove(结果是、后来表明),remain(尚须)， grow(达到程度)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语，但不用-ing 形式作表语。,eg:I think youll grow him when you know him better. A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking,非谓语动词的复合结构,1.不定式的复合结构：for+sb / sth +to do (for 短语表示不定式的动作执行者, 即逻辑主语)，在句中主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语,2.形容词性物主代词/ 名词所有格+doing(形容词性物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句,1）I dont think it necessary for him to leave so early.宾语 2）This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 状语 3）Thats for you to decide. 表语 4）I have some books for you to read. 定语 5）His getting home late made his mother worried.主语 6）His mother worried about his getting home late.宾语,It is + adj + for sb to do sth (形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable, wrong, right),It is + adj + of sb to do sth（形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, thoughtful, honest, sensible, naughty）,eg:1)It is impossible _ us to live without oxygen. 2)It is kind _ you to help me when I am in need.,for,of,不定式的省略 同一结构并列由and或or连接。 I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但是，表示前后对比时，后面to不省略 To be or not to be, this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比),1.用于修饰某些抽象名词：chance, wish, ability, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, moment, time, place, right, courage, need, opportunity eg: I have no chance to go sight-seeing.,不定式作定语的几种情况：,2.用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only、或no、any、 all等限定的中心词。 eg: He was the first man to do the job.,3.表示将来 eg: I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.,1.主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine / know+ sb / sth + to be/ to have done,常用带不定式作宾补的情况：,2.主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb. to do sth.,3.主语 + call on ( upon) / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.,不能跟动名词，只能跟不定式做宾语的动词： decide / determine, learn, want, expect/ hope/ wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help, afford, strive(努力).,有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构作宾语。例如： believe, expect, intend, like ,love ,mean, prefer ,want ,wish, understand 例如： We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。,介词but, except 之后可跟不定式作宾语（主要用于否定句），当前面的句子有实义动词do时，but, except后面的to 要省略。 They could do nothing but give in. The enemy had no choice but to give in.,不定式作状语的搭配：to/ in order to/ so as to(目的状语) ; so+adj/adv+ as to, such+n+ as to, adj / adv+ enough to.(足够能), tooto, only to(结果状语),1)Hes such a fool as to think that his idle chatter(无聊的唠叨) can influence others. 2)She is old enough to go to school. 3)He is too short to be a basketball player. 4)They lifted a rock only to drop it in their own feet. 5)Would you be so kind as to lend me your bike?,如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.,在had better, rather than, would rather.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but, please等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。 1. We had better call for the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来。 2. Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。 3.He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon. 他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。 4. We cannot help but admire his courage. 我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。,用作独立成分的不定式 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to be frank 坦率地说 to be honest 说实话， to begin with 首先 to be brief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be exact 精确地说 to say nothing of 姑且不说 to conclude 总而言之 to be sure 诚然，固然 so to speak 可以这么说,不能加不定式，只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：