2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲.doc

2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(一)来源：考试吧（E）2010-6-28 8:32:05【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系.语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态.被动语态考点聚焦(一)被动语态的概念:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态.强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略).(二)被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示.(三)被动语态的基本用法:(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题.主动变化被动时双宾语的变化.看下列例句.My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to.The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉尾巴.The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态, 只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词.当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补.(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示.如:People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.考试大-全国最大教育类网站(www.E)He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中.表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等.表示希望、意图的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态.宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态.有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.(3)主动形式表被动意义.当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示开始、结束、关、停、转、启动等意义时.This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗.These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销.My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅.The door wont lock.门锁不上.The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香.当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示发生、关闭、制定等意思时.The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.来源：考试大want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义.be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义.在be + 形容词 + to do中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动.This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动.2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(二)来源：考试吧（E）2010-6-29 8:37:33【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。 动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系:动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here.1. Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft.A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt【解析】此题正确答案为C,因为 feel 在此为连系动词,而连系动词均为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味.2. He was angry _ your work. He said that he _ at all.A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfy采集者退散C. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied【解析】最佳答案为C. be angry at (about) sth 意为对某事生气,许多同学常按汉语意思将其中的介词 at (about)换成 to,这是错误的.另外,许多同学将汉语的不满意直译为 not satisfy,这是是不对的,因为,satisfy在现代英语中只用作及物动词,其意不是满意而是使(人)满意,所以其后不能没有宾语,除非本身是被动语态(或是系表结构).3. If you want to sell your product you must _ it.A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to【解析】事实上,正确答案为A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词:用作及物动词时,其意为为做广告、登广告宣传;用作不及物动词时,其意为做广告、登广告,此时通常后接介词 for,表示做广告征求.比较:advertise for sth (sb) 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 (此时 advertise 不及物)advertise sth 为登广告,登广告宣传(此时 advertise 是及物动词,其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语)People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告.The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书.再比较以下用例:advertise jobs 登广告招人advertise for jobs 登广告求职4. I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time. But does your mother _ you to go?A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise【解析】最佳答案为C. 不能选A是因为 let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to;不能选B是因为动词 agree习惯上不用于 agree sb to do sth 这一句式;不能选D是因为在 promise sb to do sth 这一句式中,to do sth 的逻辑主语是 promise 的主语而不其是宾语,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是他答应我,他去,而不是他答应我让我去.之所以能选C,是因为 allow sb to do sth(允许某人做某事)与上文语境刚好吻合.5. Do your parents agree to your doing that? Yes, of course. In fact, they always _ me to try something new.A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage【解析】此题的正解答案是D. 因为在以上四个选项中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即英语中习惯上不说hope sb to do sth, suggest sb2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(三)来源：考试吧（E）2010-6-30 9:26:07【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。 状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子.它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子.根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句.状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起.从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开.考点聚焦1、时间状语从句(1)as、when、while用as表示当的时候,往往和when/ while通用,但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生.She came up as I was cooking.(同时)The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)when:(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候,又可表示在某一段时间内,主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生.It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)while意思是当的时候或在某一段时间里.主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生,从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词.在when表示a period of time时,两者可以互换.Please dont talk so loud while others are working.He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.(用as或when不可,这里的while意思是趁)(2)引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有:till, not until , until, before, sinceDont get off the bus until it has stopped.He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve oclock.It will be five years before he returns from England(1)although与though可以引导让步状语从句,不能与but连用,但可以与yet连用.Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm-hearted.(2)even if或even though引导让步状语从句,表示即使,纵然,用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质.Ill get there even if(though)I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.(3)no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑问词,也可以在这类疑问词后面加上ever构成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等.Dont trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.Whoever breaks the law will be published.No matter how hard the work is, youd better try to do it well.(4)as也可以引导让步状语从句.要用倒装.Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I wont buy.Try as he would, he couldnt lift the heavy box.2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(四)来源：考试吧（E）2010-7-5 8:39:20【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。(1)表示不知道的原因时用because,即说话人认为听话人不知道,因此because从句是全句最重要的部分,通常它被置于主句之后.You want to know why Im leaving? Im leaving because Im full.for虽然表示不知道的原因,但其语气较because要弱得多,是可说可不说的话,它只能置于主句之后,这时,for是并列连词.如果不是因果关系,而是对前面主句的内容加以解释或推断时,只能用for.如:Its morning now, for the birds are singing.(很显然,鸟叫不可能是现在已是早上的原因.)(2)表示已经知道的原因时用as或since,即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉,因此它是句中不很重要的部分.since要比as正式一些,它们通常被置于语句之前,但有时却相反.Seeing all of the children already seated, he said,Since everyone is here, lets start.(3)下列情况下只能使用because:在回答why的问句时;在用于强调句型时;被not所否定时.Make a mark wherever you have any questions.We will go where the Party directs us.目的状语从句:that, so that, in order that注意:目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词连用,否则可能是结果状语从句.不可置于句首.结果状语从句:that, so that, so that, such that 注意:so + 形容词/副词 + that从句;such + 名词 + that从句.方式状语从句:as, as if(though)Ill do as I am told to.职称英语教材It looks as if it is going to rain.比较状语从句:than, as条件状语从句:if, unless, so (as) long as, in case, once, a far as, on condition that.注意if与unless的区别:不能用and连接两个unless从句,即不能有 unless ,and unless .但if not and if not却不受此限.You wont lose your weight unless you eat less and unless you exercise more.()但可以说 unless you eat less and exercise more.注意状语从句中从句的省略现象(1)连接词 + 过去分词Dont speak until spoken to.Pressure can be incrased when needed.Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.(2)连词 + 现在分词Look out while crossing the street.(3)连词 + 形容词/其他常见的有it necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等.2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(五)来源：考试吧（E）2010-7-6 8:35:19【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。 1. I dont think Ill need any money but Ill bring some _.A.aslast B.in case C.once again D.in time解析:答案为B.句意为带些钱以防万一,只能选择incase.引导的条件状语从句,后面省略了I shouldneed it.2. The WTO cant live up to its name_ it doesnt include a country that is home to one fifth ofman-kind.A.as long as B.while C.if D.eventhough解析:答案为C.本题考查状语从句的用法.句意为假如世贸组织不包括占世界人口五分之一的中国的话,那它就名不副实.aslong as语气过于强烈,while和even though不符合句意.3、Someone called me up in the middleof the night, but they hung up_I could answer the phone. A.as B.sinceC.before D.until解析:答案为C.题意为:半夜里有人打来电话,我没来得及就挂了.but暗示在接话前就挂了.非谓语动词解析在职称英语考试中,虽然不直接考语法知识,但是没有一定语法知识的储备,是无法正确理解所读文章的内容并做出正确判断的,因此在职称英语备考中对于语法知识的复习也是非常重要的.多数参加职称英语考试的考生,已参加工作多年,且绝大多数人在各种事业单位和国有企业中工作,工作过程中很少有英语应用机会,个人英语能力相对于大学已经有明显退步.所以,英语语法的复习就成了备考中既重要又让考生头痛的环节.非谓语动词是常考查和较难的一个语法点,希望通过对非谓语动词用法的详解,可以帮助考生更好的掌握非谓语动词的相关考点,为进行阅读学习打下良好的语法基础.非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式.非谓语动词主要包括动名词、不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构,其构成的形式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing.2.功能:动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用,可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等.(1)作主语e.g. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的.(2)作表语职称英语培训e.g. In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.(3)作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)e.g. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染.(4)作定语e.gHe cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.3.考点:动名词在职称英语中往往不是不直接进行考察,而是把动名词结构放在英语的句子中,然后考察考生对句含动名词结构的这个句子的句意的准确了解.所以,考生在复习中主要需要弄清楚动名词在英语句子中的四种语法功能.2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(六)来源：考试吧（E）2010-7-7 8:38:13【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。 现在分词由原形动词+ing构成,如designing,leaving,stopping等现在分词作定语时,表示正在进行的动作,或经常性的动作,或表示现状.由此可见现在分词与动名词结构在形上相似.考生需要能区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的情况.动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的名词的功能/用语,现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行.Give the note to theloudly-speaking(现在分词作定语)man. 请把便条交给坐在正在高声说话的人.Id like to buy a washing(动名词作定语)maching.(a machine for washing). 我想要一台洗衣机.常接动名词作宾语的动词:acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enioy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,f1orgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate6.动名词的习惯用法与句型:be busy/active doinz sth.have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth.Its no good/use doing sth.have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no use doing sth现在分词由原形动词+ing构成,如designing,leaving,stopping等现在分词作定语时,表示正在进行的动作,或经常性的动作,或表示现状.由此可见现在分词与动名词结构在形上相似.考生需要能区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的情况.动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的名词的功能/用语,现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行.Give the note to theloudly-speaking(现在分词作定语)man. 请把便条交给坐在正在高声说话的人.Id like to buy a washing(动名词作定语)maching.(a machine for washing). 我想要一台洗衣机.常接动名词作宾语的动词:acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enioy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,f1orgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate动名词的习惯用法与句型:be busy/active doinz sth.have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth.Its no good/use doing sth.have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no use doing sth2011年职称英语考试备战之重点语法精讲(七)来源：考试吧（E）2010-7-8 8:46:51【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场-为了帮助广大考生更好备战2011年职称英语考试，考试吧整理了以下职称英语考试重点语法精讲，供考生复习。 动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系:动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here.(1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词:fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)fstop to do停下来去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事(2)下列动词短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词或名词:object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to1. 分词作定语1) 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语.其作用相当于一个定语从句.例如:Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)预定的座位在哪里?This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)这是一个紧迫的问题.2) 分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.例如:The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人.There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.有许多学生在等待检查This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者.3) 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语.例如:The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人.The newly-built building is our office building.这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼.4) 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成.这类过去分词常作前置修饰语.例如:There are a l