2012届高考英语语法精讲精练教师版(代词和数词).doc

本资料来自于资源最齐全的世纪教育网代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1）机械地套用语法规则；2）用汉语思维去分析题意。从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyou来源:21世纪教育网21世纪教育网he she itwe21世纪教育网21世纪教育网you21世纪教育网they宾格meyouhim her itusYouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself herself itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this that suchthese those such相互代词宾格each other one another所有格each others one anothers不定代词可数one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither不可数much, (a) little可数不可数any other all some复合不定代词anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing疑问代词who whom whose which what连接代词who whom whose which what（参见第九讲）关系代词who whom whose which that（参见第十一讲）1.人称代词在句中作主语用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格；She teaches them physics.在句中作表语常用宾格；Who is it? Its me.但有时要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故I用主格。两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：单数按2，3，1人称排列，复数按1，2，3人称顺序排列。you, she and I ; we, you and they2.物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作宾语We love our motherland.名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语Your coat is black while mine is red.3.反身代词用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语He teaches himself Japanese every evening.（宾语）She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。（表语）I myself can repair the bike.（主语的同位语）常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳by oneself= alone 独自 for oneself独立、为自己be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 给自己穿devote oneself to专心于、献身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气come to oneself苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气4.指示代词this和that是近指, that和those 是远指I dont want this book. I want that one.有时为了避免重复，常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词At this time of year，the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this；但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth; that=health) They cant afford it. That/this is their problem.What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换)The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.such的用法such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。Such is my answer.Such are the results of the exams.I have never seen such beautiful flowers.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。5.相互代词在句中可作宾语They help each other and learn from each other.加s后成为所有格,作定语They asked about one anothers life and work.6.不定代词不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。不定代词区 别例 句one, some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones。Weve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Your coffee smells great! Its from Mexico. Would you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别：it =the /this/ my+单数名词one =a/an+单数名词it代替特定的单数名词one代替不特定的单数名词one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指，one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itThis film is an interesting one.Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best.some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,anyC.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any B. many C. some D. mucheach和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.all和bothboth指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语 Which of the two books will you take? Ill take _and I think _of them is very important to me.A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; bothWhich of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? _.They are both cheap and of great importance.A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All注意：both, all, each, every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：All of them dont like music=Not all of them like music.他们并不都喜欢音乐。要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。Neither of them doesnt like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。None of them dont like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。none和nono等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.A. another B. the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.another指“又一个，另一个”，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”。We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this month. A. the other B. some C. another D. otherThe trousers are too long, please give me another pair/some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either和neither前者意思为：两者中任何一方都；后者意思为：两者都不。Do you want tea or coffee?_,I really dont mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. none B. neither C. both D. eachfew和little;a few和a littlefew 和little 表示没有多少,含否定意义,而a few 和a little表示一些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外, few与a few修饰可数名词, little与 alittle 修饰不可数名词。此外quite a few , quite a little意思是“不少,相当多的”。The old man knows a little English.Few of them can speak Russian.7.it的用法用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。This bike is not mine. Its Peters.用以代替提示代词this, thatWhat is this? Its a pen.Whose book is that? Its Mikes. 起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物Who is knocking at the door? Its me.Who is making such a noise. It must be the children.指环境情况等。It was very quiet at the moment.指时间，季节，天气，气候等What time is it? It is eight oclock.It often rains in summer.指距离It is five kilometers from the office to my home.It is a long way to the factory.作形式主语和形式宾语当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语It is not easy to finish the work in two days.It is not a good habit to stay up late.It is no use crying over split milk.It is a pity that you didnt read the book.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前I think it no use arguing with him.I found it very interesting to study English.He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.注意：see to it that（务必）和take it for granted that（想当然）句型中的it，以及词组make it（做事成功，搞定）中的it。用于强调结构（详见第十二讲）要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语,状语,宾语), 可以把it 当作先行词.这种句子的结构是 “It is(was)+被强调部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果强调的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that I met an old friend in the park yesterday.此句各部分被强调后句型如下：It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.It was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park. Our neighbors gave_ _a baby bird yesterday that hurt_ _when it fell from its nest. A. us, it B. us, itself C. ourselves, itself D. ourselves, it To save class time, our teacher has _ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for homework. A. us B. we C. our D. ours 【解析】答案为A。us students 是同位结构。us是宾语，students为us的同谓语，又如：tell us all。 Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are _. A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers 【解析】答案为B。在句中作表语，指“他的邮票和她的邮票”用his and her (=his stamps and her stamps)。 Who called me this morning when I was out? A man calling _ Robert. A. him B. himself C. his D.不填 【解析】答案为B。 因为“call sb./oneself+某名”就是“叫某人/自称某名字”；句意是“一个自称罗伯特的人”，用himself。Isnt it amazing how the human body heals _ after an injury? A. himself B. him C. itself D. it【解析】答案为C。itself 指代前面的the human body。 He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller. When was _? _ was in 2000 when he was still in college. A. that; This B. this; It C. it; This D. that; It【解析】答案为D。that可以指代过去的情况,下句是强调句型的省略形式=it was in 2000 when he was still in college he got his first book published.Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?Victoria Street? _ is where the Grand Theatre is. A. SuchB. There C. That D. This【解析】答案为C。that代替上下文提到的地方。The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. the one【解析】答案为C。that用来指代前面的名词The English,以避免重复。题意是“美国英语现和英国英语只有很微小的差别了。”在英语中，that还常可以用来指代人口、天气、金钱等。如： The weather here is hotter than that in the north of the country. Little joy can equal _ of a surprising ending when you read stories. A. that B. those C. any D. some 【解析】答案为A。因为替代前面的不可数名词（little）joy，所以用that,而不是those。此外指示代词“this和that”还可以用作副词修饰形容词，相当于“so”。Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasnt always _ much to do. A. such B. that C. more D. very【解析】答案为B。much前用so, 不用such。口语中，常用that来代替so。 If you cant decide which of the two books to borrow, why dont you take _? I wont read them this week. A. all B. any C. either D. both【解析】答案为D。由前后语境来看，应是建议对方将两本书都拿去看。You may drop in or just give me a call. _ will do. A. Either B. Each C. Neither D. All【解析】答案为A。由前句可知是指两者中的“任何一个”，用either。Of all the books on the desk,_ is of any use for our study. A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each【解析】答案为B。neither 表示“两者都不”，句意：在父母都不懂英语的家庭里学习英语，对于他来讲是很困难的。The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to _ who can capture the tiger alive or dead. A. both B. others C. anyone D. another【解析】答案为C。根据句意“谁能捕获那只老虎，无论死活，市长将给赏金5000美元”应选C项。其它三个选项均与题意不符。 Theres _ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _? A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a little; any 【解析】答案为A。因为在Would you? 等表示请求、劝请或建议之类的问句中，一般用some；又由后文“买些油”可知，家里“没有油”了，所以用little。句意：家里没有油了，请你到附近的店子里买些回来好吗？ Would you like _, sir? No, thanks. I have had much. A. some more orangesB. any more orangesC. some more orangeD. any more orange 【解析】答案为A。由答语中的much可知，对话中的orange是指“桔子汁”而非“桔子”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式，排除选项A和B；在劝请的疑问名中用some不用any，排除选项D。 Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city. A. ones B. one C. that D. those【解析】答案为C。选项中只有that能替代不可数名词the air。one替代“a单数可数名词”，表示泛指。特指的the one相当于that；the one复数形式the ones，在口语中也常用those代替；当后面有of短语时，一般用that或those，当有前置修饰语时，只能用one(s)，如the red one。one(s), the one(s), those, that都是替代“同类”事物，其中只有that可替代不可数名词。Weve been looking at houses but havent found _we like yet. A. one B. ones C. it D. them 【解析】答案为A。one =a house, 指我们喜欢的那一类房子。Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A. one B. ones C. it D. those 【解析】答案为B。 替代泛指的名词复数problems，用ones。those是替代特的“the +复数名词”的。My most famous relative of all, _ who really left his mark on America, was Rob Sussel, my great-grandfather. A. one B. the one C. he D. someone【解析】答案为B。由语境可判断是特指，且作My most famous relative of all的同位语，用the one。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. A. it; one B. one; one C. one; it D. it; it【解析】答案为A。it指代前面的a copy of the book,后面的意思是：我要到书店去买一本（不是特指哪一本）。 I think hes just going to deal with this problem _ day. A. next B. other C. following D. another【解析】答案为D。表示“改天”用another day。但表示相对于过去或将来某天来说的“第二天”时，用the next day 或the following day都可以。No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of _. A. others B. the other C. either D. another【解析】答案为B。由neither可知，谈话双方都不同意对方的条件，这个“对方”是特指的另一方，所以用the other。The manager believes prices will not rise by more than _ four percent. A. any other B. the other C. another D. other【解析】答案为C。题干上的意思应该是“价格不会再增长超过4%”。any other “其他另外的”。the other“两者中第二者”。another“另外，又”，放在数词前面。other表示“另外”，和more一样，要放在数字的后面。 One weeks time has been wasted. I cant believe we did all that work for _.A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything【解析】答案为B。因为for nothing是习语，意为“徒劳、没有好结果”、“免费”，句意是：我简直不敢相信我们所做的一切都是徒劳的。She doesnt know anyone here. She has got _to talk to. A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one【解析】答案为D。因为“在这里，她谁都不认识”，所以“她没有人可以交谈”。no one = nobody = notany one没有一个人。I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To _ else, it was hard to make out. A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone 【解析】答案为D。意为除了我以外，“其他任何人(anyone else)”都很难懂。Id like some more cheese. Sorry, theres _ left. A. some B. none C. a little D. few【解析】答案为B。none既可以修饰可数名词，表示“一个也不， 一个也没有”；也可以修饰不可数名词，表示“一点也不，一点也没有”。在本题中指代不可数名词cheese。本题的意思是：我想再来点奶酪。抱歉，一点都没有了。A项some表示“一些”，C项a little表示“有一点”，修饰不可数名词D项few表示“几乎没有”，修饰可数名词。 If I can help_, I dont like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them【解析】答案为C。if I can help it意为“如果我有办法”，表示有办法做某事，或有办法控制某个局面。所提供的情景I dont like working late into the night说明如果有办法，不喜欢工作到深夜。so意为“这样”，常用于省略句中，代替上文中的动作。that用于代替上文的内容。Id appreciate _ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. A. that B. it C. this D. you【解析】答案为B。it指代用来泛泛地指某事，可用于如I like/hate it, I appreciate it等类似的句子。表示喜欢/憎恨和赞赏某事。 数词分为两种：基数词（表示数目）和序数词（表示顺序）。功 能例 句主语Two of them are teachers.定语There are fifty students in our class.宾语Give me two.表语Im eighteen now.同位语You may leave it to us two.状语This room is one-sixth larger than that one.数词不是高考的常考点。但是除了了解数词常见的表达方式外，还有下列重点内容需要注意。1.dozen和score的复数形式应注意以下几点：dozen表示：一打，十二个，score表示：二十；当dozen与数词，或many，several等连用时，不加“s”，所修饰的名词前常省去“of”；score则不然。two dozen pencils两打铅笔two score of pencils四十支铅笔dozens of people=scores of people许多人当后面的名词前有these，“those，“them， us等词时, dozen后应加of 。a dozen of these peopletwo dozen of them three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)2.分数和百分数的表达分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三特殊的表达1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarterone(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters分子与分母之间加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五百分数的表示法表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。注意：分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数of +冠词/限定词+名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.About seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.3.序号的表示法单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。No.1一号事物名词的序号表达法有什所不同：对于一些小序号可有序数词也可用基数词表达，形式分别为：the +序数词 + 名词；名词 + 基数词第一次世界大战可以表示为the First World War或World War I。对于一些大序号我们通常只用一种表达法，即名词 + 数词501号房间表示为Room 501538路公共汽车表示为Bus 538可用a/the + number + 基数词 + 名词a No.5 bus一辆五路公共汽车the No.8 bus那辆8路公共汽车4.大约数的表示法用ten, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等数词的复数后加of短语来表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等大约数概念The little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.数打铅笔Thousands of people died in the earthquake.数千人Every year tens of thousands of people go to work in Guangdong Province.用less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to等来表示小于或接近某数目He is good at English, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.不到两个小时用more than, over, above, beyond, or more等来表示超过或多于某个数目Peking University