形式主语与形式宾语.docx

It作形式主语和形式宾语，虽然是我们高中就学过的语法点，但在考研英语题型中，无论是在阅读还是翻译，常会考查该知识点。一.it作形式主语。英语中不定式、动名词、主语从句在作主语时主语往往显得很长，使整个句子看上去有点头重脚轻，这样就借助“it”来作形式上的主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后边去，使全句结构上前后平衡。 “it”并无实际意义。It之后的谓语部分，可以是be+形容词，be+名词(词组)，或be+过去分词等。1.不定式做真正主语例句1：If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. (2002 Text1)【结构分析】本句包含由and连接两个并列分句。第一个分句主干为you will be in a position，不定式to know the experiences and problems 做定语，修饰position，其中which引导定语从句，修饰the experiences and problems。第二个分句为itll be appropriate for you to ，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式to make a passing remark about。【参考译文】如果你是你谈话听众中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，而且你也可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。例句2：Just as on smoking，voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005 Text2)【结构分析】本句的主干是voices come from，现在分词短语insisting作voice的后置定语，insiste后接两个 that引导的宾语从句，分别为that the science about global warming is incomplete和that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure，第二个that从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语由不定式短语充当，until we know for sure为时间状语从句。【参考译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。2.主语从句做句子真正主语主语从句做句子真正主语，其结构组成一般是“形式主语it +谓语+ 关系连词+从句”。例句1：Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)【结构分析】本句主干为it is obvious that，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语为and连接的两个that引导的名词性从句that the strength of a countrys economy is和that this in turn rests。第一个主语从句中，代词its指代 countrys;第二个主语从句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。【参考译文】再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。例句2：Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers。(2007Text2)【结构分析】本句中It为形式主语，真正主语是其后how引导的主语从句，how the capacity suits one to answer questions，两个不定式结构to作capacity的后置定语， questions后面的that引导定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。【参考译文】人们非常不清楚的是：(智商考试)这种在心里想象物体的形状或数字模式的能力，怎么能回答一些已经困惑了最优秀的诗人和哲学家多年的问题呢?3. 动名词做真正主语这类句子常见结构为Its +n.(名词或名词短语)/adj.(形容词)+ doing sth.。1)下列形容词后常用动名词作真正主语：nice, good, useless, hard, foolish, enjoyable, worthwhile等。例如：It is nice talking to you. 跟你交谈真是愉快。2)下列名词或名词短语作表语时常用动名词作真正主语：use, good, fun, a waste of, job, task等。例如：Its a waste of time doing this. 这样做是浪费时间的。Its no good /use doing that. 那样做没好处(没用)。二.it作形式宾语不定式、动名词或从句在句中做宾语时，由于该宾语成分过长，为保持句子平衡，常使用it做形式宾语，将真正宾语置于句后。这时，it也无实际意义。这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面，比如think，make，find，consider，feel，suppose等。例句1：The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)【结构分析】本句的主干为主系表结构The explanationseems to be，表语部分由that引导的表语从句充当。在此从句中，使用了find it +adj.+to do 结构，it是形式宾语，真正的