《科技英语翻译》PPT课件.ppt

EST Translation,科技英语翻译,Hot Words,Translation of Technical Terms,Sentences in EST Translation,Practice,有气质,elegance 高雅、典雅 elegant class 有格调、有品位 classy If you say that someone or something has class, you mean that they are elegant and sophisticated. 品位 The most elegant woman Ive ever met she had class in every sense of the word. 我曾见过的最高雅的女人从各种意义上讲她都有品位。 Be a girl with a mind, a woman with attitude and a lady with class. 要做一个有思想的女孩，有态度的女人， 有品位的女士。,跟个性有关的气质英文可以用temperament, air, aura, disposition等 He is a man with an artistic temperament. 他是个有艺术家气质的男子。 There is an ingnue air about her. 她有一种天真无邪的气质。,Tips：要根据语境选词,在做汉译英时，“气质”不必完全翻译出来，可以结合语境选择适合的词，只要能表达出意思即可。 她有一种与生俱来的高贵气质。 She holds a built-in elegance/nobleness。 她这个人看上去一点气质都没有。 She looks so vulgar. 他虽然衣衫褴褛，但却有种潇洒从容的气质。 Despite his shabbiness, he wears a free and unrestrained air.,This is, for instance, one of the main reasons why over the last ten centuries scientific progress has been mostly associated with universities, where scholars from many different disciplines were gathering together. 比如说，在过去一百多年中，绝大多数科学进步一直与大学联系在一起，其主要原因之一就在于：大学是许多不同专业学者的群英汇集之地。,We depend upon the suns rays for the light and warmth which keep us alive, but there are some kinds of rays from the sun which would burn us to death if we were not protected from them. 我们靠太阳的光和热生存，但是太阳光中有几种 射线，如果我们不加防护，就会把我们灼晒至死。,There could be problems if this Sundays Second round of the French election produces a president Mitterrand (密特朗) who does not want to offend the French Communist Party. 如果本星期日的法国第二轮选举选出密特朗担任总统的话, 那就可能产生问题, 因为密特朗不愿得罪共产党。,EST Translation,科技英语翻译,（1）准确规范 Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel. 油和气体将继续是燃料的主要源泉。 R：石油和天然气将继续是燃料的主要来源。 We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale. 这里我们将提及两种温度计：华氏表和摄氏表。 R：这里我们将提及两种温标：华氏温标和摄氏温标。,black fruiting body 黑的果形身体 黑色子实体 SAF = Society of American Foresters 美国林业职工之家 美国林学会,（2）通顺易懂,A material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light. 一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。 R：一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。,（3）简洁明晰,It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same. 这应该被认识到：磁力和电力是不同的。 R：应该认识到：磁力和电力是不同的。,科技英语翻译标准,（1）准确规范 （2）通顺易懂 （3）简洁明晰,科技英语词汇的特点及翻译方法,一、科技英语中有大量的术语，而且科学性、技术性和专业性很强。科技术语的译法有意译、音译、象形译和原形译四种。,1意译,离心力,数学模型,2音译,3象形译,4原形译,雷达,逻辑,尼龙,工字轨,三角带,黄铜,X射线,二、在科技英语翻译中，有很多术语由词缀构成，因此，了解词缀很有必要。 1常见科技词汇前缀：,相互,微,转移；跨越,相反,多,科技术语构词中常见词缀,一、前缀（prefixes） a- 非，不 asymmetry aero- 空气，飞机 aerodynamics anti- 反、逆、抗、防、耐 antifreeze pump astro- 天文，宇宙 astrovehicle,非对称性,空气动力学,防冻泵,宇宙飞行器,auto- 自动，自 autocoder 自动编码器 bi- 双，重 bipolar relay 双极继电器 bicarbonate 重碳酸盐 bio- 生物，生 bionics 仿生学 co- 共，同 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 contro- 反，逆 controflow 逆流,counter- 逆，反 counteractant counterpart de- 除，脱 defroster derailment di- 双，偶，两 carbon dioxide equi- 同等，均 equipartition,中和剂,对方,除霜剂,脱轨,二氧化碳,均分,hecto- 百 hectare 公顷 hectolitre 百升 hemi- 半 hemisphere 半球 hemipyramid 半锥体 hepta- 七 heptagon 七角形 hexa- 六 hexagon 六角形 homo- 同，相似 homogeneity 同种 homoclime 相同气候 hydro- 水，氢化 hydrofining 氢化提纯,hyper- 高，超，重，过 hypertension 高血压 hypervelocity 超高速 macro- 大，宏观，常量 macrocontrol 宏观调控 microanalysis 常量分析 mal- 不，失 malnutrition 营养不良 malfunction 失灵 mega- 兆，百万 megalopolis 特大城市 megaton 百万吨级,micro- 微观 microelectronics 微电子学 microfilm 缩微胶卷 mono- 单，一 monocle 单片眼镜 monochord 单弦琴 multi- 多 multiplane 多翼机 multipole 多极 ortho- 正，直 orthocenter 垂心 orthograph 正投影图 photo- 光电，光敏 photosynthesis 光合作用 photoreceptor 感光器 poly- 多，聚 polymer 聚合物 polyethylene 聚乙烯,post- 后 post-acceleration 偏转后加速 pseudo- 伪，假 pseudo-program 伪程序 quasi- 准，拟 quasi-high-speed 准高速 semi- 半 semi-final 半决赛 sub- 子，亚 subloop 子回路 subsoil 亚土层,super- 超 superconductor 超导体 tele- 远，电 telecommunication 电信 thermo- 热 thermoscreen 隔热屏 trans- 超，越，变换 transparency 透明度 tri-，ter- 三 tertiary 第三产业 triplicate 一式三份 ultra- 超，过 ultrasonic 超声波,2常见科技词汇后缀：,-er（or）器，机 air-oil booster 气-液增压器 air compressor 空气压缩机 -ite 石，矿物 granite 花岗石 sulphite 亚硫酸盐 -meter 表，计 speedometer 速度计 ohmmeter 电阻表 -scope 仪，镜 spectroscope 光谱仪 telescope 望远镜 -graph 仪，机 spectrograph 摄谱仪 telegraphy 电报机,三、复合词与缩略词 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一。复合词是指双词组合及多词组合；缩略词是指两个或几个词构成一个词。,1复合词,2缩略词,四、翻译误区：科技英语翻译的难点是专业术语的翻 译，有一些词汇看起来很简单，但是在科技文章中则产生了其他的含义。,pupil 小学生 瞳孔 carrier 携带者 带菌体 载波 航空母舰,cell 细胞 电池 隔板 power 力 电力 动力 功率,feed,She feeds the cow with bran. 她用麸皮喂牛。 This motor can feed several machines. 这部发电机可以给几部机器供电。 We use pumps to feed fresh water into the boiler. 我们用抽水机给锅炉加水。 We can feed the oil into the bearing in several ways. 我们可以用几种方法给轴承上油。,We didnt know much about each other twenty years ago. We were guided by our intuition; you swept me off my feet. It was snowing when we got married at the Ahwahnee. Years passed, kids came, good times, hard times, but never bad times. Our love and respect has endured and grown. Weve been through so much together and here we are right back where we started 20 years ago - older and wiser - with wrinkles on our faces and hearts. We now know many of lifes joys, sufferings, secrets and wonders and were still here together. My feet have never returned to the ground.,【乔布斯传译本】 20年前我们相知不多。我们跟着感觉走，你让我着迷得飞上了天。当我们在阿瓦尼举行婚礼时天在下雪。很多年过去了，有了孩子们，有美好的时候，有艰难的时 候，但从来没有过糟糕的时候。我们的爱和尊敬经历了时间的考验而且与日俱增。我们一起经历了那么多，现在我们回到20年前开始的地方老了，也更有智慧 了我们的脸上和心上都有了皱纹。我们现在了解了很多生活的欢乐、痛苦、秘密和奇迹，我们依然在一起。我的双脚从未落回地面。,【Echo马潇筠 译本】二十年前，未相知时。然郎情妾意，梦绕魂牵。执子之手，白雪为鉴。弹指多年，添欢膝前。苦乐相倚，不离不变。爱若磐石，相敬相谦。今二十年历经种种，料年老心睿，情如初见，唯增两鬓如霜，尘色满面。患难欢喜与君共，万千真意一笑中。便人间天上，痴心常伴侬。 【虎哥-Tiger 译本】当年咋五迷三道咋找你。结婚那旮旯贼拉冷。一晃二十年，孩子都晒脸找削了，日子过滴麻流利索滴，鸡赤掰脸就从来没有过。咱俩都满脸摺子、老么喀嚓眼滴，不整那些没用滴，也从来没突鲁反仗、半拉咔叽。 没事和你多上改溜达溜达，要不整天无机六瘦滴。这日子过的美恣儿，嚎,科技英语的句法特点与翻译,被动语态多； 非谓语动词多； 名词化结构多； 后置定语多； 复杂长句使用频率高。,General English: People must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine. Chinese version: 人们必须注意机器的工作温度。 Scientific English: Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. Chinese version: 应当注意机器的工作温度。,一、被动语态多,General English: People get natural rubber from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid, which is called latex. They mix it with acid, and dry it, and then they send it to countries all over the world Chinese version: 人们从橡胶树中获得天然橡胶。这是一种叫做“乳胶”的白色乳状液体。人们先将橡胶与酸混合在一起，将其烘干，然后再运往世界各国。 Scientific English: Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated with acid and dried, before being dispatched to countries all over the world. Chinese version:天然橡胶一种叫“乳胶”的白色乳状液体取自橡胶树。在运往世界各国之前，橡胶要经过酸处理和烘干。,一、被动语态多,You try: Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds. 大自然赋予草木四种传播种子的方法。 A moratorium（暂停） has been placed on the use of government funds for research into cloning. 已经要求暂停使用政府用于克隆技术 研究的款项。,二、非谓语动词多,The Space Shuttle Columbia returned from 16 days in orbit, using astronauts and animals as neurological (精神病学的) test subjects. “哥伦比亚”号航天飞机在轨道运行16天后返回地球，在此期间，它把宇航员和动物用作精神病学受试对象。,Charles Darwins theory of evolution, proposed over one hundred years ago and accepted by all serious scholars for generations, is still rejected by many people. 查尔斯达尔文在一百多年以前就提出了进化论，并且为好几代严肃学者所接受，但至今许多人仍然拒绝接受这一理论。,R夸克等编著的当代英语语法(A Grammar of Contemporary English)在论述科技英语中复杂的语法现象时，提到了科技英语的两个最显著特点：广泛使用名词化结构和大量使用被动语态。名词化结构指的是大量使用名词和名词词组，即在日常英语或其它功能和题材里用动词、形容词等词类充当某种语法成分，在科技英语里往往会转化为由名词充当这种语法成分。,三、名词化结构多,Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. Poor translation: 电视是通过无线电波的活动物体的图像的发射和接收。 Better translation: 电视通过无线电波发射和接收各种活动物体的图像。 The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. Poor translation: 通过在炉壁周围使用耐火墙，热损失可以被大大降低。 Better translation:炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。,三、名词化结构多,You try: The building of these giant iron and steel works (大型钢铁厂)will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of China. 建立这些大型钢铁厂会大大加速中国钢铁工业的发展。,四、后置定语多,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。 Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 现在人们已经懂得，如果食物中缺少了某些重要成分，即使其中不含有任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。 To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission(裂变). 制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。,Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to which boreholes(钻孔) or mine shafts(矿井) have penetrated has come from geophysical (地球物理学) observations. 钻孔或矿井已达到的深度是有限的，我们对于这深度以下的地球的了解，大部分来自地球物理学方面的观测。,五、复杂长句使用频率高,On the marble (大理石) fireplace (壁炉) in the mathematics building at Princeton (普林斯顿)University is carved, in the original German, what one might call his （Einstein） scientific credo(信条): “God is subtle, but he is not malicious(恶意的).” 在普林斯顿大学数学大楼里，大理石壁炉上用德文刻着：“上帝是难以捉摸的，但他并无恶意。”这句话也可称作是他的（爱因斯坦的）科学信条。,Problems in translation,一、死译（一）词性 The application of these laws to the study of the material world has yielded good results. A. 这些定律用于物质世界的研究已得到了良好效果。 B. (科学家)运用这些定律研究物质世界，已收到了良好的效果。,It is highly important to prolong the life of machines by regular lubrication. A. 用经常润滑的方法来提高机器的寿命是十分重要的。 B. 定期润滑机器，以延长其寿命，这一点十分重要。,The strong wish of engineers to reduce equipment in weight and volume is felt everywhere in the world. A .在世界各地都能感觉到工程师们想要缩小设备的重量与体积的强烈愿望。 B. 在世界上每个地方，人们都能感觉到，工程师们强烈希望减轻设备的重量，缩小其体积。,(二)英语科技文章中，有时为了避免重复，作者使用泛指名词代替特指名词；而在翻译时却要译出特指含义。 Most of the electricity which we use is produced by machines. A. 我们用的大多数电都是由机器发出的。 B. 我们所用的电能主要是由发电机发出的。,二、对原文理解有误,It must be made clear that energy cannot be destroyed. A. 必须弄清楚，能量是不能消灭的。 B. 必须明确指出，能量是不能灭的。,二、时态处理欠妥,It seems to scientists for a very long time that matter and energy were quite different things. A. 很久以来科学家就觉得，物质和能似乎是两种完全不同的东西。 B. 过去长时期内，科学家们曾认为，物质和能似乎是两种完全不同的东西。,三、术语和行话翻译不当,Only by using a powerful rocket can we put a space vehicle into its orbit. A. 只有用强大的火箭才能把空间飞行器射入轨道。 B. 只有用大功率的火箭才能把太空飞行器送入轨道。 Atoms may send out vast amounts of radiant energy(辐射能) once they are smashed. A. 原子一旦被粉碎，就会发出大量的辐射能。 B. 原子一旦裂变，就会释放出大量的辐射能。,Each of these compounds boil at different temperature. A. 在这些化合物中，每一种的沸腾温度都不相同。 B. 这些化合物的沸点各不相同。 The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同有效期为10年。,A body can move uniformly（始终如一地） and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion. Possibly the most significant research now being conducted is in the use of laser beam in telephone communication. Despite the clear-cut technological advantages, the railroad didnt become the primary means of transportation for nearly 20 years after the first pioneering American railroads were introduced in the early 1830s.,Practice,Translation Skills,Conversions,（1） Converting the Noun Phrase into a Verb-object Sentence Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories, establishing relations between the phenomena of the universe. pure science 纯科学（有别于应用科学） 理论科学主要是发展理论，建立宇宙间各种现象间的关系。,You try: The testing of machines by this method will entail （导致 ） some loss of power. 用这种方式来测试机器会损耗一些能量。,（2） Converting Attributive Elements into Independent Sentences, Adverbial Clauses, etc. Each kind of atom seems to have a definite number of “hands” that it can use to hold on to others. 每一种原子似乎都有一定数目的“手”，用来抓牢其它原子。,You try: My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我的看法观点是，一代人对下一代人常常抱怨，这一点在所难免。,（3） Converting the Passive into the Active Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates (金属板) separated by an insulating medium (绝缘介质). Such a device is called a condenser(电容器), and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance(电容). 电能储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中。 这样的装置称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就称为电容。,You try: In chemistry, symbols are used to represent elements. 化学用符号代表元素。,（4） Converting the General into the Specific Road-bed (路基) is the subgrade (底基) on which are laid the ballast (道碴), ties (轨枕) and rails (钢轨). It should be firm, well drained and of adequate dimensions. 路基就是上面铺着道碴、轨枕和钢轨的底基。 路基应坚固，排水性好并有足够的面积厚度。,You try: This watch never varies more than a second in a month. 这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒。 英语中的vary（改变，不同）为动词，汉语没有这样的表达习惯，所以只能将其转换为名词“误差”。,Semantic Extension,The purpose of a driller is to cut holes. 钻机的功能是钻孔。（不译“洞”） A single-point cutting tool （单刃刀具）is used to cut threads on engine lathes（普通车床）. 普通车床是用单刃刀具来车螺纹的。（不译“切、砍”）,Amplification,Supplementing Some Necessary Words/ Expanding the Noun Phrase into a Separate Clause There are bacteria that help plants grow, others that get rid of dead animals and plants by making them decay, and some that live in soil and make it better for growing crops. 有些细菌能帮助植物生长，另一些细菌则通过腐蚀来消除死去的动物和植物， 还有一些细菌则生活在土壤里，使土壤变得更有利于种植庄稼。,Negative Structure of EST,All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful work. 所有供给热机的热量都没有被转变为有用的功。 并非供给热机的所有热量都被转变为有用的功。 Every one cannot do these tests. 并非人人都能做这些试验。 每个人都不能做这些试验。 All germs (细菌) are invisible to the naked eye. 一切细菌都是肉眼看不见的。 Both data are incomplete. 两个数据都不完整。,Division,But burning too much glucose (葡萄糖) can dangerously reduce the amount of glucose in the blood. 可是，消耗过多的葡萄糖会减少血液中葡萄糖的含量，这是很危险的。 Until this year, scientists knew only of materials that would super-conduct (超导) at temperature impractically close to absolute zero. 在今年以前，科学家们还只知道温度接近绝对零度时（这是不可能办到的）才能超导的材料。,The large size and roughly circular shape of the Pacific made some scientists think that it might have been a hole left when the moon separated from the earth. 太平洋浩瀚巨大，又略呈圆形，这使得某些科学家曾认为它也许是月球脱离地球时留下的一个大坑。,Translation of Long Sentences,Keep the Original Sentence Order During the high energy period of a physical biorhythm we are more resistant to illness, better coordinated and more energetic; during the low energy period we are less resistant to illness, less well coordinated ant tired more easily. 在身体生物节奏的高能期，我们有较强的抗病能力，身体各部分更协调自如，精力更旺盛；在低能期，我们的抗病能力减弱，身体各部分不太协调一致，而且容易感到疲劳。,change the Original Sentence Order With the present rate of growth of ideas of both physicists and engineers, it is no longer possible to allow the development of the full potentialities of the new metals to evolve over a period of about fifty years, as was the case with aluminum in the period between 1890 and 1949. 铝的潜力全部开发出来耗费了从1890年到1949年大约50年的时间，而以目前物理学家和工程师们思维更新的速度，要把新金属的潜力充分挖掘出来则再也不需要50年那么漫长的时间了。,汉译英句子翻译原则,1. 主语的确定,主语的三种处理方法： 以原句主语作译文主语 直接法 重新确定主语 间接法 增补主语 添加法, 直接法,我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 Our house was built over a hundred years ago. 如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing., 间接法,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 直接法：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 间接法：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.,1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. Chinas first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.,胎又瘪了。 Weve got another flat tire. Our tire is flat again., 增补法,推敲语境，考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。 沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.,2. 谓语确定和主谓一致,谓语的确定基于表意的需要 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。 Even now, I still often think about it. Even now, this rem