昆明市西亮塘湿地公园游赏区工程可行性评估报告.doc

tourists-have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!Lesson59 In or out ？ 进来还是出去？Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark. Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Rex soon became an expert at opening the gate. However, when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near the gate. This time he was barking so that someone would let him out ! Since then, he has developed another bad habit. As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out. After this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again. Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since. Lesson60 The future 卜算未来At a village fair, I decided to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky. I went into her tent and she told me to sit down. After I had given her some money, she looked into a crystal ball and said: A relation of yours is coming to see you. She will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days. The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. A woman you know well will rush towards you. She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place. That is all. As soon as I went outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. Where have you been hiding ? she asked impatiently. Your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. We are late already. As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair. Lesson61 Trouble with the Hubble 哈勃望远镜的困境In future, astronauts will be required to descend from a spaceship while it is still in space and to return to it. The ability to do this will be necessary in future flights to distant planets. Scientists are now trying to discover if this is possible. The spaceship Astra which left the earth a short time ago, will be travelling three hundred miles into space. At a certain point, the Astra will stop for a short time and an astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. We shall not know whether the experiment has been successful until we have received a radio message. The first message is expected to arrive at 7 oclock this evening. By that time, the Astra will have been flying through space for seventeen hours and will have circled the earth a great many times. When the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.Lesson62 After the fire 大火之后Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. Lesson63 She was not amused 她并不觉得好笑Geoffrey Hampden has a large circle of friends and is very popular at parties. Everybody admires him for his fine sense of humor-everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently, one of Geoffreys closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding reception. This is the sort of thing that Geoffrey loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Geoffrey was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadnt. Geoffrey asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!Lesson64 The Channel Tunnel 海峡隧道In l858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low. He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. Recently, there has again been great interest in the idea of a Channel Tunnel. If it is built, it will connect Britain to Europe for the first time in history.Lesson65 Jumbo versus the police 小象对警察Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a childrens hospital. Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honour of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. He, should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. The police had a difficult time, but they were most amused. Jumbo must weigh a few tons, said a policeman afterwards, so it was fortunate that we didnt have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.Lesson66 Sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！The Hatheld Puffin is a modern aero-plane, but its designer, Mr John Wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground. The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle. Its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. In 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile. While being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield. Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt. He has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet-almost as long as those of a Dakota. Many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport. But though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the English Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.Lesson67 Volcanoes 火山Haroun Tazieff the Polish scientist, has spent his life-time studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. In 1948, he went to lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro. Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. It threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time. He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later. This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. Tazieff has often risked his life in this way. He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. Lesson68 Persistent 纠缠不休I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.Hullo, Bert, I said. Fancy meeting you here !Hullo, Elizabeth, Bert answered. I was just wondering how to spend the morning-until I saw you. Youre not busy doing anything, are you ? No, not at all, I answered. Im going to. .Would you mind my coming with you ? he asked, before I had finished speaking. Not at all, I lied, but Im going to the dentist. Then Ill come with you, he answered. Theres always plenty to read in the waiting room !lesson69 But not murder! 并非谋杀！I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time. I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully. After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test. The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, Just one more thing, Mr Eames. Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. As soon as I tap on the window, I want the car to be stopped immediately. I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react. I suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward. The examiner looked at me sadly. Mr Eames, he said, in a mournful voice, you have just killed that child ! lesson70 Red for danger 危险的红色During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.Lesson71 A famous clock 一个著名的大钟When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had hot been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down ! Lesson72 A car called Bluebird “蓝鸟”汽车The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour. He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah. Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him. It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2500 horse-power engine. Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run. After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made. His average speed had been 301 miles per hour. Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds of over 400 miles an hour. Following his fathers footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolms son, Donald, also set up a world record. Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.Lesson73 The record-holder 纪录保持者Little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative. A quiet days fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles. He hitch- hiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the1 总论1.1 项目概况项目名称：昆明市西亮塘湿地公园游赏区建设责任单位：云南长实房地产开发有限公司项目地点：滇池北岸官渡区西亮塘项目投资： 38839.82万元实施时间：2006年12月2008年12月1.2 项目提出的背景湖滨湿地作为陆地与湖泊水体之间的生态交错带，是湖泊生态系统中的重要组成部分。湖滨湿地既是湖泊生物多样性最丰富的场所，也是湖泊自净作用有效的区域，同时也是控制污染入湖的最后一道屏障。滇池流域水污染防治“十五”计划和环滇池生态保护规划，都将湖滨生态带工程建设作为滇池保护与生态恢复的重要建设工程项目。环滇池生态保护规划构筑包括环湖截污、环湖道路、污水处理工程和湖滨生态带建设在内的水污染物排放控制体系，是未来滇池保护与生态恢复建设的重要内容。党中央、国务院、云南省委、省政府、昆明市委、市政府高度重视滇池污染治理工作，通过各方面多年不懈的共同努力，在滇池流域经济迅速增长、人口增加和污染负荷不断增大的情况下，基本遏制住了滇池水质迅速恶化的势头，滇池污染治理工作取得了初步成效。然而，目前实施的低投入、低产出的发展和保护模式面临着众多的矛盾冲突，迫切需要探索环湖生态保护的新模式，加快滇池治理的进程，改善经济发展的外部环境，使滇池污染治理与生态保护工作迈上一个新台阶。1.3项目建设的必要性及意义1.3.1滇池社会经济概况昆明市主城区是滇池流域居民最密集，人为活动最为活跃的区域，是全省全市经济、文化、商贸活动的中心。根据第五次人口普查资料调查统计，流域总人口308.4万人（包含居住半年以上的暂住人口）。根据2000年昆明市土地局土地利用现状变更调查结果，滇池流域土地总面积为2920平方公里，其中农用地212175公顷，占总面积的72.66；建设用地34200公顷，占11.71；未利用地45625公顷，占15.63。1.3.2 滇池北岸湖滨带存在问题分析湖滨带湿地是处于陆生生态系统与水生生态系统之间的具有独特的水文、土壤和植被特征的生态系统，它在蓄洪防旱，控制土壤侵蚀，截留和降解入湖污染物质，改善入湖水质，维持生物多样性和生态平衡等方面均具有十分重要的作用。滇池近几十年来,随着工农业的迅猛发展,人口的大量增加和城市化不断加快的进程中, 对湖滨带湿地不合理的开发利用如：围湖造田等使湖滨带湿地发生严重的退化，最终导致了湿地生态环境破坏、自然景观消失、生物多样性减少、生态系统结构和功能丧失等多种生态灾难。具体表现在以下方面：（1）生态破坏严重湖滨土地过度开发、围海造田和大规模防浪堤的修建破坏了湖滨生态环境，导致湖滨生态系统极为脆弱。从七十年代到现在，滇池东岸建设了很多防浪堤，能被开垦为耕地或鱼塘的湖滨带均已被利用，除此外部分湖滨带已成为永久性的旅游设施或建筑用地。这些开发活动和防浪堤的建设严重破坏了滇池湿地系统，导致原有动植物的生境的丧失，沿岸的水土流失日益严重，造成湖滨区水生与湿生植物由深水区、浅水区向近岸带、陆地逐步萎缩，生物物种急剧减少，湖泊生态环境极度脆弱，湖滨区生物多样性的衰退进一步破坏了湖滨带的生态功能，致使湖滨带缺乏应有的生态防护。除滇池西岸外，全湖大多数区域都有防浪堤，防浪堤将滇池水体与湿地系统隔开，破坏了原有动植物的生境，造成湖滨区水生与湿生植物由深水区、浅水区向湿地、陆地逐步消亡。（2） 湖滨污染严重湖滨带本来是湖泊拦截污染物的最后屏障，由于失去天然湿地、人口密集、单位面积耕地化肥用量过大、城市点源截流剩余污染和城市污水处理厂工业水污染等的直接入湖等原因，使目前的滇池湖滨带不仅丧失了净化水质的功能，反而还成了污染滇池水体的严重区域之一。（3） 面源污染严重滇池北岸以蔬菜和花卉生产为主，农业发达，人口密度集中，面源污染是该地区的主要污染源。城市面源终极截污率仅能达到50%，农村面源终极截污率仅能达到30%；目前农村面污染源治理仍是缺口，对沿湖村镇的生活污染没有相关治理控制对策，农村生活污水、绝大多数生产性固体有机废弃物直接排放，最终进入滇池水生态环境，成为滇池水体的长年持续性污染源之一。1.3.3滇池湿地恢复与建设的意义（1） 湖滨湿地是构建完整湖滨生态带的需要湖滨带在湖泊保护中具有重要作用。湖滨带是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分，湖滨湿地在调节气候、涵养水源、蓄洪抗旱、控制土壤侵蚀、净化入湖水质、为动植物提供栖息和生存环境，维持生物多样性，改善湖滨景观，维持生态平衡等方面均具有十分重要的作用。由于湿地特殊的生态环境，决定了湿生植物具有生长迅速、抗逆性强等特点，这种生物所特有的吸收和分解营养物的自然过程，保证了物质在自然生态系统中的有效利用，防止了物质的过分局部积累所形成的污染。缺少完整的湖滨湿地系统的滇池，要有效克服富营养化的局势将是难以想象的。因此，湖滨湿地生态系统功能恢复与建设对于减缓滇池污染程度具有十分重要的作用和意义。（2）是滇池北岸湖滨生态建设中的重要内容在环滇池生态保护规划和滇池流域水污染防治“十五”计划中安排了一系列污染治理的工程措施，这些污染控制的措施是从污染源头和污染输送过程中减少和切断污染源，从而达到控制污染的目的，强调的是“治”。而湖滨带生态恢复与湿地建设作为流域生态修复类的重要项目被定为特优先项目，该项目将在滇池沿岸筑起一道保护屏障，修复滇池湖滨带生态系统，强调的是“防”。尤其是湖滨生态工程建设与环湖截污污水处理构成完整的污染控制体系，成为了滇池污染防治工程的重要支撑。表3-1滇池北岸（含主城区）湖滨带建设项目汇总表序号工程名称工程规模实施年限1人工湿地建设人工湿地布水系统建设，建12.7km2（19050亩）人工湿地200520082天然湿地生态建设1887.4m等高线潮水涨落带内，建5.6km2（8400亩）天然湿地200520083防护林区生态建设在湿地外围因地制宜1km2（1500亩）防护林带20052008（3） 项目的建设是北岸片区可持续发展的需要项目区生态环境存在以下主要问题：土地垦殖率高，大棚蔬菜、花卉产业发展迅速，农村固体废弃物数量巨大，面源污染十分严重；湖滨自然生态破坏严重，土地开垦过度，天然湿地几乎已消失殆尽；区域内人口和建设用地发展速度不断加快，人地矛盾、生存与环境保护的矛盾十分突出；目前尚缺乏污染控制设施，点源和面源污染均没有得到有效控制，给区内水环境和滇池的水环境保护带来严重的影响，随着片区经济的发展，这一影响将更加突出。为了保障片区经济的可持续发展，完全有必要改变现有的农业生产模式，变农业生产为湿地生产，通过湿地建设营造人与自然间的和谐环境，从而提升区域土地利用价值，同时最大限度地减少片区农业生产废物及农药、化肥污染，实现片区经济可持续发展。（4） 项目的建设是环境与经济协调发展的需求本项目的建设突出湖滨带的环境效益，充分发挥人工湿地对污染物的净化作用，将滇池湖滨带建设纳入流域污染控制系统整体规划和设计中，在滇池流域系统的点源和面源污染治理基础上，恢复湖滨生态系统的结构与功能特征，使建成的湖滨带成为地表水污染物进入滇池的最后一道屏障，最大程度截流污染物，并形成一个具有一定的抵御和调节自然和人类活动干扰的能力的、能自我维持和调节的生态系统，同时使之与周围的系统与景观融为一体。兼顾湖滨带的景观功能与经济价值，通过湖滨带建设提升沿湖土地价值，以环境改善来促进流域经济发展，为昆明市、环滇池生态圈的可持续发展奠定了坚实基础，创造了良好条件。因此本项目建设十分必要，是实现片区经济社会发展与环境保护双赢的重要举措。1.4 完成本项目所具备的条件1.4.1本项目的理论依据和技术支撑在湖滨生态系统中，水禽处于水生生态系统食物链中的最高生态位，而鱼虾产卵、生产孵化的数量和沉水植物密切相关，随着湖泊湿地遭到破坏，鱼虾产量势必下降，水禽的数量就会因失去食物来源而萎缩，直至完全消失。随着湖泊湿地恢复，鱼虾产量会逐步恢复，水禽的数量也将逐步增加。因此湖滨湿地在湖泊生态系统中占据着非常重要的地位。湿地与森林、农田等生态环境一样，广泛分布于世界各地，是地球上最富生物多样性的生态景观、生产力较高和人类最重要的生存环境之一。在生态系统中，湿地处于陆生生态系统和水生生态系统的交界，湿地生态结构和功能的好坏可能对陆地生态系统没有太大的影响，但对水生生态系统将产生难以预料的后果。它对一个国家乃至全球的经济发展和人类生存环境都具有重要的影响，因此被喻为“地球的肾”。因此，对湿地的恢复、保护与持续利用已成为国际社会关注的热点。湿地在生态系统中具有以下的主要功能：（1） 滞留营养物营养物质经径流被带到湿地中，随沉积物沉降之后，通过湿地生物吸收，经化学和生物学过程转换而被储存起来，最终通过对湿地生物的收获而将营养物质带出系统外；（2） 防止自然力的破坏湿地植被的自然特性可防止或减轻对海岸线、河口湾和江河岸的侵蚀；达到保护海岸线及控制侵蚀、防风和排除有毒物的作用；（3） 流量调节湿地能储存可能来自降水、径流或地下水源的过量水分，减缓水流，避免下游地域洪水的泛滥；（4）滞留沉积湿地特别是沼泽地和泛洪平原的自然属性(如植被、面积大小、水深等)有助于减缓水流的速度，有利于沉积物的沉降和排除；（5） 保护自然界生物多样性由于湿地系统的存在，为各种水生生物提供了优良的生活和繁衍环境条件，使得湿地中的生物种类和数量不断增加。1.4.2本项目已有的工作基础和应用效果（1） 贵州威宁的草海湿地我国在湿地生态恢复方面最为成功的例子是贵州威宁的草海。为了扩大耕地面积，1970年曾排水疏干草海，湖中的鱼类、贝类、虾和水生昆虫等几乎绝灭，所剩水禽也寥寥无几，地下水位下降，农业减产，自然生态失去平衡。1980年政府决定恢复草海，实施蓄水工程，恢复水面面积20km2，平水期可达29km2。目前，生物物种已得到恢复，浮游植物有8门91属;高等植物20科26属37种，组成了多种挺水植物群落、浮叶植物群落和沉水植物群落。浮游动物有9纲74属115种；鱼类9种；两栖类14种，特别是鸟类丰富，有179种，其中水禽有68种。黑颈鹤、白头鹤、白鹤、灰鹤、游隼、自琵鹭等16种国家一、二级保护鸟类的数量日渐增多，湿地恢复效果良好，被国外专家视为中国湿地生态恢复的成功典范。该湿地作为我国特有物种黑颈鹤的主要越冬栖息地，目前已被建立为国家级自然保护区。（2） 滇池湖滨人工湿地建设2004年6月建成运行的大清河复合人生态工湿地示范工程，占地面积约20亩，采用复合污水工程预处理加人工湿地处理的工艺，进水取自典型合流制城市污水的海河水，正常运行日处理水量为2000m3，水力停留时间约5天，监测结果表明，该复合人工湿地出水中的主要富营养化指标均优于国标城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级A标准，环境效益十分显著：对进水水体中的总氮、总磷及悬浮物平均去除率分别达到49.8%、62.9%和48.6%。（3） 滇池湖滨天然湿地恢复2004年6月完工的海东村湖滨湿地建设是国家科技部和云南省政府合作的专