Modal Verbs - sinan surucu：情态动词-思南Surucu.doc

1 Modal Verbs 1. ABILITY: yetenek ebilmek ( can, could, be able to) a. Present time : I)she can play the guitar. II)She is able to play the guitar. b. Past time: I.she could run fast when she was young. II.She was able to run fast when she was young. Not: anlk bir olay baarmaktan bahsederken could yerine be able to kullanlr. Eg: I was able to brake so we didnt have an accident. c.Future Time: I.she will be able to swim after the swimming course. 2. POSSIBILTY: “OLASILIK” (“ e bilir” ) ( May, Might, can, could, be likely to, be unlikely to, be bound to, may well, might well, could well,) bu ifadelerin tamam present olaslkta kullanlabilir. Eg: who can it be at the door? It May, Might, can, could be the postman. Future bir olaslktan bahsedilirken May, Might kullanlr. Eg: we May, Might go on a holiday next month. Past form olarak sadece Might kullanlr. Eg: She said she might go to İstanbul. Olumsuzlarda sadece May not, Might not kullanlr. Eg: we May not, Might not go on a holiday next month. Olaslk ifade eden dier yaplar “ Be likely to” Eg: Some people are likely to suffer back problems. Baz insanlar srt ars ekebilir. “ Be unlikely to” Eg: Some people are unlikely to suffer back problems. Baz insanlar srt ars ekmeyebilir. “Be bound to” Eg: ;If you have problems at home, it is bound to affect your work. Evde sorunlarn varsa iini etkilemesi kuvvetle muhtemeldir. “ may/ might/ could well” Eg: He may/ might/ could well find the course difficult. Ders ona zor gelebilir. NOT: “ may/ might/ could well” - may/ might as well ile kartrlmamaldr. Eg: there are no buses. We - may/ might as well walk home. Otobs yok. Eve yryelim bari. 3. REQUESTS : “rica” (can, could, will, would) Ricalar soru eklindedir. Eg: can/ could you pass the salt please? Will / would you listen to me? Would you mind V ing ? ( Eylemi gerekletiren kii kar taraftr) Eg: Would you mind waiting for me for a few seconds? ( Beni bir ka saniye beklemenin senin iin sakncas var m?) 2 Would you mind if Ipast simple. ? ( Eylemi gerekletiren konumacdr) Eg: would you mind if I smoked here? ( Burada sigara imemin senin iin sakncas var m?) 4. PERMISSIONS: (İZİNLER) (may, might, can, could) Eg: May I go out with my friends? Yes, you can go out. 5. OBLIGATION& NECESSITY: “ZORUNLULUK, GEREKLİLİK” (must, have to, have got to, need to) must sadece present yaplarda kullanlr dierleri ise ahsa veya zamana gre ekimlenir. I.iten zorunluluk I must study hard. ( kendi kendine hissettiin bir zorunluluk.) II.Dtan zorunluluk You have to wear a tie. (kravat takmak zorundasn) Zorunluluun bulunmad durumlarda mustnt kullanlmaz. Mustnt da hala gereklilik vardr. Ama bu yaplmamas gerekli olan eydir. Eg: I mustnt eat too much. zorunluluun bulunmad durumlarda neednt, dont / doesnt need to, dont doesnt have to kullanlr. Eg: you dont have to get up early on holiday. gemite bir zorunlulukta ise must yerine -have to- nun past hali had to kullanlr. Eg: I had to get up early when I was in the army. I didnt have to wear a tie when I was a child. 6. ADVICE: “tavsiyeler” (must, should, ought to, had better) yukardaki ifadelerden “must” dierlerine gre daha kuvvetli tavsiyeler ifade eder. Dierlerinin manas ayndr. Fakat “had better” sadece present ve future ifadelerde kullanlr. Eg: you must see a doctor soon! ( kii ok hasta) You should/ought to/ had better watch this film. olumsuz yaparken “ought not to” ve “had better not” eklinde kullanlrlar. Eg: you had better not stay awake until late hours. 7. DEDUCTION: karm ( must/ mustnt/ cant) Eg: -he isnt here now. He must be ill. -He has just eaten his lunch. He cant / mustnt be hungry. 8. HABITUAL ACTIVITIES: ( Alkanlk haline gelen eylemler) ( be used to/ be accustomed to) bu ifadeler kendilerinden sonra bir noun( isim ) yada Ving ile takip ederler. Eg: I am used to getting up early. She is accustomed to physical work. * Sfatlar fiilletirmede kullandmz “get” bunlarla beraber almak manasnda kullanlr. Eg: get ill ( hastalanmak) I am getting used to getting up early. ( erken kalkmaya alyorum) She got accustomed to living in Ankara. ( Ankarada yaamaya alt. ) Gemite belli bir sre alkanlk olarak devam edilmi olaylar bildirirken ( used to / would) kullanlr. Eg: * I used to / would run every morning when I was young. I didnt use to get up early when I was a student. Did you use to go to cinema when you were a student. 9. PREFERENCES: “Tercihler” ( would rather/ sooner) ( would prefer) normal bir tercihten bahsederken fiilin 1. hali kullanlr. Bir eyi baka bir eye tercih ediyorsak ikinci tarafa “ than” konulur ve yine fiilin 1. hali kullanlr. 3 Eg: I would rather stay at home than go out. ( Dar kmaktansa evde kalmay tercih ederim. iinde bulunulan durumdan duyulan memnuniyetsizlii belirtmek iin kendinden sonra “ be Ving “ ve “than” den sonrada yine “ be Ving” gelir. Eg: I would rather be sleeping at home than (be) working in here now. Not: nadiren ikinci tarafta “be” kullanlmayabilir. olumsuz yaparken “not” kendisinden sonra getirilir. Eg: I would rather not speak English at home. eer bakas adna bir tercihte bulunuluyorsa “would rather” dan sonra bir zne ve sonrasnda eylem bir derece past alarak kullanlr. Eg: I would rather she didnt smoke, but she smokes. ( Bana kalsa sigara imemeli ama iiyor.) * “would prefer” ayn zelliklere ssahiptir. Fakat kendisinden sonra “to” gelir. Eg: I would prefer to stay at home than to go out. ( Dar kmaktansa evde kalmay tercih ederim. Eg: I would prefer to be sleeping at home than to (be) working in here now. Eg: I would prefer not to speak English at home. would rather dan farkl olarak bakas adna tercihlerde zne zamiri deil nesne zamiri kullanlr. Present ifadelerde “to V” / past ifadelerde ise “to have V3” kullanlr. Eg: I would prefer her not to smoke, but she smokes. ( Bana kalsa sigara imemeli ama iiyor.) Eg: I would prefer her to have come with me yesterday. (Dn benimle gelmi olmasn tercih ederdim. ) 10. EXPECTATIONS: “beklentiler” ( Be to, Be supposed to) “Be to” grevlendirme ve programlarda kullanlr. Eg: The film is to start at 7 pm. ( film 7de balayacak) Eg: I was to post some letters to my friends. ( arkadalarma birka mektup postalayacaktm. Ve postaladm) gemite yapacaktm fakat yapmadm manasnda “ was/were to have V3 “ kullanlr. Eg: I was to have come here earlier. But I didnt. ( buraya daha erken gelecektim fakat gelmedim) “ Be supposed to” beklentilerde kullanlr. Eg: The show is supposed to finish at 2 pm. ( Gsterinin saat 2 de bitmesi lazm) Eg: You were supposed to come early. ( Erken gelmen gerekiyordu.) MODAL PROGRESSIVE (CONT.) “MODAL + BE + Ving” uanda gerekleen durumlarla ilgili karmlarda bulunurken kullanlr. Eg: A: where is Aysel? B: I dont know, but she may/ might/must/ could be sleeping at home. MODAL PERFECT ( MODAL+ HAVE+ V3) Should/ ought to have V3 : gemi tavsiye/ pimanlk ( meliydi) snavdan sonra- you should have studied. ( almalydn) May/might/ could have V3: gemi olaslk ( m olabilir) A: Why didnt she come to the party? B: I dont know, but she may/ might/ could have forgotten. 4 (unutmu olabilir) Could have V3: gemite karlm frsat ( yapabilirdin ama yapmadn) Eg: f you had come here earlier, you could have seen her.