通过联想学英语单词.doc

通过联想学英语单词当我们在学习基本语法和句法的同时，也开始学词汇，终身不停。学词汇的方法很多，学习效果也不同；有些方法的效果比较好，有些则差些。有个特别值得推荐的方法是“联想”。例如从“party”这个字，可以联想到其他的字，如：meeting, assembly, seminar, negotiation 等。现在看看下列 8 组字，如何凑在一起：下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“伤害”或“破坏”： damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, mar下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“减少”： decrease, lessen, diminish, reduce, abate, dwindle下列 6 个名词的中心意思是“武装叛变”： rebellion, revolution, uprising, revolt, mutiny, insurrection下列 7 个名词都含有“边缘”之意：edge, brink, brim, rim, verge, border, margin下列 7 个名词都含有“ 路”之意：way, road , path , route, passage, street, aveune下列 7 个形容词都含有“著名”之意： famous, renowned, celebrated, noted, distinguished, eminent, illustrious下列 7 个形容词都含有“快速”之意： fast, rapid, swift, quick, speedy, hasty, expeditious下列 9 个动词含“胜过”或“克服”之意： conquer, defeat, vanquish, overcome, beat, rout, surmount, subdue, overthrow上述 8 组字，每组都有个中心意思。在学习词汇时，若能将意思有关联的字词或习语摆在一起，通过联想来记忆，不但轻松而且还很有效。必须注意的是，虽然几个字有共同的意思，但是每个字在句子中的用法，难免会有些差别，不可不察。现在举个和“laugh”（笑）有关的动词，来说明这点。 The President smiled（微笑） as he went past the crowd. His joke made us laugh（发笑）. The spectators jeered（嘲笑） when their team was defeated. The audience roared with rage（暴笑如雷）. If you tease（揶揄） her again, she will get angry. The pupils giggled（格格地笑） on seeing the teacher fall down. The crowd booed（喝倒采） when the referee made a mistake. The listeners hooted（轻蔑地叫喊） at the ignorant speaker. Irene sat at a corner, chuckling（轻声暗笑） to herself.The naughty girl grinned（露齿而笑） in response to her mothers question. 英语多义词随着科技的突飞猛进以及电脑资讯的普及，科学术语、电脑词汇与日俱增；即使同一个字，有时意思在增加，用途也在扩大。工业或行政上的 input 和 output 和电脑上的意思，哪会完全相同？小孩时期看到在地上跑的 mouse 和现在出现在电脑旁的 mouse，形状相似，但意思也一样吗？不说特殊用语，就是天天见面的常用字，不管是名词、形容词、动词或副词，十九都是多义词，甚至是多种词类的，既可当名词、动词，又可当形容词，甚至副词。关于这点，英语词汇：意思和用法一文中已举例说明，大家应该记忆犹新，不再重复。由于一词多义在英语词汇的运用上非常重要，这里不厌其烦地再举一个家喻户晓的常用字 break，以加强我对这点的重视。作为动词，break 有下列 12 个常用意思： 打破、断，如：(a) If you drop the cup, you will break it. (b) The rope suddenly broke. 违反、违约，如：(a) Dont break the law. (b) Tom is notorious for breaking promises. 伤、毁，如：(a) Tony broke Janes heart by not marrying her. (b) Judy dropped her watch and broke it. 中断、打断，如：(a) The barking of the dog broke our sleep. (b) The stranger rushed in and broke our conversation. 破晓，如：They arrived at the airport just as the day was breaking. 放弃，如：It is hard to break the habit of smoking. 开路，如：We sometimes saw voluntary workers help break paths in villages. 毫无得失，如：He bought the sewing machine at $700 and sold it at the same price. He broke even on the deal. 闯入，如：A thief broke into my neigbours house and ran away with some valuables. 爆发，如：If a new world war breaks out, can you imagine the consequences?11. 突破，如：The soldiers tried to break through the enemys line.12. 停止，如：The meeting suddenly broke up.当名词时，break 有 5 个常见义，如下： 裂口：Please send for a plumber to repair the break in the water pipe. 拂晓：Fish mongers start work at the break of the day. 吃茶点时间：A few of us have a tea-break at 11am every day. 休息：There is one-hour break for lunch。 变动：The bankrupt man has a break in his way of living. 英语派生词哪里来？前几期谈到英文后缀和英文前缀。在这两篇文章里都没有全面探讨前、后缀的功能。这里便来谈这问题。大家知道，派生法（derivation）是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词（derivative words），主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。前缀以否定前缀（negative prefixes）un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。名词派生词Balanceimbalance；pleasuredispleasure；management mismanagement；efficiencyinefficiency；concernunconcern ；literacyilliteracy；resolutionirresolution； interferencenoninterference；nutritionmalnutrition.形容词派生词Accurateinaccurate；patientimpatient. regular irregular；legalillegal；nativenon-native；orderly disorderly；commonuncommon.动词派生词Agreedisagree；judgemisjudge；treatmaltreat； activateinactivate；useill-use；mobilizeimmobilize； managemismanage；quoteunquote.除了否定前缀之外，其他常用的前缀还有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如：anti-government（反政府）；auto-intoxication（自我迷醉）；bilateral（双边的）；coexistence（共存）；counter-argument （反建议）；de-emphasize（不强调）；ex-president（前任会长）；international（国际间的）；monolingual（单语的）；post-war （战后的）；precaution（预先防备）；pro-China（支持中国）； re-state（重述）；subhuman（低于人类的）；superimpose（加在上面）；trans-atlantic（横跨大西洋的）；triangle（三角）； ultra-smart（超能的）。前面例子证明，加上前缀后的词，虽然意思改变，但词性保持不变。相反的，加上后缀的词，不但词义有些改变，词性也完全不同。这样一来，动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后，可以得到名词派生词，如：amazeamazement；kindkindness.同样的，名词或动词加上适当的后缀，便可以得到形容词派生词，如：commercecommercial；dependdependent. 最后，名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀，可以得到动词派生词，加上副词性后缀（仅限 -ly），则得到副词派生词，如：fright（名词）frighten（动词）；modern（形容词） modernize（动词）；beauty（名词）beautify（动词）；year（名词）yearly（副词）；quick（形容词）quickly（副词）。英语成语、短语、惯用语不合习惯的用法英语成语、短语、惯用语很多。有时，它们的构造看起来不合逻辑，甚至不合常理，但又不能随意更改。例如，我们用双脚步行，应该是“on feet”，但偏偏是“on foot”才对。一般上说，成语、短语或惯用语中的字眼不可用别的字取代，词序也不可调换，因为一字之差，词序一换，原意可能走样，甚至毫无意思。在下列各组句子中，(a)错、(b)对：a. What is the reason of all this shunning away from blue-collar work? b. What is the reason of all this shying away from blue-collar work?a. I am working on the behalf of my company. b. I am working on behalf of my company.a. We need a capable person to help us in time of difficulties. b. We need a capable person to help us in times of difficultes.a. In term of economic development, our country has done a good job. b. In terms of economic development, our country has done a good job.a. Few would like to make friend with hypocrites. b. Few would like to make friends with hypocrites.a. Lets discuss this matter in details. b. Lets discuss this matter in detail.a. That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toes. b. That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toe.a. For the better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues. b. For better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues.a. The Public Relations Officer did not speak much. What is worst, she hated to mingle with people. b. The Public Relations Officer did not speak much. What is worse, she hated to mingle with people.a. All must come to the meeting without failure. b. All must come to the meeting without fail.11a. Most of the students learn historical facts by hard. b. Most of the students learn historical facts by heart.12a. A holiday abroad will take your mind of the work tension for a while. b. A holiday abroad will take your mind off the work tension for a while.13a. It is out of question for you to go tonight; you havent finished your assignment yet. b. It is out of the question for you to go tonight; you havent finished your assignment yet.14a. Students should spend their time studying instead of involving in destructive activities. b. Students should spend their time studying instead of involving themselves in/ getting involved in destructive activities.英语惯用语的简化语言是社会的产物。任何语言都在随着社会的发展而发展。其中一个突出的倾向，就是简化。例如英语有些惯用语中的小小成分就可以省略不用，趋向于较简单的形式。以下便是些惯用语某些成分可以被合法省略的例子:定冠词 the 的省略，如： pull the stringspull strings：通过人事用其影响力 the long and the short of.the long and short of.：总而言之 if the worst comes to the worstif worst comes to worst ：大不了 to go through the proper channelsto go through proper channels：通过正常渠道不定冠词的省略，如： in a great measurein great measure：在很大程度上 at a breakneck speedat breakneck speed：以惊险速度名词复数符号的省略，如： to rack ones brainsto rack ones brain：绞尽脑汁 in the interests of.in the interest of：为了利益起见所有格代名词的省略，如： to save ones faceto save face：保存面子 to take ones leave ofto take leave：请假返身代词的省略，如： to stand oneself aloof fromto stand aloof from：远离 to adapt oneself toto adapt to：适应形容词的省略，如： to make both ends meetto make ends meet：收支平衡 to take ones own lifeto take ones life ：牺牲自己 to hit the right nail on the headto hit the nail on the head：做对、答对 at long lastat last：终于介词的省略，如： to take to flightto take flight：逃之夭夭 at full lengthfull length：详细地副词的省略，如： to have too many irons in the fireto have many irons in the fire：要做的事太多 to put out to seato put to sea：启航“As”及其他词语的省略，如： as regular as clockworkregular as clockwork：很准时地 as blind as a batblind as a bat：视力不良 his word is as good as his bondHis word is his bond：重视诺言英语惯用语的活用惯用语是个固定的词组，有一定的语义，是不可分割的统一体，其整体的意思往往不能从组成惯用语的各个词的原有意思中猜测而得。此外，惯用语的各个组成部分不可任意拆开或替换。但是某些惯用语，在特殊情况下，容许做些更动，从而增添活用性。现在从下面的四点举例说明：惯用语组成部分的替换，例如： pull a long face（愁眉苦脸）pull an unhappy face, 如： “The football coach pulled an unhappy face when his team was defeated.” a stitch in time saves nine（及时补救）a word in time saves nine, 如： “The two were going to quarrel, but their friend cut in to appease them. A word in time saves nine.”惯用语组成部分分开，例如： get an upper hand（占上风）“In a debate competition, a quick-witted debater can get an upper cut, if not the upper hand.” cannot see the wood for the trees（见树不见林）“He sees too many trees, but not the whole wood.”惯用语组成部分的扩充，例如： put into practice （实行）put into widespread practice, 如： “Davids proposal was well accepted, but no real effort was made to put it into widespread practice.” keep company （结交朋友）keep disreputable company, 如： “His business son often dines out and keeps disreputable company.” come of age（成年）come of college age, 如： “Even his youngest son has now come of college age.”惯用语组成部分的缩略，例如： every cloud has a silver lining（一线希望）silver lining make a mountain out of molehills（小题大作）mountains of molehills有些惯用语缩略后引起转化词，如： call someone names（谩骂某人 ）name-calling：“You wont command respect if you enjoy name-calling.” Bury ones head in the sand（对面临的危险闭目不见） head-in-sand：“Dont be so foolish as to adopt a head-in-sand attitude.” live and let live （自己活，也让别人活）a live-and-let-live policy：“All the countries in the world should adopt a live-and-let-live policy.” A dog in the manger（占着茅坑不拉屎的人）a dog-in-the-manger attitude: “As it is wrong to have a dog-in-the-manager attitude, you had better give what you dont want to others instead of holding on to it.”上述例子说明了严谨的惯用语，在特殊情况下，也可以稍微改变，或替换字眼，或拆开组成部分，或扩充词语，或缩略成分，达到灵活运用的目的。英语惯用语的类别英语词汇丰富，惯用语很多。学习英语者，不能只注意单字单词，他们也必须同时学习各常见的惯用语，以便从另一领域增加英语词汇。什么是英语惯用语呢？它们有哪些类别呢？所谓惯用语（idiomatic expressions），顾名思义，就是两个或两个以上的字合组而成一个固定短语，具有个固定意思，有时，如片语动词，还可能有一个以上的含义。英语常见惯用语有七种如下：片语动词（phrasal verbs），如：turn down：拒绝；turn up：出现；take after：长得像 ；put off：延期；put up with：忍受；do away with：取消、废除；go back on：食言；zero in on：将注意力集中在 介词短语（prepositional phrases），如：in a nutshell：总而言之；by leaps and bounds：很迅速地；with open arms：热烈地；under the weather：不舒服； from time to time：偶尔；of ones own free will：自愿地；by degrees：渐渐地；on ones own：独自；without fail ：一定；in high spirits：精神奕奕地。动词短语（verb phrases），如：pluck up courage：鼓起勇气；get to the bottom of. ：查询到底； hold the fort：代人尽责；waste ones breath ：浪费气力；close ones eyes to.：熟视无睹；come in handy：会有用处；go without saying：不说便知；lose track of：失去踪迹。名词短语（noun phrases），如： a birds eye view of.：概览； a bolt from the blue：晴天霹雳； Achilles heel：人性上的一个弱点； childs play：轻而易举的事； food for thought：可供思考的事； a flash in the pan：昙花一现；a feast for the eyes ：赏心悦目事； the rat race：激烈的竞争。形容词短语（adjective phrases），如： bent on.：决心； susceptible to.：易于 ；devoid of.：缺乏；conducive to.：有助于； comfortably off：富裕的； busy with.：忙于； second to none：最佳的；serious of purpose：认真的。“三合一”短语，如： ways and means：各种方法； aches and pains：各种疼痛； law and order：法规； odds and ends：零星杂品； make or break：不成功就失败； give and take：亦取亦舍、互相忍让； forgive and forget：既往不咎； hale and hearty ：健壮的；free and easy：自由自在的； here and there：各处；11 safe and sound：安然无恙的；12 now and then：偶尔。成语谚语（proverbs/ maxims），如： more haste, less speed：欲速不达； man proposes, God disposes：谋事在人，成事在天； strike while the iron is hot：打铁趁热； easy come, easy go：易得易失； time flies：光阴飞快； prevention is better than cure：预防胜过治疗； never say die：永不言“休”； the early bird catches the worm：早起的鸟儿有虫吃。在这七种惯用语中，数目多又好用，片语动词尤为特出，不论是口语或书写，都很适合。第七类，流传已久，耳熟能详，宜于适当时刻使用。第六类出现的时间较迟，数量较少，但是很有用，颇受欢迎。英语短语短语或词组（phrases）是英语句子结构中重要的成分，不可忽视。英语短语是由至少两个字合组而成为一个有意义的单位。短语通常没有主语，也没有谓语动词，但是每个短语都有一定的结构和语义，在句子中形成一个重要的环节。论功能，英语短语可分为名词短语（noun phrase）、形容词短语（adjective phrase）和副词短语（adverb phrase）三种。名词短语，主要有三种形式，即：名词组；动名词组；不定式动词组。名词短语和名词功能一样，可在句子中充当主语，如例；宾语，如例；补足语，如例： The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia. I enjoy teaching English. Who is to accompany you to the airport?是名词组；是动名词组；是不定式动词组。形容词短语也有三种，即：介词组，如例-；现在分词组；如例-；过去分词组，如例-： The boy on my right is the monitor. Bankers are people of great wealth. I published books on language learning. Hearing the scream, the small girl cried. Have you seen the thief running for his life? Taken aback, the boy burst into tears. The rat, chased by a cat, ran into a ditch.由介词组成的形容词短语紧跟在被修饰的名词之后。由现在分词或过去分词组成者，则可以在名词之前，如例和或名词后头，如例和。副词短语主要由介词协助组成，作用和一般副词一样，修饰动词，但位置灵活，可以在句前，也可以在动词之后。例如：11 The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the classroom.12 Dont run across the road. It is dangerous to do so.13 In 1989, I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar.在这些短语中，由介词引荐者既有形容词的功能（见例-），又可负起副词的使命。这样一来，我们应如何判辨两者的差别呢？方法简单，就是从短语在句中的功能着手：修饰名词的是形容词性的、修饰动词的是副词性的，如：14a The students in this class are very active.b If you like, you may study in this class.15a Two boys at the back of the class are talking.b An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the class.“In this class”和“at the back of the class”在14a和15 a里修饰名词“students”和“boys”，因此属形容词性短语。反之，在14b和15b中，则分别修饰动词“may study”和“has fallen aslee