文化词与文化含义词.ppt

1,Chapter 18,文化词与文化含义词,2,文化词（Cultural Words）,Peter Newmark calls them Empty Words The word (phrase) that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word.,3,Cultural Words 5 Types,1. Ecological eg. selva, igloo, sirocoo, 三伏, 三九 2. Material eg. swallowtail, 马褂, ravioli, 包子, 粽子 3. Socio-cultural eg. snooker, cricket, teleathon, Lord Chancellor, 大锅饭, 民工, 家庭联产承包责任制 4. Religious eg. cathedral, abbey, 阴阳, 庵,老天 5. Gesticular eg. 叩头,作揖,单腿跪拜,4,文化含义词（Culturally Loaded Word/Phrases）,The word (phrase) whose referent is not a unique thing or conception in one culture, but does not overlap with that in another culture, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called culturally loaded word.,5,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和归类不同） eg. Family members 1) sex 2) generation 3) degree of lineality (direct or indirect) eg. Colours eg. Cooking methods,6,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同） eg. Red eg. Magpie eg. Summer eg. West wind,7,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（语用规范不同） “Cultural meanings are expressed in the cognitive structures as well as norms of behaviour people utilize when using language.” (Kachru Yamuna) eg. Yes or No eg. You dont say./ You are not eg. Now you are talking eg. Oh, you shouldntt have ,8,Translating Cultural Words,1. Full borrowing （全式借用） eg. garage, reservoir, spaghetti, plaza 2. Semi-borrowing（半式借用） eg. comrade (comarada), cartoon (cartone) 3. Transliteration （音译） eg. kowtow, feng shui, dim sum 4. Semi-transliteration（半音译） eg. tea house, tong oil, taoism 5. Loan translation（仿译） eg. 蜜月，蓝领，超人，lose face, paper tiger,9,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和归类不同） 1) borrowing（借用） eg. sake, kaoliang, cigar 2) substitution（替代） eg. temple for 寺，庙，庵，观 3) paraphrasing（释义） 亲家，妯娌，连襟,10,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同） 1) loan translation（仿译） eg. 黑名单，瓶颈，连锁反应 2) substitution（替代） eg. 蓝眼睛, 红眼病, green-eyed 3) paraphrasing（释义） eg. 九曲十八弯，走桃花运，tongue-in-cheek,11,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（语用规范不同） substitution（替代） eg. 吃了吗？/上哪儿去？ eg. How are you?/ How do you do? eg. 司马昭之心，路人皆知 Si-Ma-Zhaos heart? notorious? as plain as the nose on face? an open secret?,12,Exercise: Try Translating Them,尊重，干部，态度，国家，意义，关心，情况，宣传，统一，传统 讲，搞，化 个体经济，社会主义精神文明，乱收费，基本实现小康，街道妇女，三高农业,13,Examples Analysis,处理国与国关系的时候，我们应该尊重现实。 When dealing with inter-state relations, we should face reality.,14,Examples Analysis,国有企业的主要领导干部应该坚决抵制和反对腐败。 Leading managerial staff of state-owned enterprises should resolutely resist and oppose corruption.,15,Examples Analysis,今天，亚洲和欧洲的国家领导人聚集一堂，以平等友好的态度，就广泛领域的合作交换意见。 Today, leaders of Asian and European countries gather here to exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas on an equal footing and in a friendly manner.,16,Examples Analysis,互相尊重国家主权，是开展国际合作的重要前提。 Mutual respect for state sovereignty is an important prerequisite for carrying out international cooperation.,17,Examples Analysis,我们在贵国度过了内容丰富和有意义的六天时间。 Our six-day stay in your country has been pleasant, substantial and interesting.,18,Examples Analysis,我们希望一切关心中东地区稳定的国家多做有利于解决争端的工作。 We hope that all countries that care about the stability of the Middle East will do more to help resolve the disputes.,19,Examples Analysis,最近，在南海问题上出现一些新的情况，我想借此机会与您交换意见。 Recently, some new complications have occurred on the South China Sea. I wish to take this opportunity to exchange views with you.,20,Examples Analysis,在对内努力推进经济社会发展的同时，还应该大力加强对外宣传。 While doing a good job in advancing social and economic development, we should also make great efforts to enhance promotion/publicity to the outside world.,21,Examples Analysis,在这个问题上，我们已经统一了思想。 As for this issue, we have already reached consensus/achieve common understanding.,22,Examples Analysis,双方应保证两国公民在边境地区的传统经济生活正常进行。 The two sides should ensure their citizens in the border area a normal economic life as they used to lead.,23,Examples Analysis,一次分配讲效益，二次分配讲公平。 Stress is put on efficiency in the first distribution of income, and on equality in the second distribution of income. 讲大话，讲空话都不行。 Neither bragging nor empty talk will do. 讲信义是我们民族的传统。 Acting in good faith is a Chinese tradition.,24,Examples Analysis,我们说话算数，不搞小动作。 We mean what we say. We do not play pretty tricks/games. 他到北京工作了两个月，搞得很好。 He worked in Beijing for two months and did a good job there. 我们必须一心一意搞建设。 We must concentrate on economic development. 搞经济协作区，这个路子是对的。 It is the right thing to establish economic cooperation between developed and less developed areas.,25,Examples Analysis,国民经济市场化、社会化程度明显提高。 Market has noticeably assumed greater importance in our national economy and more and more social services have been made available. 美化环境 To beautify the environment 干部队伍的年轻化、知识化、专业化。 To make our rank of leaders younger, better educated and more competent professionally.,26,Examples Analysis,个体经济 self-employment, family business 社会主义精神文明 socialist civilization with high cultural level and moral standards 乱收费 arbitrary charges 基本实现小康 build a moderately well-off society 街道妇女 housewives working in the neighbourhood 三高农业 high-yield, cost-effective and high-tech agriculture,27,Examples Analysis,南北朝的祖冲之计算出圆周率为3.1415926。 In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century AD, Chinas mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter) to be 3.1415926.,28,Examples Analysis,玄奘万里取经，带回南亚国家的古老文化。郑和“七下西洋”，把中华文化传向远方的国度。 Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty (618 907) brought back