高考热点—过去分词.doc

链接高考热点过去分词湖北洪湖市第二高级中学王爱民过去分词主要起形容词或副词的作用,表示被动、完成的意义，在句中作状语、定语、补足语、表语等,也可以构成独立主格结构。近年来的高考试题对过去分词的用法特别青睐，频频对其进行考查。本文拟结合近几年的高考试题,就过去分词的用法加以归纳,希望对刚踏入高一的同学们有所帮助。I. 过去分词的语态和时间性过去分词的语态和时间性是中学英语教材中的重点和难点，也是中学生在理解和运用方面容易出现错误的内容。一、过去分词的语态过去分词表示被动，但并非所有的过去分词都表示被动，有的过去分词已经失去了被动意义。主要是那些已变成形容词的过去分词，它们已失去了动词的性质，能被副词very, too等所修饰，并有了比较等级。这种过去分词常见的有：advanced, aged, astonished, delighted, interested, disappointed, excited, frightened, moved, pleased, puzzled, tired, worried, surprised等。如：Satisfied with my work, he smiled.下来对我的工作感到满意，他笑了。They were surprised at the news. 他们听到这个消息很惊奇。二、过去分词的时间性一般认为，过去分词表示“完成”，即过去分词的动作发生于谓语动词动作之前。但某些过去分词并不表示“完成”的现象在实际语言中也是存在的。如：Is that the car bought by our school? 那是我们学校买的小汽车吗？(之前发生)Seen from the hills, the park looks more beautiful. 从山上看，公园看起来更漂亮。(同时发生)Hes going to have his hair cut. 他将去叫人给他理发。(之后发生)He is a teacher respected by all. 他是一位受大家尊敬的老师。（无确定时间）综上所述，过去分词表示“完成”是其最基本的时间含义。除此而外，过去分词还可以表示与谓语动作同时发生，谓语动作之后发生和无确定时间的动作。II. 过去分词的用法一、 作表语 过去分词作表语,其实可以看作是过去分词的形容词化, 其主语通常是人,表示主语所处的状态或表示主语对某事的感觉。其中系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。常用一般现在时和一般过去时,这类过去分词有broken, interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished, surprised, frightened, excited, moved, tired, worried, hurt, broken, dressed, wounded, pleased, completed, injured, gone, , known, written等。如: Never touch an electric wire when it is broken. 绝不要动断了的电线。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。You seem frightened. 你看样子受了惊吓。【真题再现】The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. (04上海春，39)A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating【答案】C. 句意：飞机着陆时，飞行员要求所有的乘客坐在座位上。seat为及物动词。A、B、D项缺少宾语，必须排除，只有D项正确。过去分词作表语。注意1：过去分词与现在分词作表语的区别过去分词作表语，其主语通常是人，表示主语所处的状态或表示主语对某事的感觉，意思是(某人).的；而现在分词作表语时，其主语通常是物，表示主语的特征，意思是令人.的。如：This story is very exciting, you are excited when you read it. 这故事令人兴奋，你读时就会感到兴奋。注意2：过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，表状态；过去分词用于被动语态时则表动作。如：1). The road is completed. 道路已竣工。(表语)2). The road was completed yesterday. 道路于昨日竣工。(被动语态)作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态, 强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词，系动词可有多种, 表示不同的意义; 被动语态表示动作, 强调动宾关系, 绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。因此, 我们不难看出在上面两句中，句1中的过去分词是表语，表状态；句2中的过去分词用于被动语态，是全句的主要动词，表动作。二、 作定语 过去分词作定语时表示动作的被动和完成。当过去分词是单词时，一般置于被修饰名词前，如果是过去分词短语就要放在名词之后。如：Our class went on an organized trip last week. 上周我们班进行了一次有组织的旅行。An island is a small piece of land surrounded by water. 岛屿就是一小片被水围绕的陆地。【真题再现】1. Five people won the “Chineses Green Figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. (06山东，29)A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. (04浙江，29)A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known【答案】1. C. 句意：五个人获得了“中国绿色大使”奖，此奖授予为环保事业做出贡献的普通百姓。B、D两项作定语，需加关系代词；A项作定语表正在进行，不符合题意；只有C项作定语，表完成，符合题意。2. B. A项表主动，且be known as为固定搭配，这样只能在B、C、D选项中选择了。这个短语可以扩展为一个定语从句，即：which is known as,去掉which is，剩下的是过去分词短语known as，C项表进行，D项表将来，故B项为正确答案。注意1： 过去分词作定语与其它非谓语形式的区别: 过去分词(done)表示被动和完成；现在分词(doing)作定语，表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作;现在分词的被动语态(being done)表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作；不定式(to do)作定语表示一个将要发生的动作(有时也可表被动); 不定式的被动式(to be done)则表示一个将要发生的被动动作。试比较: The meeting being held (which is being held) now is very important. 正在召开的这个会议很重要.The meeting held (which was held) yesterday is very important. 昨天召开的会议很重要.The meeting to be held (which will be held) tomorrow is very important. 明天将要召开的会议很重要. Ladies and gentlemen, we still have another meeting to hold. 女士们，先生们：我们还有一个会要召开。(不定式主动表被动) 注意2： 过去分词作限定性修饰语时可转换成一个限定性的定语从句。如: The meeting held (which was held) yesterday is very important. 昨天召开的会议很重要。此外，过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。如：Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never seen a train.他们当中有一些人，生长在农村，从未见过火车。三、 作状语 过去分词作状语，表时间，原因，条件，让步，方式，伴随等。Seen from the hill, the city looks very beautiful. 从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。(时间)Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。(条件)Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。(原因)Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告知危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(让步)He sat there reading as if tied to the chair. 他坐在那儿看书，像是被绑在椅子上似的。 (方式) She sat by the window, lost in thought.她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。 (伴随)【真题再现】1). _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the price.A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being Surprised D. To be surprised (06全国I，32)2). No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract all over the world. (06广东，29)A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed3). _ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (06福建，33)A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed4). _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. (05江苏，27)A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. losing【答案】1) B. 句意：托尼又惊又喜，站起来接受奖品。surprised and happy构成形容词组作状语。2). A. 句意：不管贝多芬的作品上演得多么频繁，它们依然吸引着全世界的人们。works与perform之间是被动关系，且表完成，故选A项。C项表“将来”，D项表“被动”。3). B. 句意：由于被指责要对学校计算机网络的故障负责，Alice情绪很低落。blame与Alice之间构成被动关系，只能从B、D项中选择，D项表“将来”，只有B项符合题意。4). B. 句意：在山区失踪了一周以后，这两个学生最终被当地的敬方解救了。save与the two students之间是被动关系，且先于谓语动词之前完成，故B项符合题意。注意1：如果动词过去分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，就应使用状语从句、独立主格结构、with的复合结构或调整句子的主语来表达。如: 误: Broken her glasses, she had to buy one pair again. 正: Because her glasses were broken, she had to buy one pair again. (状语从句) 正: Her glasses broken, she had to buy one pair again. (独立主格结构)正: She had to buy one pair again with her glasses broken. (with的复合结构) 正: Having broken her glasses, she had to buy one pair again. (现在分词) 注意2：已成固定结构的评说性独立成分，无论是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语不要求与句子主语一致。这些评说性独立成分，表示说话人的态度，看法，其逻辑主语一般是说话者，即I 或we.如：Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.严格地说来，那所学校不算古老。Taken as a whole, theres nothing wrong with the machine. 总的来说，这台机器没问题。四、 作宾语补足语 过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是该动词的动作对象，动词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都来自及物动词，表示被动意义或已完成意义，有时候两者兼而有之。可以带动词过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有表示状态的动词keep, leave等，使役动词have, make等，感观动词watch, notice, see, hear, listen to, feel, find等以及表示希望，愿望，命令的动词want, wish, like, expect, order等。如: I should like this matter settled immediately. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. 我们可以听到大雨点敲打窗户的声音。【真题再现】1). A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _. (06天津，7)A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied2). You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough. (05天津，7)A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained【答案】A. 句意：一个好的故事没必要非得有一个好的结局，但是一定不要让读者感到不满意。leave sb. unsatisfied中的unsatisfied意为“令感到不满意”，故选A项。2). D. it指的是the traffic rule，它与explain是被动关系，排除A、C。B项形式上不对。故应选D项。have sth. done使/让/请别人做某事。注意1：有时过去分词在with宾语过去分词复合结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系，做宾语补足语。如：With the work done, he went out to play. 工作完成了，他出去玩去了。The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back. 小偷被带进来了，双手被绑在后面。注意2：使役动词have后接含有过去分词的复合宾语时，有时所表示的动作由他人完成，有时则由句中的主语所经历。如： He had his window broken. 他的窗户给打破了。(被他人打破)He had his arm broken. 他的手臂摔断了。(自己的经历)【高考真题】1. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. (02全国，34)A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun2. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player.(03北京，28)A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given3. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (03上海，39)A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _. (04上海春，42)A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted5. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (04上海，35)A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded6. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _. (04重庆，30)A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry7. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (04湖北，28)A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared8. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. (04辽宁，30)A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted9. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (04吉林，22)A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced10. _ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (05北京春，34)A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing11. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. (05北京，32)A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid12. _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. (05上海，33)A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put13. When _ help, one often says “Thank you.” or “Its kind of you. (05福建，33)A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered14. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (05湖南，22)A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed15. The repairs cost a lot, but its money well _. (05湖北，21)A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending16. _ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (06四川，33)A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face【答案】1. D. once或者其它连词如when, while, since等引导状语从句时，如果从句主语与主句主语一致，可以省略其中的主语和be动词。因此本题补充完整应为：The research is so designed that once it (=the research) is begun nothing can be done to change it.2. D. 句意：如果给他一些时间，他定会成为一名优秀网球手。根据句意及非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系，很容易排除A、B、C三个选项。3. B. 完整的说法应为：when the drug is taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.4. B. exhausted意为“精疲力竭的”，形容词作伴随状语。5.