2010年自考英语《英语国家概况》冲刺练习汇总.docx

2010年自考英语英语国家概况冲刺练习汇总37.the league of nations国际联盟an international organization of 19201946 set up after the first world war to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security.38.the blitz闪电战an air attack,particularly the London blitz of 19401941.the world is from the german “blitzkrieg”39.the beatles甲克虫乐队one of britains most influential pop groups,first performing in 1959 in Liverpool.40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。41.balance of payments收支平衡it is the difference between the money from exports and the cost of imports.42.john Maynard Keyneshe was an influential british economist.Keynes maintained that governments should use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.用财政使经济稳定./P43.visible trade and invisible tradevisible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible trade is trade of services such as banking and tourism.44.European union欧盟EC stands for European community .EC is now called European union(EU).it is an organization of 15 western European countries that promotes cooperation among its members.45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action. 使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。47.Agribusiness农业产业The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm48.British disease英国病The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britains economic decline.49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.50.Privy Council枢密院A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.51.Common lawthe traditional unwritten law of England,based on custom and the decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written laws passed by parliament.英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。52.the state opening of parliamentthe official opening of a new session of parliament,usually at the end of October or beginning of November,or aftera general election.53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)an annual allowance,approved by parliament,made to the sovereign and members of the royal family for the expense involved in carrying out their public duties. 议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。54.the civil service公务员(考过)the body of state officials that help s the government.55.life peer终身贵族a person who is given a peerage贵族地位 that is not handed of to his or her descendants,usually as a reward for public service.56.acquittal无罪裁决acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or discharged without any further prosecution for the same act or transaction.是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。57.cross-examinationthe questioning of a witness,by a party or lawyer other than the one who called the witness,concerning matters about which the witness has testified during direct examination.58.The Crown Court刑事法庭A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time bation缓刑a scheme whereby a criminal offender is placed under the supervision of a probation officer for a period of between six months(12months in scotland) and three years.6个月到三年之间。60.capital punishment死刑the execution of a criminal by hanging.capital punishment also known as the death penalty.61.the metropolitan police forcethe police force responsible for London,with its headquarters at new Scotland yard.62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.63.national insurance 社会保险 the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance against sickness and unemployment.64.general practitioner(GP)a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in which he treats all illness.65.social workera person employed by a local authority or a voluntary organization to give practical aid and advice to people in need.66.the salvation armya world-wide Christian organization founded by William booth,in1865.it giving practical aid and spiritual comfort to the poor and needy.救世军。67.Comprehensive schoolsComprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.68.ReutersIt was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校 they are state schools outside local education authority control.there are no tuition fees at these schools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。70.eleven-plusan examination formerly used to select school pupils at about,the age of 11 for an appropriate secondary education.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。71.BBCthe british broadcasting corporation,the UK organization responsible for making an transmitting of its own television and radio programs.72.Rupert murdochaustralian-born us newspaper publisher.he became a us citizen in 1985.73.the british museumthe national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury ,London.考古学和人种学。74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving DayThe Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.Ireland(爱尔兰)1、peace agreement on northern ireland2、republic of Irelandthe republc of ireland is an independent country situated in western Europe.it occupies four-fifths of the island of Ireland.its capital is Dublin.the republic of Ireland is also known as Eire in Irish.3、Irish Catholicismireland is one of the most catholic countries of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influnce on national life.today 93.1%of the irish population are Roman Catholics.about half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.爱尔兰裔。4、Easter urprising of 1916the easter urprising took place in April 1916.a group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post office and declared the independence of Ireland.after a week of fighting,the rebellion was suppressed by the british army and most of its leader executed.5、Anglo-irish treatyfrom 19181921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government.in 1921 the british signed the Anglo-irish treaty.the british government agreed to organize a partition of ireland.the southern part of ireland gain dominion status as the irish free state,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.6、Fianna fail-it is the largest political party in Ireland.its historicprinciples are neutrality,promotion of Gaelic and strong support for a united ireland.its new economic polices include support for the EC,a high lever of public expenditure to reduce unemployment and full employment.7、Fine Gael-one of the two major parties in ireland.it changed its image from a conservative party to a socially progressive party since the 1960s.it advocates a program of expanded social services,but is less in favour of promoting Gaelic than fianna fail is.8、James Joyce-the most well known irish writer of the 20 th century.his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man and Ulysses.his innovations in language and style have deeply influenced 20 th century writing.9、Irish or irish gaelic-it is a celtic language.10、Ulysses is James Joyces masterpiece. 杰作The novel describes the events of one day in the