高考复习名词及阅读理解解析.doc

高考复习：名词及阅读理解解析撰稿：范华 审稿：牛新革 责编：陈玉莲一、名词的主要用法（一）、名词的分类：1. 可数名词- 可数名词单数做主语谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。个体名词：boy, book, cat集体名词：people, police, cattle, 做主语时谓语动词用复数。注：people 做“民族”讲时是规则变化的名词，a people peoplespolice是总体指警察，如果指具体的几个用policeman, 如a policeman five policementen head of cattle表“十头牛”，head 为单复数同形。2. 不可数名词- 谓语动词用单数抽象名词：happiness, music 物质名词：water, rain 专有名词: 表示某人, 地方, 机构, 组织等所专有的名称，如： John, Mr. Green, Beijing, the United States（二）、修饰可数名词的量词：1修饰可数名词的有: many, a great /good many, many a, few, a few, a number of，quite a few 注：但the number of 表“的数量”，做主语时谓动用单数。2. 修饰不可数名词的有: much, little, a little, a great deal of, a large amount of, quite a little 3. 两者都可修饰的有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of ,a quantity of quantities of -但 quantities of做主语，谓语动词只用复数 eg. Large quantities of fish have recently been caught. Large quantities of money have been wasted. 注：不可数名词如果要表示 “量”, 需要加适当的量词或词组。 如: a piece of newsa sheet of paper a kind of milk a bottle of beer（三）、细划各类名词：1. 形单意复，用复数的谓语动词people, police, cattle2. 形复意单，用单数的谓语动词news, physics, politics, mathematics, plastics（塑料学）3. 单复同形，看具体所指来确定谓动的单复数deer, sheep, fish, means, works(工厂）4. 只有复数，用复数的谓语动词trousers，clothes，glasses, compasses, scissors 要想表示数量, 加 pair, suit 等. 如: a pair of trousers istwo pairs of compasses are5只有单数（不可数）progress， advice， information， furniture，baggageluggage, jewelry, fun, weather, equipment, knowledge 6. 视情况而定：1）family, team, class, group, crew, audience, club看作一个整体时用单数 谓动，看成若干个个 体的行为时用复数的谓语动词。 Eg. My family is a big one. My family are watching TV.2) 一些词有不同的词义，有的词义可数，而作别的意思时则不可数，如：exercise为“练习题”时是 可数的，作“锻炼”讲时为不可数名词； experience作“经验”时不可数，做“经历”时可数； room为“房间”时是可数的, 作“空间”时为不可数名词；work作“工作”时为不可数, 作“作 品”时是可数名词；paper作“纸张”时为不可数，作“论文、试卷”时为可数名词。7. 单复意思不同：water（水） waters（水域）; content（内容） contents（目录） glass（玻璃） glasses（眼镜）sand（沙子） sands（沙滩） custom（习俗） customs（海关） look（表情、脸色） looks（容貌） manner（态度） manners（礼貌） 8物质名词的复数形式表示份数: two teas, two coffees, two butters and six sugars, two beers9有些抽象名词在具体化时, 可以用复数表示，如success, difficulty等.如:His partner overcame the difficulties.10. 有些抽象名词表示 “某种”或 “一次” 的意思时, 可以和不定冠词连用。He has received a good education.Your advice is a great help.Were going to build up a new socialist culture.He has a good knowledge of history.（四）、复合名词的复数形式1) 变主体名词为复数girl friends armchairs bookcases passers-bylookers-on runners-up sisters-in-law2) 两个部分都要变(man, woman修饰其他名词时)men servants men cooks women doctors women waiters3) 不含名词的在末尾加复数sforget-me-nots go-betweens good-for-nothings grown-ups（五）、名词做定语可以表示时间, 地点, 身份, 材料内容或所属关系morning exercises evening papers Beijing streets shop manager village lifegirl friend mother monkey tea pot weather station book shelf bus stoppaint job注：名词作定语表示材料和内容, 形容词作定语表示特征和性质。a gold ring a golden ring a snow mountain a snow table-clotha history teacher a historical play二、名词的相关试题1. What a lot of _ I have to finish today!A. works B. workC. job D. working2. Will you please make _ for the comrades outside?A. trouble B. placeC. roomD. seats3. Yesterday he told me _ news.A. a good B. such a goodC. so good aD. a piece of good4. Lenovo, one of the biggest _, has designed the Beijing Olympic Torch.A. computers companies B. computer companiesC. computers companies D. computers companies 5. Both Marx and Engels were _.A. Germans B. GermenC. from German D. Germany6. He spoke in such a _ as to cause them displeasure.A. direction B. languageC. noise D. manner7. _ of the students in our school is increasing.A. The number B. A numberC. The amount D. A great deal8. The old farmer raised forty _ of _ last year.A. heads; cattles B. head; cattlesC. heads; cattleD. head; cattle9. This color TV set cost me one thousand _.A. yuan B. yuansC. of yuanD. of yuans10. I saw _ in the meeting-room.A. many peopleB. much peopleC. many peoples D. lots people11. My younger sister always wears a beautiful _.A. clothB. dressC. cloths D. trousers12. Its the _ of most animals, including us human beings, to watch over the young.A. duty B. chanceC. nature D. right13. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _.A. wait B. timeC. patience D. rest14. Can you give me _ about it?A. an information B. some informationC. any of information D. some infromations15. My father has had one of his _ taken out.A. tooth B. toothsC. teeth D. teeths16. She has a good _ and sings beautifully.A. noise B. soundC. voice D. throat17. He made many mistakes in his composition because of _.A. careless B. carefulC. carelessness D. carefulness18. Most of them are _.A. woman doctorB. women doctorC. woman doctors D. women doctors19. _ will conquer nature.A. The man B. ManC. A man D. The men20. It took them long _ to finish all their homework.A. hours B. hourC. timeD. times名词试题答案：15 BCDBA 610 DADAA 1115 BCCBC 1620 CCDBA阅读及解析AWhat do you want to be when you grow up? A teacher? A doctor? How about an ice-cream taster?Yes, there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice-cream. Just ask John Harrison, an “Official Taste Tester” for the past 21 years. Testing helps manufacturers to be sure of a products quality. During his career Harrison has been responsible for approving large quantities of the sweet ice cream as well as for developing over 11 flavors (味道).Some people think that it would be easy to do this job, after all, you just have to like ice cream, right? No theres more to the job than that, says Harrison, who has a degree in chemistry. He points out that a dairy or food-science degree would be very useful to someone wanting a career in this “cool” field.In a typical morning on the job, Harrison tastes and assesses 60 ice-cream samples. He lets the ice cream warm up to about 12. Harrison explains, “You get more flavor from warmer ice cream, which is why some kids like to stir it, creating ice-cream soup.”While the ice cream warms up, Harrison looks over the samples and grades each one on its appearance. “Tasting begins with the eyes,” he explains. He checks to see if the ice cream is attractive and asks himself, “Does the product have the color expected from that flavor?” Next its time to taste!Continuing to think up new ideas, try out new flavors, and test samples from so many kinds of ice cream each day keeps Harrison busy but happy working at one cool job.1. What is John Harrisons job?A. An official. B. An ice-cream taster.C. A chemist. D. An ice-cream manufacturer.2. According to John Harrison, to be qualified in the “cool field”, it is helpful to _.A. keep a diary of work B. have a degree in related subjectsC. have new ideas every day D. find out new flavors each day3. What does Harrison do first when testing ice cream? A. He stirs the ice cream.B. He examines the color of the ice cream.C. He tastes the flavor of the ice cream. D. He lets the ice cream warm up.4. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?A. Tasting with EyesB. Flavors of Ice CreamC. John Harrisons LifeD. One Cool JobB(You may read the questions first,)SCREENGRABSBBC1PLANET EARTH9AMFresh Water provides an expensive subject for the third programme in the BBCs fascinating new natural-history series. Broadly, we investigate the worlds lakes andrivers and the creatures which inhabit them. Thus we visit the deepest lake on the planet, Lake Baikal in Siberia. We observe large colonies of Indian smooth-coated otters (above) looking around. A magical series which give us a real sense of context in relation to the planet we inhabit.BBC2FAMILY GUY11.45PMRoad to Europe. Without proper identification,Brian and Stewie stow away on a plane they think is leaving for England. Theyre wrong, and soon theyre in Saudi Arabia (Brian: “Oh my God, we are finished. We are lost in the desert.”) at a beginning of a long trip home.ITV1AGATHA CHRISTIES POIROT9 PMCards on the Table. Tonights mystery concerns the death of one of the richest and most mysterious men, Mr. Shaitana (Alexander Siddig) who has a fascination with crime. Shaitana hosts dinner and a game of bridge in his apartment, but when the time comes the first guests to take their leave, they discover that their host has been stabbed through his heart.Channel 4THE GAMES: LIVE9 PMFor the first time on Games, the men fight in a Kendo Tournament, using 1.2m shinai (Bamboo swords). The woman competes in the cycling, racing wheel-to-wheel on competition bikes with no brakes. Plus other news from the English Institute of sports in Sheffield. 5. The Fresh Water series at 9 AM _.A. explores the lakes, rivers and the creatures in themB. is devoted to the freshwater creatures in the worldC. explains the relationship among inhabitants on the earthD. focuses on the deepest river on the planet6. The phrase “stow away” most probably means “_”.A. hide secretly B. talk excitedly C. operate easily D. guide successfully7. A mystery story adapted from Agatha Christies novel will be shown on _.A. BBC1 B. BBC2 C. ITV1 D. Channel 4CMail carriers will be delivering some good news and some bad news this week.The bad news: Stamp prices are expected to rise 2 cents in May to 41 cents, the Postal Regulatory Commission announced yesterday. The good news: With the introduction of a “forever stamp,” it may be the last time Americans have to use annoying 2-or-3-cent stamps to make up postage differences.Beginning in May, people would be able to purchase the stamps in booklets of 20 at the regular rate of a first-class stamp. As the name implies, “forever stamps” will keep their first-class mailing value forever, even when the postage rate goes up.The new “forever stamp” is the United States Postal Services (USPS) answer to the complaints about frequent rate increases. The May increases will be the fifth in a decade. Postal rates have risen because of inflation (通货膨胀), competition from online bill paying, and the rising costs of employee benefits, including healthcare, says Mark Saunders, a spokesman for USPS.The USPS expects some financial gain from sales of the “forever stamp” and the savings from not printing as many 2-or-3-cent stamps. “Its not your grandfathers stamp,”says Mr. Saunders. “It could be your great-grandchildrens stamp.”Other countries, including Canada, England, and Finland use similar stamps.Don Schilling, who has collected stamps for 50 years, says hes interested in the publics reaction. “This is an entirely new class of stamps.” Mr. Schilling says. He adds that hell buy the stamps because he will be able to use them for a long period of time, not because they could make him rich the volume printed will be too large for collectors. “We wont be able to send our kids to college on these,” he says, laughing.The USPS board of governors has yet to accept the Postal Regulatory Commissions decision, but tends to follow its recommendations. No plans have been announced yet for the design of the stamps.8. The main purpose of introducing a “forever stamp” is _.A. to reduce the cost of printing 2-or-3-cent stampsB. to help save the consumers cost on first-class mailingC. to respond to the complaints about rising postal ratesD. to compete with online bill paying9. By saying “It could be your great-grandchildrens stamp”, Mr. Saunders means that forever stamps _.A. could be collected by ones great-grandchildrenB. might be very precious in great-grandchildrens handsC. might have been inherited from ones great-grandfathersD. could be used by ones great-grandchildren even decades later10. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The investment in forever stamps will bring adequate reward.B. America will be the first country to issue forever stamps.C. The design of the “forever stamp” remains to be revealed.D. 2-or-3-cent stamps will no longer be printed in the future.11. What can be concluded from the passage?A. With forever stamps, there will be no need to worry about rate changes.B. Postal workers will benefit most from the sales of forever stamps.C. The inflation has become a threat to the sales of first-class stamps.D. New interest will be aroused in collecting forever stamps.DThe traditional tent cities at festivals such as Glastonbury may never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home.Major festivals such as Glastonbury throw away some 10,000 abandoned tents at the end of events each year. For his final year project at the University of the West of England, James Dunlop came up with a material that can be recycled. And to cope with the British summer, the cardboard has been made waterproof.Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr. Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs.The design won an award at the annual New Designers Exhibition after Mr. Dunlop graduated from his product design degree and he decided to try to turn it into a business.To raise money for the idea, he toured the Citys private companies which fund new business and found a supporter in the finance group Mint. He introduced his idea to four of Mints directors and won their support. Mint has committed around 500,000 to MyHab and taken a share of 30 per cent in Mr. Dunlops business. The first Myhabs should be tested at festivals this summer, before being marketed fully next year.Mr. Dunlop said that the design, which accommodates two people, could have other uses, such as for disaster relief and housing for the London Olympics.For music events, the cardboard houses will be ordered online and put up at the sites by the Myhab team before the festival-goers arrive and removed by the company afterwards. They can be personalized and the company will offer reductions on the expense if people agree to sell exterior (外部的) advertising space.The biggest festivals attract tens of thousands of participants, with Glastonbury having some 150,000 each year. Altogether there are around 100 annual music festivals where people camp in the UK. The events are becoming increasingly environmentally conscious.12. “Eco-friendly tents” in paragraph 1 refer to tents _.A. economically desirableB. favorable to the environmentC. for holding music performancesD. designed for disaster relief13. Mr. Dunlop established his business _.A. independently with an interest-free loan from MintB. with the approval of the Citys administrationC. in partnership with a finance groupD. with the help of a Japanese architect14. It is implied in the passage that _.A. the weather in the UK is changeable in summerB. most performances at British festivals are given in the open airC. the cardboard tents produced by Mr. Dunlop can be user-tailoredD. cardboard tents can be easily put up and removed by users.15. The passage is mainly concerned with _.A. an attempt at developing recyclable tentsB. some efforts at making full use of cardboardsC. an unusual success of a graduation projectD. the effects of using cardboard tents on music festivalsEDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from AF for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need. ADo established musicians have a responsibility to guide and assist young up- andcoming musicians?BDid anyone promote your musical education when you were growing up?CWhat kind of “world music” do you enjoy?DWhats your comment on pop music?EDoes the contemporary music press give jazz the coverage it deserves?FWhats wrong with the music on the radio?An interview with Wynton Marsalis, a noted jazz musician16. _There were the older jazz musicians who hung around our house when I was young. I saw how much they practiced, how serious they were about their art. I knew then I had to work just as hard if I wanted to succeed. Of course, my father inspired me a lot, and many teachers took the time to nurture my talent and the talents of other students in our school.17. _Yes. Weve done such a poor job with music education because, as a society, we havent maintained the kind of education that a true artist and musician needs. Young people havent been able to equate romance and talent with music. For instance, most of the people who make it in th