似是而非——单项填空“相似题”探秘.doc

似是而非高考英语单项填空“相似题”探秘 河北宣化科技职业学院 温荣 纵观近年全国高考英语单项填空试题，命题思路不断更新，特别是对似是而非的知识设置命题以拉开区分度。为了帮助同学们应对自如，笔者对各省、直辖市的试题进行了归纳分析，以便启示同学们做到以不变应万变。考点一：主动表被动与汉语相比，英语多用被动语态，有些词或结构即使在形式上不使用被动语态，却表示被动的含义。例：The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of original building _ now. (2010重庆卷) A. remains B. is remained C. is remaining D. has been remained解析：由于and后面的句子具有被动含义“仅有一点原貌被保留下来”，所以容易误选B。实际上remain是不及物动词，没有被动语态，所以正确答案为A. remains。类似remain的词还有happen，take place, stay, sell等。类似的考题还有不定式的主动形式表示被动的含义，同学们要注意：例：I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _ .（2008全国卷I）Ato be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed解析：正确答案为B。命题中The morning air 和breathe显然有被动关系（空气被呼吸），但是正确答案却是主动语态。为什么？原因是：在“主语（物）+ be + 性质形容词（如easy/difficult/hard/pleasant/possible等）+ 不定式”结构中，不定式需要用主动式表示被动。试比较：Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _. (2009 湖南卷)A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused解析：正确答案为D。本题区别上题在于，考查的是for to do的结构，在此处做目的状语，因为“浪费是被减少的”，故应使用被动形式to be reused。考点二、貌似强调句强调句是高考的重点和热点，由于我们对这个句型足够重视。所以命题者从其他角度考查而使我们掉入强调句的圈套。这样的题型往往是拉开区分度的题目，同学们一定要慎重分析句子结构进行选择。例：It was April 29,2011 _ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.（2011福建卷）A. that B. when C. since D. before正确答案为B. 此题的迷惑性在于使人误认为考查强调句结构“It is + that + ”而误选A. that 。实际上，本题考查定语从句，先行词是April 29,2011，在从句中作时间状语，所以只能选择when=on April 29,2011 。使用代入法验证即：on April 29,2011，Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.例：- What do you think of teaching, Bob?- I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.（2009北京卷）A. where B. which C. when D. that解析: 正确答案为A。此题同样貌似考查强调句结构而误选D. that 。实际上空格后面还是一个定语从句，来修饰先行词a job(具有抽象地点的概念)，从句中正好缺少状语，所以选择where作地点状语。试比较：Johns success has nothing to do with good luck, It is years of hard work _ has made him what he is today.(2010湖南卷)A. why B. when C. which D. that解析: 正确答案为D。强调句的特点是去掉句套子“it + is/was + +that+”后，不影响原句，即原句不缺成分。由此，本题句子去掉句套子后为：Years of hard work has made him what he is today.句子结构完整，所以是强调句，正确答案为D。考点二：貌似固定用法有些高考命题貌似考查常见的固定结构或短语，实际上仔细分析却不是考查这些，而是考查其他语言项目。例：Peter was so excited _ he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.（2009重庆卷）A. where B. that C. why D. when 解析：正确答案为D。本题貌似考查so that ， 大家一定很熟悉了，但是不要上当哦，此题可不能选择that。实际上横线后是个时间状语从句，意为“当收到朋友邀请他到重庆旅游时，比特非常激动”。所以只有when合适。试比较：I havent seen Ann for _ long that Ive forgotten what she looks like. (2008四川卷)A. such B. very C. so D. too 解析：正确答案为C。本题才是考察so that 引导结果状语从句，句意为“我很长时间没见安娜了，以致于忘了她长什么样子了”。考点四：从句的分割一般地，定语从句或同位语从句的先行词和后面的从句是紧挨着的，但有时候先行词和从句被其他成分隔开，扰乱了思路，从而不能正确理解句子。例：News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.（2009四川卷）A. which B. what C. that D. where解析: 正确答案为C。此题貌似考察定语从句，容易误认为先行词是the school office， 误选D. where。实际上本题考查的是同位语从句，而且先行词news与同位语从句分离。可以转换为：News（_ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University）came from the school office.先行词是抽象名词news，括号里的从句不缺少成分，故只需一个从属连词，所以应该选择that。试比较：I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江卷)A. which B. where C. how D. why解析：正确答案为B。此题考查的是先行词与定语从句相分离，而上题是先行词与同位语从句分离，很是相似。句中先行词a point与定语从句被in my life分离。可转化为：I have reached a point（_ I am supposed to make decisions of my own）in my life. 先行词a point意为“高度，定点”属于抽象地点，可以用where=in this point在从句中作状语。考点五：宾补的多样化宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式以及形容词等，所以不要形成思维定势，从短语或习语方面考虑答案，否则就会顾此失彼。例：The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.（2008全国卷II） A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up解析：正确答案为C。此题貌似是对使役结构“have sb. done”的考查，所以好多同学误选A. picked up。实际上使役动词have的宾补可以是：doing，done或省略to的不定式等，选择哪种形式，得分析宾语和补语的关系。选用doing表示与宾语的关系为“主动，一直进行”，用done表示与宾语是“被动”关系，使用省略to的不定式与宾语的关系为“主动，即将做”。此题如果选择D. picking up，显然不可能在开会期间一直吃热狗，所以只能选择省略to的不定式C. pick up。试比较：Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _? (2009全国卷I)A. take B. taking C. taken D. to take解析：正确答案为C。此题with的宾语he decisions和taken是被动关系，所以应选择C.意为“既然我们已经讨论完问题了，人们对已被采取的决定满意吗？”。同学们应该熟悉以下可以跟-ing分词，-ed分词或不定式做宾补的词：1.感官动词如see, watch, notice, hear，feel等；2.使役动词have，get(不定式带to), make, leave等。这类词或结构选择-ing分词，-ed分词，不定式结构做宾补，要根据宾语和他们的关系或作用来确定。 再如：Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. (her与waiting主动，表示一直)He left the dog tied to the tree and barking sadly (the dog与tied to被动，the dog与barking主动，一直叫)。考点六：情态动词表推测情态动词的意义较多，在语境中不好把握，也是高考的重点和难点，近年高考对must, may ，cant和shall以及它们的过去式表示“推测”的考查很频繁。一定要明白：must表示的是肯定的推测语气最强，意为“一定，必定”；can表示推测，意为“可能”，但不能用在肯定句中，多用在否定句，即cant，意为“不可能”； may表推测意为“也许，可能”，语气最弱；shall表示推测，用在第二人称中，意为“按理说，应该说”。例：I cant find my purse anywhere.You _ have lost it while shopping.(2008重庆卷)A. may B. can C. should D. would解析：正确答案为A。此题容易误选B。但是can表示“推测”，不能用在肯定句中，所以不选。should表示“应该说”，D项would不表示推测。根据句意，应该选择A. may（可能）。试比较： Hi，Tom. Any idea where Jane is?She _ in the classroom ,I saw her there just now.（20098重庆卷)Ashall be B. should have be C. must be D. might have been解析：正确答案为C。本题貌似可以选A. shall(应该是)。但是shall表推测，只用在第二人称。B. should have be表示“过去本来应该, 而实际没 ”。D. might have been表示“可能已经 ”。只有C. must be表示“一定是”，符合句意。再比较：You _ be hungry already you had lunch only two hours ago.（2008浙江卷）A. wouldnt B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt解析：正确答案B。根据句意“你不可能饿了，你两小时前才吃的午饭啊”，显然是表示否定的推测。而wouldnt表示意愿，mustnt表示禁止“不准”， neednt表示“不必”。考点七：it作形式主语it的用法很多，特别是it作形式主语，代替主语从句时，同学们容易形成思维定势：即认为在It+主语从句+是一个固定结构，从句只能是由that 引导。殊不知，引导主语的词还有whether，when, where, what等，所以只能根据句意进行选择。例：It is not decided _ the project will be finished.A. when B. that C. what D. which解析：正确答案为A。好多同学误选 B. that，原因本题貌似用it作形式主语，代替that从句。可是，如果仔细分析句意“这项工程何时完成还没有被决定”。由于连词that在主语从句中没有意义，显然不合适。这个考点是命题趋势，同学们一定要重视。试比较：It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future.(2009天津卷) A. as B. which C. whether D. that解析：正确答案为D。本句就是it作形式主语，代替that从句，根据句意“很明显，对学生们来说他们应该对他们的未来做好准备”。后面的主语从句不缺少成份，意思完整，只能选择连词that。考点八：存在句结构There be时存在句同学们很熟悉，除了there be 外，存在句还有其他形式如：there remain, there exist, there happen, there stand, there lie等等 。例：_ a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.(2009安徽卷)A. It has B. They have C. It remains D. There remains解析：正确答案为D。句意为“对于这个项目的价值，人们仍有些怀疑”，貌似A. It has符合句意。实际上，本题考查存在句。除了there be 外，存在句还有其他形式如：there remain, there exist, there happen, there stand, there lie等等 。如：If there happens an accident like that again, well have only ourselves to blame.试比较：_ still a lot of work to be done before the house is ready for occupation.A. It has B. There are C. There exists D. It have 解析：正确答案为C。本题容易选择B, 误认为考查there be 结构。考点九：such和so的考查貌似考查so+形容词+that或such+形容词+名词+that，却忽视了such和so另为两种的用法：so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that；such + a/an+单数可数名词+that。例：The Great wall is _ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.（2009上海卷变形）Aso well-known B. so well-known a C. such well-known a D. such well-known解析：正确答案为B。容易误选A或D，误选A认为是考查“so+形容词+that”；误选D则认为考查“such+形容词+不可数名词+that”。实际上，so和such还有两种表达结构“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that；such + a/an+单数可数名词+that”。本题attraction是一个可数名词，因为主语The Great wall是单数形式,所以排除了A和D后，只有B符合要求。试比较：The Great wall is _ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.（2009上海卷）Aso a well-known B