考研英语长难句分析.doc

/menu/201209/198057.shtml20121. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.【分析】复合句。主句主干为 justices acted。in several instances 和 in ways作状语， that 引导定语从句修饰 ways。【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements.【分析】复合句，主句为 That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是 that 引导的名词性从句。【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。【词法拓展】it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰 the code of conduct。【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.【分析】复合句。主句为 They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为 they would be free.and have no need.。【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property.【分析】复合句。主句为 Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语 rooted in. 作定语修饰 choices, 介词短语 like liberty and property 修饰 concepts。【译文】宪法是由植根于自由和所有权等基本社会观念的选择造成的，因此它是政治性的。【临摹】意识形态总是植根于不断变化的权力结构与权力斗争中。6.When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.【分析】多重复合句。主句为 the law.is inescapably political。when 引导时间状语从句；it shapes 为省略引导词的定语从句，修饰 the law, it 指代 the court; which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰主句，其中包含 why 引导的表语从句。【译文】当法院处理社会决策时，它适用的法律不可避免地具有政治性这也就是为什么不同意识形态的决策容易被认为是不公正的而不予考虑。7. The justices must address doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.【分析】简单句。句子主干为 The justices must address doubts，介词短语 about the courts legitimacy 修饰 doubts， by making.作方式状语。【译文】法官必须通过对行为准则负责来解除人们对于法院公正性的怀疑。【点拨】1)address 在本句中作及物动词，意为“处理，对付”，如：to address an issue 处理问题。2) accountable to 意为“对.负责”。3) the code of conduct 意为“行为准则，行为规范”。【临摹】当政府对人民负责时，国家才更有可能繁荣发展。2011年1. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.【分析】简单句。句子主干为 Laughter does produce short-term changes。 介词短语 in the function of.作 changes 的后置定语，句末的现在分词短语 boosting.作伴随状语。【译文】“笑”确实能给心血管带来短期的变化，提高心率以及对氧气的吸收。2. But because hard laughter is diffficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.【分析】复合句。句首为 because 引导的原因状语从句。主句的主干为 a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits，主句包含 the way 引导的方式状语从句，say 作插入语。【译文】但是，由于“大笑”很难持续，一场酣畅淋漓的大笑给心血管带来的好处，不可能会像散步和慢跑给心血管带来的好处那样明显可见。3. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.【分析】复合句。句首 It 为形式主语，真正的主语为 that 引导的从句。从句由 but 连接的并列复合句构成，第一个分句包含 because 引导的原因状语从句，第二个分句包含 when 引导的时间状语从句。【译文】19世纪末曾有人提到：人类不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是因为流泪而悲伤。4. In an experiment pubished in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 social psychologist FritzStrack .asked volunteers to hold a pen.。句首的介词短语作整句话的状语；either with .or with. 作动词 hold 的方式状语，第一个状语后的现在分词短语作目的状语，第二个状语后 which 引导非限定性定语从句。【译文】1988年发表过一项实验，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨斯特拉克和他的同事们招募了一批志愿者。他们让一部分人用牙齿咬住一支笔，从而在脸上制造出“人工笑脸”；或是用嘴唇叼着笔，从而产生“沮丧表情”。5. Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggeating that expressions may inflence emotions rather than just the other way around.【分析】复合句。主句为 Those. reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons，过去分词短语 forced to.作后置定语修饰 those。than 引导比较状语从句，该从句中的主语 those 由定语从句修饰，因其较长，谓语又因与主句重复而省略为 did，所以用倒装语序。suggeating. 为现在分词结构作结果状语，其中包含 that 引导的宾语从句。【译文】那些用牙齿咬着笔，表现出笑容的人比那些用嘴唇叼着笔、表现出沮丧神情的人在看搞笑的动画片时所作出的反应更丰富。这就证明了表情能够影响情绪，而不是情绪影响表情。【点拨】1) contract 作名词时意为“契约，合同；婚约”；作动词时意为“缔结，订契约；染上（恶习，疾病等）；（使）收缩，（使）紧缩”。2) frown“皱眉，蹙眉”，既是动词也是名词。2010年1. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects behavior.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 the studies ended up giving their name to the Hawthorne effect。the extremely influential idea.补充说明 Hawthorne effect，是其同位语，其中 idea 之后是 that 引导的同位语从句。同位语从句中，主句为 the very act，of being experimented upon 是其后置定语，谓语为 changes，宾语是 subjects behavior。【译文】然而，这些研究最终以被冠之为“霍桑效应”的概念而告终，这个极具影响力的概念认为，仅仅是接受实验这一行为就足以使受试者的表现发生改变。【点拨】1)subject 作名词时，是“主题、学科、对象、主语”的意思，结合语境，本句中意为“接受实验对象，受试者”。作动词时，意为“使服从；使遭受”，常与 to 搭配。作形容词时，意为“受.支配的；易遭.的”。2)end up doing sth.“结果是.，最终.”。【临摹】他十分贪婪，结果被街边小贩给骗了。2. Accoding to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increasd, but also it was dimmed.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 their hourly output rose。 连接两个由 when 引导的并列时间状语从句，后一时间状语从句中 it 指代的是 lighting。 此处注意 not only.but also.结构在实际运用中可以省略 not only 或 but also。 Accoding to作状语。【译文】实验报告表明，当照明灯变亮时，女工们每小时的产出会增加，而当照明灯变暗时，她们每小时的产出仍会增加。【点拨】account 作名词时，常用意为“理由，解释”或 “账目、账单”，本句中的意思是“报告、描述”。作动词时，常与 for 搭配，意为“说明.的原因；（在数量、比例方面）占”。3. An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workerss behavior by itself.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 。An awareness.seemed to be enough to alter.。 that 引导同位语从句补充说明 awareness， 其中 they 指代后面的 workers。be enough to do “足以.”。【译文】只要意识到她们在接受实验，这一意识本身似乎就足以改变工人们的行为。4. Contrary to the description on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 no systematic evidence was found.。 Contrary to 作句子状语，that 引导的从句作 evidence 的同位语，为避免句子头重脚轻，此同位语从句与先行词被谓语分离。【译文】与有记载的描述相反，没有找到系统的证据来说明劳动生产率的水平与光照的变化有关。5. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of what happened.【分析】复合句，句子主干为 It turns out that.， It 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句，其主干为.way.may have led to misleading interpretations，其中 of conducting the experiments 是 way 的后置定语，of what happened 是 interpretations 的后置定语。从句中使用了“may+have+done”结构，表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”。【译文】这表明也许是实验所采取的独特方式造成了对所发生事情的误解。【点拨】peculiar 意为“特有的，独具的”时，其后常跟介词 to。本句中意为“独特的，特殊的”。【临摹】十年后的今天，这些特殊的生存本领被证明是优秀企业家的技能。6. When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 output duly rose.and continued to rise。句首 when 引导时间状语从句。主句中含有表比较意义的短语 compared with.，在句中作状语。for the next couple of days 为时间状语。【译文】当星期一复工时，产出与上星期六相比会适当地有所增加，并且会在接下来的几天内持续增加。临摹答案5. A decade later it turns out that these peculiar survival traits are skills for not being too bright.7. However, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went upon Monday.【分析】复合句。句子主干为 a comparison.showed that.，that 引导的宾语从句。 with data 作 comparison 的后置定语，其中包含 when 引导的定语从句修饰 weeks。【译文】但是，和没有进行试验的几周的数据进行对比发现，周一的产出总是会增加。20091. This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright.【分析】复合句。本句主干为 This suggests that.，that.。 两个 that 引导并列的宾语从句。【译文】这就意味着“昏暗的灯泡（笨脑瓜）更耐用”，不特别明亮（不特别聪明）也是一种优势。【点拨】dim 意为“暗淡的；模糊的”，除作形容词外，还可作动词用，意为“使变暗淡；使变模糊”。【临摹】如果经常闭门不出，买车就没有什么用了。临摹答案1. There is little advantage in buying a car if you are confined to your house.2. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow off the starting line it depends on learninga gradual processinstead of instinct.【分析】复合句。本句的谓语动词有三个：takes，burn 和 is。because 引导原因状语从句，其中插入语 a gradual process 作 learning的同位语，对 learning 进行补充说明。【译文】它需要更多的给养，消耗更多的能量，而且起步比较慢，因为聪明依赖学习一个循序渐进的过程而不是一种本能。【点拨】upkeep 是由“副词+动词”构成的合成词，意为“（房屋，设备等的）保养，维修；保养费，维修费”，其相应的短语 keep up 意为“继续，坚持，保持，维持”。3. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to stop.【分析】并列复合句。and 连接两个并列分句。在第二个分句中，theyve apparently learned 是修饰 things 的定语从句，when to stop 由“特殊疑问句词+动词不定式”构成，作表语。【译文】很多其他的物种也能学习，而且它们显然已经学会的一件事就是何时停止学习。【点拨】apparently 在此处的意思是“显然地”，另外一个意思是“表面上地（未必真实地）”。4. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligencies might be.【分析】复合句。介词短语 Instead of.I.Q.-wise作句子状语，句子主干是 it.asks。 what 引导的从句作 ask 的宾语。【译文】这一问题不是惆怅地回望那些我们人类在智力上已远远超越的物种，而是含蓄地询问我们的智力的真正代价可能是什么。【点拨】1) cast a glance at 表示“瞥一眼”。2) wistful 意为“惆怅的，忧思的”。3) I.Q.-wise 由I.Q. + -wise 而来，后缀 -wise 表示“关于”。4) implicitly 意为“含蓄地，暗示地”。【临摹】当她走到巷子尽头时，她用惊奇的眼光望了一眼那所红房子。5. Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had the chance.【分析】多重复合句。本句的主干结构为 Research.make us wonder.。wonder 后跟 what 引导的宾语从句，其中包含 if 引导的条件状语从句，宾语从句使用了虚拟语气。【译文】对于动物智力所做的研究同样也使我们思考:如果动物们有机会的话，它们会对人类做什么样的实验。【点拨】wonder 在此处为及物动词，意为“想知道”，后面常跟疑问动词，另外还有“对.感到奇怪，对.感到怀疑”的意思。wonder 还可以作名词，意为“惊奇；奇迹”。临摹答案4. She cast a glance of surprise at the red house as reached the end of the lane.6. They would try to decide what intelligence in huamns is really for, not merely how much of it there is.【分析】复合句。本句的主干是 They would try to decide.。decide 后跟两个并列的宾语从句，分别由 what 和 how much 引导。【译文】它们会试图判定人类智力的用途，而不仅仅是人类有多少智慧。【临摹】燃放鞭炮不仅仅被看作讨厌的事，而且还被认为是对人的生命财产的严重威胁。20081. The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.【分析】复合句。主句主干为 The idea is one of those hypotheses。 第一个 that 引导同位语从句补充说明 idea，第二个 that 引导定语从句修饰 hypotheses。【译文】有一种观点认为，某些民族的智商可能要高于其他民族，这种观点是一种不敢冠之以名的假设。【点拨】dare not speak its name 为一个固定结构，意为“不敢说出名”、“不敢冠之以名”、“无法说出口”。【临摹】有些医生称这种病是一种“不敢说出其疾病名称的诊断。”2. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when was first suggested.【分析】多重复合句。主句主干是 He helped popularize the idea。that.infections 为 idea 的同位语从句，其中 not previously.cause 作 diseases 的后置定语；which 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰 the idea；when 引导时间状语从句，其中代词 it 也指代 the idea。【译文】他曾经使一种观点广为人知，即某些以前被认为不是由细菌导致的疾病实际上也是传染病，这一观点在首次提出时就引起了很多争议。【点拨】1) arouse (not little/much/a lot of)controversy 意为“引起（不少）争议”。 2) suggest 意为“提出”。【临摹】不过，网络实名制在我国国内还是引起了不小的争论。3. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggeats that one group of huamanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.【分析】多