participle分词.doc

非谓语动词一、概念非谓语动词指不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词主要有不定式、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式三类。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。二、真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：1 具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。2 具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。3 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。4 具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。三、解题思路：1.、解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）。2.、找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）。3.、搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。4.、将该选项置入空中，看能否做到自从意顺，或传达有效信息、完成交际任务。（二）动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。具有名词、代词、形容词、副词的特征，同时还具有动词的某些特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语和状语。一、 语法功能1. 动词的-ing形式在句中作主语，往往表示事物化、抽象化的概念，而且谓语动词一律用单数。有时用it作形式主语，把-ing形式置于句尾。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。Reading is an art. Seeing is believing.Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.It was hard getting on the crowded bus.2. 作宾语。作动词的宾语I enjoy reading China Daily.They are practicing singing an English song.适用动词的-ing形式作宾语的常用动词和短语有：admit, advise, allow, avoid, cannot help, cant stand, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, suggest, understand. 做介词的宾语动介结构：We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?We should prevent the river from being polluted.动词的-ing形式作介词的宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关. 下列皆为动宾结构，其后如果出现非谓语形式，只能为动词的-ing形式，其中的to皆为介词，而不是不定式符号。admit to, succeed in, be equal to, get down to, devoteto, depend on, object to, insist on, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, take to, see to(注意，处理), set about, lead to, burst out, think about, be/get/become used to。名介结构：Our chemistry teacher has a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.Theres still hope of achieving more success though youre faced with lots of difficulties.形介结构：Im tired of having the same food every day.Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.The music is well worth listening to more than once. 作形容词的宾语。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meeting.3. 作宾语补足语。若句子由主动语态变为被动语态，则原来的宾补变为主补。动词的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面做宾补，其中宾语和宾补存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且表示动作正在进行，状态正在持续。I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.动词的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, send等表示“使”的动词后，做宾补。Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.The man left us standing alone, unable to find any help.Dont have your children working hard at their homework all the time.（宾补）Your children should not be kept working hard at their homework all the time.(主补)Parents should learn to keep their children most often using their minds.4. 做表语。表示主语的内容（此时主语和表语可互换位置），主语的某种性质或状态。Your task is cleaning the windows.=Cleaning windows is your task.What I hate most is being laughed at.What you said is really inspiring.The speech you delivered is very interesting and encouraging.5. 做定语。有的需要置于名词前，有的则需要置于名词后。表示被修饰词的某种用途，此时动词的-ing形式常置于被修饰的词之前，叫动名词。a walking stick=a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking, a washing machine, a reading room, sleeping pills, an opening speech。表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态，此时的-ing形式称作现在分词。形容词性的动词-ing形式作定语，一般置于被修饰的词的前面。He is a promising young man.Have you got some interesting storybooks for children?表示进行意义的单个动词的-ing形式作定语，一般置于被修饰词之前。Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child.短语式动词的-ing形式作定语，必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.Those wishing to join this club should sign here.=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.动词-ing形式的完成形式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义，最好用定语从句。The girl having won the race is my roommate.(一般不这么说)The girl who has won the race is my roommate.但非限定性定语的完成式作定语或所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London.6. 作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.（时间）We are ready for the examination, having made full preparations.Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer.（原因）Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. （结果）I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.（方式，伴随）My parents wrote me a letter, telling me to change my job.Talking and laughing, the children walked one by one into the classroom.Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. （条件）Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.Working hard as he did, he still couldnt succeed. （让步）It was freezing cold yesterday. （程度）Mary is an amazing beautiful girl.She often goes climbing with her friends. (go+动词的-ing形式，表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动)。Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 我们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语，如：roughly speaking, broadly speaking, narrowly speaking, judging from/by, supposing, providing, considering）.Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.注： 不定式和-ing形式都可作结果状语，但用法和意义不同。不定式往往表示出乎意料之外的结果，而-ing形式往往是前面主句的后果。She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed. 用-ing形式作状语时，可以根据需要在其前面加上when，while，before, after, since, until, once, though, although, as long as, so long as, unless, as if, as though, even though, even if, even though等词，表示特殊的含义。as后不能跟-ing形式。Dont talk while having dinner.When crossing the street, do be careful.Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it.As long as going into the reading room, you should keep quiet.二、 动词-ing形式的时态与语态1. 一般式（doing）：表示一般性的动作或动作与谓语动词同时发生，发生在谓语动作之前（习惯）或之后。Being careless is not a good habit, whatever you do.(一般)The children surrounded the teacher, listening attentively to her story.（同时）Following the guide, we were walking into the deep virgin forest.（同时）I dont remember ever meeting you on the beach.（之前）Thank you for giving us so much help last time we were in queens.（之前）Most doctors strongly insist on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercise.（之后）2. 完成式(having done)：动作发生在谓语动词之前。I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal.I still remember having been taken to the sea for the first time.Having lived in New York for years, I know each part of it very well.3. 被动式：当逻辑主语同时也是-ing形式动作的承受者时，-ing形式用被动语态。 一般式（being done）:动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生。I dont like being laughed at in public. And Im sure no one would do so. 完成式（having been done）：动作发生在谓语动作之前。I am very pleased at your having been chosen as a member of the school volleyball team. 在大多数情况下都避免使用-ing形式完成式的被动式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其在口语中。I forget once being taken/having been taken to the city zoo. ing形式一般式的被动式在介词后作宾语时，无进行意义，being不可省略。She is af