电子工程专业英语.doc

专业英语：电子信息与通信专业科技英语 专业英语的学习目标：1熟练地阅读和准确地理解英语科技资料2熟练而准确地撰写英语论文及论文摘要第一章绪论1.1 引言内容安排：第一章: 绪论:简介英汉语言的对比；简介科技英语的特点。第二章: 基本翻译方法与技巧：先简单介绍科技英语翻译的基本方法与基本技巧；再通过大量的阅读来积累一定数量的专业词汇，熟悉专业文章的表达方式，熟悉并建立科技英语的语感，培养熟练阅读和理解的能力，掌握一定的书面翻译技巧。第三章: 专业英语论文及摘要的写作方法： 先介绍一些英语写作的基本技巧；再介绍一些论文摘要的写作方法。1.2 英汉语言的对比两种语言的差异主要存在于：词汇：词义、词类、词的搭配能力方面句法：句子结构、句序、句子内容的其他一些表达手段一. 英汉词汇现象的对比：1. 词的意义方面:1） 英语词义与汉语词义完全对等：The Pacific Ocean = 太平洋 Helicopter = 直升飞机2） 英语词义与汉语词义部分对等，它们在意义上概括的范围有广狭之分：marriage: 娶，嫁 sister: 姐，妹 gun:枪，炮3） 英语中有些词所表示的意义目前在汉语中还找不到最后确定的词来表达，这主要是一些新词：mascon (mass concentration)beddo4） 英语中一次多义的情况很多，必须联系上下文才能确定其汉语词义：study, cut, soft等2. 词类方面：英语中一词多类现象比汉语中更常见，且种类更多：汉语：工作：名词，动词英语：like:We like to study mathematics.Like charges repel each other.The sun does not look like a star.Never do the like again.3. 词汇的搭配能力方面:1） 有的名词要与固定的动词相搭配： 取得进步：achieve progress make progress 提高质量：raise qualityimprove quality2） 很多名词、形容词之后，要与固定的介词相搭配：be good at, give lessons in, result from注意：来自同一词根的动词、形容词、名词多数情况下是与同一介词搭配的：A depends on B.A is dependent on B.The dependence of A on B is.3） 名词与介词的搭配：有的名词要求在其前面使用某个固定的介词，来表示某种特定的概念：at rate, in direction, for purpose而有的名词则要求在其后面使用某个固定的介词来表示某一特定的概念：an experiment in physicsan experiment on electricity二. 各类英语词汇在科技英语中的用法及汉译法的简单介绍（共9类）1 冠词： 不定冠词：a, an定冠词：the1) 汉译法：There is a book on the desk. The book deals with semiconductors.The proof of the theorem is very simple.The voltage between the base and the emitter is small.2) 冠词的特殊用法：all, both, half + the +名词：Both the instruments are good in quality.Such, what + a(an) （+形容词）+名词：In electrical engineering, such a large unit is seldom used.How, as, so, too +形容词+ a(an) +名词：Too low a frequency may actually introduce spurious frequency components.Quite, rather + a(an) +形容词+名词：Silver is quite a good conductor.Half + a(an) + 名词：This relation involves half an angle. 2 连接词：共分两大类：并列连接词：and, but, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut(also),等从属连接词：that, whether, if, after, although, though, as, as if, as though, because, before, since, so that, then, unless, until, when, where, while等1） and:注意：and 有多种译法，不能只译成“和”：*连接两个词或两个短语时，可译成：和，与，并且，以及，而，又等Small switches control lamps and radios.This computer is large and complicated.*连接两个句子或两个动作时，可表示进一步说明、表示对比或结果等，可译成：并且，同时，于是，而，从而，因此等We take a long piece of copper wire, and we need a straight piece of iron.Icb0 is negligibly small and can be negnected.*放在句首起承上启下的作用，可译成：于是， 而且，那么，同时等，或不译And something unusual happened.*不少情况下，and 可不译出来，特别是and 与go, come, stop, stay, try, pause, write, run, send, hurry up等动词连用表示目的时Before we do this, we should pause and consider.Now let us go one step further and differentiate the unit step function.*and连接了3个或3个以上的成分时，一般只在最后两个之间加and，而前面每两个之间用逗号分开（当特别强调时，也可在每两个之间加and）。This circuit consists of a battery, a resistor, and a capacitor.Another well-known method is due to Korringa and Kohn and Rostoker.课堂小练习：1.The Telstar satellite was used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.2. The echoes from these squeaks, bouncing off the obstacles ahead, return to the bats ears and, in some species, to the nose, and the bat can thus tell what lies ahead and how far away it is.*注意两个句型：nice(fine, good, lovely等)+and+形容词：非常，相当This instrument is nice and sensitive.Not等否定词A and B: 表示部分否定：并非，或是A或是BThat wire can not be used as an antenna and a feeder.2） Or:*有多种译法：表示选择：或者表示同位关系：即，也就是表示列举或并列：和，以及，又又The message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both.The center, or nucleus, of an atom contains positively charged particles called protons.The current in a capacitor leads the voltage by 90。, or, the voltage lags the current by 90。.小练习：1. The unit of impedance is evidently one volt per ampere, or one ohm.2. All these processes (speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction) involve a change in either the magnitude or direction of the velocity.3. It is important for the reader to learn and understand the basic concepts presented here, or the development and the applications of later topics will be difficult to comprehend.*注意：当or处在两个并列句之间，且or前也有逗号，有时要译成：要不然，否则A body must be made to move, or no work will be done.*or连接了3个或3个以上的成分时，一般只在最后两个之间加or，而前面每两个之间用逗号分开（当特别强调时，也可在每两个之间加or）。Input may be supplied via punched paper tape or magnetic tape or disks.*注意这个句型：not等否定词A or B：表示全否定，译成：既不A也不BRockets do not operate by “pushing” against the air, or anything else.Without numbers, we could not make airplanes or ships.3 数词数词的词性：基数词、序数词，可作形容词和名词。数词的用法：1） 数词可作数量状语：The sum becomes two less than the total of the operands.2） 序数词不强调次序时，从第二开始，科技文中常用：a second, a third等：A second method for describing the behavior of a sequential system is the use of a state diagram.3） First与复数名词连用时，译为：开头的，首批的，初始的，最早的等The first receivers did not have the capability of signal amplification.The first seven Chapters are organized for use in a one-semester course.4） 年代表示法：the 1990s = the 1990s = the nineteen ninetiesThe copper-oxide and selenium rectifiers of the 30s were also semiconductor diodes.5） 分数表示法：常用的公式：分子（基数词）分母（序数词，分子超过1时要用复数）one-third, three-fifths, a few (several)tenths of a volt, a (one) halfIf the control grid and cathode drive voltages are equal, the fed-through power is reduced about one-half.Let us reconcile ourselves to an error of a few tenths of a percent.有时，还特别加上part来表明分数：a hundredth part, three fifths parts, 3 parts per (in a) million, a part in 104 6） 若表示一个大约的整数，常用下列短语：tens of, dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of7） 倍数表示法：两种句型：n times +比较级+than = n times as +原级+as：比几倍increase by n times:增加了几倍注意：increase n times, increase n fold, increase by a factor of n是表示：增加到n倍，即增加了n-1倍。This wire is five times longer than that one.A proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron.在少数情况下，可以把比较级前的倍数使用by短语放在句尾：A proton is heavier than an electron by 1840 times.注意：如果比较级前是除倍数以外的具体数值，则表示纯增加或减少的数：This wire is five meters longer than that one.小练习：1. From 1970 to 1974 the production of transistor radios was increased six times.2. In case of electronic scanning the bandwidth is broader by a factor of two.3. The price of the personal computer of 1980 is a factor of 100 lower than that of the earlier model.8） 分数、百分数、倍数修饰名词时的句型：分数 the (或物主代词)+名词百分数 后接 that + 后置定语（of短语）倍数 what从句The moon is about one-quarter the size of the earth.The length of this helical antenna is five times its diameter.During the time when there is no oscillation, the grid bias is many times that corresponding to cut-off.In this case the risk of lung cancer falls to 30 to 50 percent that of smokers.作业1：将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中冠词、等立连词和数词的译法：1.We find that we are dealing with too large a class of circuits.2. At first glance, it seems that the causes of the magnetic field observed around a bar magnet and of the identical sort of magnetic field around a current-carrying wire must be entirely different.3. The equation has no roots, for the sum of three squares cannot be equal to 1.4. Evidently a conductor must be supported on an insulating handle or the charges developed on it will at once leak away.5. So-called “standard resistors” are available commercially with resistances ranging from 0.001 to 10,000 ohms, accurate to within a few hundredths of one percent.4 介词：介词在句中不能单独存在，它一定要与它的宾语（介词宾语）一起构成一个整体-介词短语而出现在句中。介词短语的主要构成形式：介词+介词宾语（名词，代词，动名词，名词性不定式，介词宾语从句）介词短语功能图： 系动词后 表语状语 主语 定语 谓语 动词后 状语被动态后状语 主补 句尾名词后：宾补，状语，定语A normal atom as a whole is electrically neutral.课堂小练习：分析下列介词短语的成分：1） We can make magnets with electric currents.2） These are batteries for transistor radios.3） A body in equilibrium must be either at rest or in motion with constant velocity.4） For this reason this section proves of interest to all types of communication engineers.注意事项：1） with短语等效于副词的情况：with （等介词）+ 抽象名词 = 副词with accuracy = accurately with care = carefullywith difficulty = difficultlywith skill = skillfullyon purpose = purposelyby accident = accidentally2） 有关of的几个常见的特殊用法：of + 某些抽象名词等效于形容词：of use = useful of value = valuableof interest = interesting of benefit = beneficial往往在以下情况下的名词短语前省去of:the +size, weight,the same（或其他形容词）width, age,形容词型物主代词 dimension等These matrices are the same dimension.Much, no, not, any等+use, help, good等：It is no use grounding this point.3) 极个别介词的用法：极个别介词后还可接形容词（如as），副词（如except, until）, 动词不定式（如except, but）。Nothing can be done about the external noise except to change the geographical position of the receiver.4) 介词短语可表示近似数：fromto, between, over, about, above, under等：From 50 to 60 instruments will be used in the test.5) 特殊的介词宾语：在几个极少数介词（最常见的是from, except, until等）后可以跟有介词短语做其介宾，甚至有时可用状语从句做介宾（主要在except后）： These radio waves are from outside the earth.Except in special cases the displacement and length of path of a moving body are not numerically equal.Eq.4 is not true, in general, except when the acceleration is constant.6) 介词短语可作插入语：in fact, in general, of course, for instanceThese problems are, of course, oversimplified.7) 介词短语也可作为主语补足语或宾语补足语，主要用在：set, keep, see, leave, force, find等及物动词之后，或as, of短语中Electromotive force is the potential difference that forces electrons through a wire or circuit.5 动词-英语的核心内容之一分类：连系动词：be, become, remain, turn, get, go, appear, sound, stay, look, stand等Transistor Q2 is still cut off so the output stays high.The rate of spontaneous emission into this cavity mode sounds big.助动词：be, do, have, will,shall半助动词：appear, seem, happen, remain, prove等不及物动词In cases where absorption occurs there appears to be a loss of radiant energy.These circuits proved to have serious limitations.情态动词：can, may, must, need, should等Only this ratio need be indicated since it is independent of signal level.实义动词：及物动词：有些可带有双宾语，give, tell, show等不及物动词：The right-hand rule tells us that in this case the conductors will repel each other.代动词：do, 出现在由than, as引导的状语从句中，偶尔也可用在定语从句或主句中。Ohms law applies to organic tissues as well as it does to wires and resistors.Whenever a current flows from one point to another, it does so because the electrical potentials at the two points are different.注意事项：1）cannot或can scarecely等否定副词的特殊用法：与某些副词（too, enough, perfect, sufficient等）或某些形容词的比较级或某些动词（overemphasize, overrate, overestimate, exaggerate等）连用时：无论都不过分，越越好：In doing an experiment, you cannot be careful enough.We cannot exaggerate the danger of attempting a short circuit directly across a voltage source.2) 情态动词（could, might）+ 动词完成式的用法：could+动词完成式的用法：表示过去有能力或有可能作，但实际上未作的动作或行为。This equation could have been solved by factoring.May, might+动词完成式：表示对过去行为的推测：You may have noticed that the mass of carbon is a bit larger than 12, 12.011 to be exact.3) may+进行体：表示可能（现在或将来）：Such a particle may be moving along a straight path at constant speed.6 副词1） 作状语-最常用：These electrons can move freely.Only under such a condition will a transistor work normally.Electrons move round the nucleus much as the earth moves round the sun.2） 作表语：主要表示地点和状态：That resistor is there to prevent parasitic oscillations.Transistor Q4 is strongly on.At this time the pulse is over.Operational amplifiers have been around since the 1940s.3） 作补足语：主要表示状态：This signal can make transistor Q2 off.4） 作定语：*一些表示地点及少数表示时间的单个副词：above, below, here, there, nearly, down, up, ahead, then, now, today等：The two equations below are very important.In general, we can say, for any body anywhere, weight=massacceleration due to gravity.The task ahead will be arduous.*“状语（特别是数量状语）+副词”作定语：It all began with the development 30 years ago of the transistor.We proceed from this point to a point(x2, y2) a little further on.注意：much和very用法上的主要差异：1） 修饰动词：只能用much, very much:It does not much matter in which direction this type of transistor is used.2） 修饰形容词或副词的比较级：只能用much, very much:This computer works much better than that one.3） 修饰形容词或副词：very: 用来修饰可分等级的形容词和副词much:用来修饰以a-开头的作表语的形容词及副词too:This equation is very difficult to solve.This new computer works very well.The two models are very much alike.The unit “farad” is much too large.4） 修饰分词：very: 修饰完全变成了形容词的现在分词或过去分词much: 修饰带有动词意义的过去分词That book is very interesting.Professor Smith is a very celebrated expert in physics.This is a much used type of multimeter.Exercise 2:将下列句子译成汉语，并注意句中介词、动词和副词的用法及译法：1. The capacitive reactance is appreciable except at frequencies near the high frequency cutoff.2. Alternating current as a source of power has certain advantages over direct current.3. The authors are with the IBM laboratories.4. This constant current will transport the same charge in the same time as does the varying current.5. At the resonant frequency z1 appears purely resistive.7 形容词：在句中主要作定语、表语和补语：A cart of mass m is stationary on a perfectly smooth, frictionless, horizontial path.Electromagnets make such things as electric motors possible.An input of the gate is left open.注意：1） 作后置定语的情况：*少数形容词常位于被修饰词之后，如：以-able或ible结尾的一些词（available, obtainable, usable, possible, responsible等）、corresponding, total, similar等：表示强调：The quantity of information we can send down the channel is approximately proportional to its range of frequencies usable.The instruments necessary are conventional.The video bandwidth 18 MHz is equivalent to 1200 voice channel total.在杂志名称中，international也经常后置：Pulp and Paper International还有一些形容词只作后置定语：present, whatever, whatsoever, else, inclusive, thereof, concerned:The energy within the spectrum is distributed smoothly among the various wavelengths present.Everything else in this equation can be measured except C.Up to this point we have not made any approximations whatsoever.In Chapter 9 to 14, inclusive, the detailed design of each of the components shown in Fig.1-4 is treated.*并列形容词作后置定语：由and, bothand, or, eitheror, neithernor等连接的两个并列形容词作后置定语，大多是非限制性的定语，用逗号与被修饰的词隔开，以示强调。The various modulation systems, analog and digital, are compared with one another.Yet there are connections, neither series nor parallel, for which the above-mentioned phenomenon occurs.This text is a help to digital designers both new and old.*修饰something, anything, everything, nothing; somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody; someone, anyone, everyone, no one等词时，形容词必须后置：Everything electronic will be done digitally.Coherent oscillators are nothing new.*“副词（或数量状语）+ 形容词”：也可作后置定语：Fig.4 shows a wire loop a long and b wide.The efficiency of the amplifier would be 50 percent, the maximum theoretically possible.Their electrical and magnetic properties, often paramount, are discussed in Chapters 14 and 15.2） 作状语的情况：单个形容词作状语，主要表示：方式，且绝大多数是un ed的形式：The signal waveform is transmitted undistorted so long as the instantaneous amplitude remains smaller than the bias voltage.The high-order cyclic digit passes through the converter unchanged.3） 形容词短语：构成：形容词+介词短语：similar to, capable of, different from等形容词+动词不定式：able to, necessary to, ready to, free to等形容词+状语从句：语法功能：可作定语、表语、补语：LSI chips have become available to the design engineer.These properties make laser beams different from other light beams.注意：作定语时：只能位于被修饰词后作状语时：其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语A method of timing accurate to millionths of a second is necessary.Einstein put up the principle of relativity, valid not only in mechanics but in all physics.*有时候，形容词与与其搭配的介词短语是可以分开的：This has a similar mathematical form to the gravitational one.*个别情况下，可以不译成定语而按次序进行翻译：Fig.5 shows the hoop and disk ready to start their trip down.*形容词短语作状语时须注意的两点：位于句首时往往表示原因、条件、时间、方式、让步、对主语的附加说明或评注性状语等：Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers can save man a lot of time and labor.Analogous to the eyelid, the camera shutter opens for a predetermined length of time to allow light to enter through the lens and expose the film.位于句尾时往往表示进一步说明或方式等：The force acts perpendicular to the x-axis.Is is zero, independent of the applied voltage.8 代词:分类：名词型 形容词型：its, their 或二者兼之功能：代词与被它修饰的词之间有如下逻辑关系：主表关系：Nuclear transformations are noteworthy because of their role in the evolution of the universe.Because of its simplicity, the circuit is widely used in power supplies.主谓关系：It is important to recognize that the gain coefficient is also a function of time through its dependence upon the population difference.Aikens machine was limited in speed by its use of relays rather than electronic devices.动宾关系：Chapter 8 is devoted to applications of the phase-locked loop and chapter 9 to its analysis.The limitation defined by Eq.2 restricts its use in important situations.注意：one和that 用法上的主要区别：1） one: 代替人，译成：人们，我们，大家，在句中主要作主语或宾语。By the “most efficient” algorithm one normally means the fastest.One还可代替其它可数名词，复数用ones.Sometimes the process is a very simple one.A working equation expresses the unknown quantity in terms of the known ones.注意one 和it 的区别：One: 指同类事物中的任何一个It: 指的是同名同物，即特定的某物，且前后绝不能带任何修饰语。2） that:既可代替可数名词（复数用those），又可代替不可数名词。它前面不可带任何前置修饰语，但后面常带后置修饰语（最常见的是of短语）：The conductivity of silver is higher than that of copper.Energy is that which may be converted into work.The electrodes in a cathode-ray tube are not the same as those in an electron tube.注意：在代替可数名词时，the one和that往往可以互换：This second result agrees with that (the one) obtained in example A.That可代替前述内容：这The ideas of saturation of gain can be applied to absorption-That is the purpose of this problem.代词的代后问题：1） 形容词性物主代词代替名词的所有格经常出现在句首的介词短语中：In their study of electr