外文翻译--- 半导体气敏传感器.docx

附录1： Semiconductor Gas SensorsResearch and development of gas sensors have shown great advances during the past decade. Semiconductor gas sensors mainly using SnO2 elements have been prevailing as detectors or alarms for leakage of LP ( Liquified Propane) gas and town gas, in addition to other applications. Gas sensors based on MOSFET, first proposed in 1975,have attracted interests of many researchers, and have been developed to a point of commercialization as a hydrogen detector. Solid electrolytes, represented by stabilized zirconia, have proven to be very promising sensor materials for oxygen, SO2, etc. This paper aims at reviewing briefly recent advances and trends in semiconductor gas sensors which were developed in a recent few years. Semiconductor gas sensors detect gases from a change in electrical resistance of an element made with a semiconductive metal oxide, typically SnO2. Although sensors utilizing -Fe2O3 or -Fe2O3 have been put into practical use, SnO2 sensor still has an overwhelming market share. The production of semiconductor gas sensors has grown into a large industry: more than 5 million pieces were produced in 1983. Most of them have been used in domestic homes as detectors or alarms for gas leakage. Field statistics has shown that gas alarms are quite effective to prevent an outbreak of gas leakage accident; the accident rate sharply decreases with an increase in gas alarm installation rate. It is useful to know actual Ltd. has analyzed the cases where gas alarms were effective for prevention of disastorous gas accidents. The result is shown in Fig.1. The causes are associated dominantly with mishanding or defects of gas appliances (66.8%), and then with stopcocks (11.3%), suicides (7.6%), gas pipes (6.7%), connectors (6.4%), and the others (1.2%). It is rather surprising that suicides are ranked in the third place in this analysis. Anyway semiconductor gas sensors have been so far given much credit as an important device for home security and the installation rate of gas alarms is increasing year after year. Several years ago a problem arose about SnO2 gas sensor when it was adopted at places like kitchens of underground restaurants where various inflammable gases came out into atmosphere from fuels and cookings very frequently during working time. In such a dirty atmosphere, the gas sensor tended to given an alarm at an inflammable gas concentration which was lowered gradually with an elapse of operation time. It has been pointed out that the problem was contributed by various factors but was associated most profoundly with the lowering of electric resistance of the sensor element due to its sintering at unexpectedly high working temperatures. The problem have been almost solved after revisions were made to the sensor element. Semiconductor gas sensors is being applied in various fields, domestic and industrial. Carbon monoxide has often been used as a sample gas for gas sensor researches. However, reliable CO sensors using SnO2 were Fig.1. Breakdown of causes of gas leakage Fig.2. Heater voltage and output(according to Osaka Gas Company Ltd.) voltage vs.elapsed time for a SnO2 based CO sensordeveloped only recently. The sensitivity of SnO2 sensor to CO is low at elevated temperatures below 100oC. On the other hand, operation at such low temperature is easily disturbed by contamination of the sensor surface with interfering gases such as water vapor and others. Thus the recently developed CO sensor adopts intermittent heat cycles during operation; sensor is heated to elevated temperature (300-400oC) to make the sensor surface clean while CO detection is made at a low temperature as shown in Fig.2. Combustion monitor sensors have been also developed by using SnO2 and perovskite-type oxide (La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3), respectively. These sensors measure the stoichiometric ratio of air to fuel, and applicable to kerosene or gas stoves, hot water supply systems, and so on. The sensor elements so far used practically are all porously sintered blocks of semiconductive oxides. However, thick film elements, which seem to be more compatible with large scale production and sensor integration, have been nearly developed for commercial production.译文： 半导体气敏传感器在过去的十年间，气敏传感器的研究和发展已经有了很大的的进步。除了其它方面的应用， 以SnO2为主的半导体传感器作为液化气和民用煤气泄漏的检测器和报警器来使用，已经越来越盛行。 1975年被提议的基于 MOSFET 的气敏传感器, 引起了许多研究员的兴趣，并发展成为商品化的氢检测器。 由稳定的氧化锆组成的固体电解质已证明是对氧气，SO2等的非常有前景的传感材料。被稳定的氧化锆表现的固体电解物,已经证明是氧， SO2 等的非常有希望的感应器材料。本文着眼于简要回顾近年来半导体气敏传感器的进步和发展趋势。 半导体气敏传感器通过半导体的金属氧化物电阻值的改变来检测气体，典型的氧化物如SnO2。 尽管利用- Fe2O3 或- Fe2O3 制成的传感器已经付诸实践，SnO2 感应器仍然有一个压倒性的市场占有率。 半导体气敏传感器的生产已经发展成了一个很大的产业，1983年就生产了超过500万片。它们大多数被用来作为家庭煤气泄漏的检测和报警器。 业内统计显示气体报警器对于防止气体泄漏事故的发生非常有效；随着报警器安装率的提高，事故发生率有了显著的下降。 知道气体报警减少意外事故的发生的起因是非常有用的。图1给出了结果。其中，对于煤气用具的错误使用占66.8%，活塞出问题占了11.3%，自杀占了7.6%，气体管道问题占了6.7%，连接器问题占了6.4%，其它占了1.2%。很相当令人惊讶地的是, 自杀在这项分析中排到了第三位。 不管怎么说半导体气敏传感器作为家庭安全的重要设施到目前为止已经建立了很好的信誉，它的安装率正在逐年上升。几年前，SnO2用在像地下餐馆的厨房这样的地方，那里许多可燃性气体不断地从燃料中进入到空气中，这样问题就随之而来了。在这样肮脏的大气中，传感器容易随时间推移渐渐降低性能。人们指出问题的形成有许多因素，主要是因为它在出乎意料的高温下烧结的低电阻值形成的。这个问题在对材料元素作了改进后已经得到了解决。 半导体气敏传感器正被应用到许多领域，家庭和工业。 一氧化碳时常被用当做一种样品瓦斯作为感应器研究。 然而，使用 SnO2 的可靠 CO 传感器最近才有发展。 在100C以下 S