2010届高三二轮复习专题课件：如何分析句子结构.ppt

如何分析英语句子结构 制片人制片人 杨明学杨明学 高三英语总复习语法系列训练高三英语总复习语法系列训练 一、要弄清楚英语句子的结构，我们先要弄清楚组成一个 句子的各个组成部分，即句子的成分：主语、谓语、宾语 、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语的概念。 1、主语：是一个句子所要说明的人和事物，是一句的主 体。如 I study English中的 I。作主语的有：名词、代词、 数词、不定式、动名词和主语从句。 2、谓语：它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如 I study English中的 study.作谓语的有：及物动词或及物动词短语 。 3、宾语：它是表示及物动词或及物动词短语所作用的对 象的，如 I study English 中的English和He makes full use of his spare time to study中的his spare time.介词后的名词或代 词，叫做介词的宾语，如He went away with no words中的 no words.作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名 词和宾语从句。 4、表语：它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征 的，如 That sounds a good idea中的a good idea.作表语的有 ：名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、表地点或方位 的副词、不定式、动名词、分词和表语从句。 5、定语：它是限定名词或代词用的，作定语的有：名词 、形容词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词和定 语从句，若是词则多作前置定语，若是短语或定语从句则 只能作后置定语。如the polluted river中的polluted和the river polluted by chemicals中的polluted by chemicals. 6、状语：它是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句用的。如I like it very much中的very 修饰much,而much 又修饰like。 作状语的有：副词（短语）、介词短语、不定式、分词（ 短语）、名词短语和状语从句。状语说明时间、地点、原 因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等 。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表频率或程度的副词应位 于句中be动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前。 地点和时间应按先小后大的顺序。 7、补足语：补充说明句中的主语或者宾语的，作补足语 的有：名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式和分词（短语） 。如I find it interesting中的interesting. 8、同位语：把一个名词（短语）、代词或从句放在另一 名词或代词后，用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词 或代词叫同位语。如We Chinese people love peace中的 Chinese people是主语We的同位语. 二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有以下三种类型： 1、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个 谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 2、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个或两 个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late , so we must hurry. 3、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如： If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们 实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来 的。因此，只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型，我们 就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用的连词来分析复杂的句 子。 三、简单句的五种基本句型： 1、主语+连系动词+表语 如： Im not feeling well today. Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. 连系动词有：be,seem,appear,keep,prove,turn out/look,feel, sound,smell,taste/become,grow,get,turn,go,come(true),fall(ill, asleep) 2、主语+不及物动词（或短语）（+状语） 如： The sun rises in the east. The Opium War broke out in 1839. 3、主语+及物动词（或短语）+宾语 如： They decided to hold a class meeting. We depend on our parents for food and clothing. 在此句型中，我们要掌握接动词不定式作宾语和接动名 词作宾语的动词。 4、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 如： My father bought me an electronic dictionary. Mr Wang teaches us chemistry. 用于此句型的动词有 buy,find,bring,give,teach,pass,show,tell, do,leave,get,lend,lose（使失去）,cost(使付出代价 ）,offer,promise,sing,write,deny,envy. 5、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 如： Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. The boy made his sister cry. Our teacher encouraged us to work hard. Our headteacher required us not to be late for class. 1)、接名词作补足语的动词有：call,choose,think,consider, believe,find,make,etc. 2)、接动词不定式作补足语的动词有：see,watch,notice,let, have,hear,make;ask,tell,order,require,want,advise,persuade, cause,encourage,permit(allow),forbid,teach.不能用于此结构 的动词有：suggest,demand,hope,agree. 3)、接形容词作补足语的动词有：think,believe,find,feel, consider,keep,leave,make,get,paint,wish,drive. 以上五种基本句型中的主语、宾语、表语都可扩展成相 应的从句，从而成为复合句。同时，复合句中的主、从句 也是由以上五种基本句型组成的。如： What he says doesnt agree with what he does. Why he came late is that his bike broke down on the way. It occurred to me that I had much homework to do. He promised me that he would attend the lecture. What has made the city what it is now? 另外，句子采用哪一句型，完全取决于谓语动词的用法. 因此，动词的用法是我们平时复习的重点。如： 1).最近几年我们家乡发生了巨大变化。 In the last few years,great changes have taken place in our hometown. 2).昨晚在十字路口发生了一起严重的交通事故。 A serious traffic accident happened/occurred/came about at the crossing yesterday evening. 3).我突然想到一个绝妙的主意。 An excellent idea occurred to me. 4).这家餐馆昨晚发生了一场火灾。 A fire broke out in the restaurant last night. 4).听到这个激动人心的消息，她脸上露出了笑容。 After she heard this exciting news,a smile appeared on her face. 5).欢迎你们参观我们学校！ Welcome to visit our school!/Welcome to our school! 6).一场暴风雨过后，苹果树上只剩几个苹果。 After a rainstorm,only a few apples remained on the trees. 除了以上不符合汉语习惯顺序的词之外，其它情况下英 语陈述句的句序和汉语的顺序是吻合的。我们可将英语陈 述句的句序归纳如下： 主谓（宾）/主系表一条线，定语和名词紧相连。 不是在后就在前，状语很少在中间。 四、长难句分析练习 1.They guess that racial differences in which dairy products are usually consumed,or in eating habitshaving small amounts of dairy products throughout the day,for instance, rather than a single large servingmay help explain the finding. 2.How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposes is fair and respectful? 3.Human beings have agreed,in the course of centuries of mutual dependency,to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs,throats,tongues,teeth,and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems. 4.Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head,by gold on the watch chain,or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in,so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises accordi