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最新电大国际贸易原理期末考试小抄判断题:1.世界贸易组织是一个非正式的国际组织 (错)2.按国际贸易内容为依据,可划分为出口贸易和进口贸易(错)3.当出口总值大于进口总值时,成为贸易逆差 (错)4.国际贸易是人类发展到一定历史阶段的产物 (对)5.对外贸易值是以货币表示的对外贸易额 (对)1.贸易条件又称贸易比价 (对)2.世界最早的商品交易所施在比利时的安特卫普建立的 (对)3.国富论的作者是李嘉图 (错)4.世界市场价格是商品国际价值的货币表现,即以货币表现的商品的国际价值(对)5.亚当斯密的国际贸易理论被称为绝对利益理论 (对)6.商业机构对商业机构的电子商务为B2C (错)3.对一个国家来说,如果价格一直很高,进口价格一直很低,则贸易条件会一直不利(错)3.国际分工是国际贸易的基础(对)6.中国进出口商品交易会又称广交会(对)1.凡期限在三年以上的投资成为长期投资 (错)2.按资本特性,国际投资可分为对外直接投资和对外间接投资(对)3.瑞士的雀巢公司是跨国公司 (对)4.内部化理论是有英国学者巴克利和卡森提出的 (对)5.建设-经营-移交简称B-O-T (对)6.教育服务属于服务贸易 (对)7.垄断优势理论是金德尔伯创建的 (错)8.服务贸易组织总协定中的国民待遇适用于所有部门 (错)9.按资本来源,国际投资可分为公共投资和私人投资 (对)10.国际服务贸易中大多数服务具有无形性 (对)1.全球配额属于世界范围的绝对配额 (对)2.进口配额又称出口限制额 (错)3.非关税壁垒比关税壁垒更具有隐蔽性和歧视性 (对)4.关税是进出口商品经过已过一国关境时,由政府所设置的海关向其进出口所征收的一种税(对)5.普惠制的主要原则是普遍的、歧视的、非互惠的 (错)6.非关税是指关税以外限制进口的各种措施 (对)7.名义关税税率越高,对本国同类产品的保护程度也越高 (对)8.对外贸易政策包括总政策和出口总政策 (对)9.双边贸易政策是由各国政府完全自主制定的外贸政策 (错)10.按照征税待遇,关税可分为普通关税、优惠关税和进口附加税 (对)1.关税与贸易总协定的原文分为序言和四大部分,共计36条(错)2.系统提出关税同盟理论的是萨缪尔森 (错)3.自由贸易区不能免征关税 (错)4.关税同盟成立后可减少行政支出 (对)5.GATT的全称是关税与贸易总协定 (对)6.欧洲联盟是当今世界一体化程度最高的区域政治、经济集团 (对)7.保税仓库是经海关批准专门用于存放保税货物的仓库 (对)8.ITC的全称是国际贸易委员会 (对)6.外汇倾销是出口企业利用本国货币对外贬值的机会,争夺国外市场的特殊手段(对)2.关税是一种直接税(错)单选题:1.世界上主要的贸易大国不包括 (泰国)2.2010年中国货物出口排名第几 (1)3.一定时期内的一国进出口服务贸易中以百分比表示的各类项目的构成称为(对外服务贸易结构)4.以下不属于对外贸易依存度的形式是 (贸易条件)5.国际贸易按交易对象划分不包括 (出口贸易)6.北美自由贸易区的成立时间 (1994)6.2010年5月24日,第二轮中美战略与经济对话在(北京)举行1.中国进出口商品交易会于哪年创建 (1957)2.商业机构对消费者的电子商务为 (B2C)3.当商品生产过剩时,商品价格 (趋跌)4.以下不属于对销贸易的是 (补偿贸易)5.国富论的作者是 (亚当斯密)6.以下不属于固定组织形式的国际市场的是(加工贸易) 7.当世界市场需求扩大时,商品价格 (趋涨)1.以下不属于借贷资本输出的是 (证券投资)2.2010年,服务出口世界排名第一的是 (中国)3.世界上最大的直接投资东道国是 (美国)4.垄断优势理论是谁创建的 (海默)5.()年4月15日,由111个国家和地区的代表正式签署服务贸易总协定(1994) 6.独资企业是指投入的资本完全由一国提供,外资股份占(95)以上的企业 7.国际生产折中理论 (邓宁)1.以下不属于非关税壁垒的特点 (公开性)2.以下不属于技术贸易壁垒的特点是 (稳定性)3.以进口商品的价格为标准计征的关税是 (从价税)4.在总配额内按国别或地区分配批给固定的配额,超过规定的配额便不准进口,这种配额方式是(国别配额) 5.反补贴税又称 (抵消税)6.财政关税又称 (收入关税)7.晚期重商主义学说的最重要代表人物是 (托马斯.孟)7.以下不属于按照征税的商品流向分类的税种是(优惠关税) 8.凯恩斯把反映投资增长和国民收入扩大之间的依存关系称为 (投资乘数理论)1.共同市场理论的代表人物是 (西托夫斯基)2.以下哪个不属于按时限长短划分的出口信贷种类 (买方信贷)3.我国在20世纪()年代开始在沿海地区设立保税区 (90)4.WTO建立的时间是 (1995)5.2007年欧盟成员国的个数 (27)6.()年12月11日,中国正式成为世贸组织成员 (2001)多选题:1.当代国际贸易包括 (ABCD 国际货物贸易;国际服务贸易;国际技术贸易;国际投资)2.国际贸易按货物移动方向划分为 (ABCDE 出口贸易;进口贸易;过境贸易;复出口与复进口;净出口与净进口)3.国际贸易按交易内容可划分为 (ABC 国际货物贸易;国际服务贸易;国际技术贸易)4.国际服务贸易的提供方式 (ABD 跨境提供;境外消费;自然人流动)1.贸易条件变化的影响因素有 (ABCD 选择的年份不同;出口价格;进口价格;出口数量指数)2.招标投标业务包括的步骤 (ABCD 招标;投标;开标;签约 )3.对里昂惕夫反论的解释及有关学说有 (ABCD劳动熟练说;人力资本本说;技术差距说;产品周期说)4.贸易条件的种类有 (ABCD 净贸易条件按;收入贸易条件;单项因素贸易条件;双项因素条件)5.当代国际分工的特点是 (ABCD发达国家居国际分工的主导地位;国际分工类型多样化;发达国家与发展中国家间工业分工的形式发生变化;区域性经贸集团内部分工加强)6.代理可分为 (BCD 包销;独家代理;一般代理)7.拍卖的出价方法 (BCD 增价拍卖;减价拍卖;密封递价拍卖)1.中国服务贸易发展特点 (ABCD服务贸易增速高于全球水平;服务贸易长期逆差;服务外包产业迅速发展;服务贸易区域发展极不平衡)2.国际技术贸易的方法有 (ABCD 直接投资;许可贸易;咨询服务和技术服务;合作生产)3.以下属于服务贸易的是 (ABCD 通信服务;金融服务;销售服务;教育服务)4.以下属于跨国公司的是 (ABCD爱迪生电气公司;龙尼莱佛公司;瑞士的雀巢公司;帝国化学公司)5.第二次世界大战后国际投资的特点是 (ABCD国际直接投资占主导地位 ;国际投资中的主体仍是西方发达国家;国际资本移动的流向发生了重大变化;对外直接投资的部门结构发生了显著变化)6.跨国公司运用转移价格的主要目的有 (ABCD 减少税负;转移资金;调节利润水平;增强子公司在国际市场的上竞争能力)7.借贷资本输出的方式有 (ABCD 政府援助贷款;借贷资本输出的方式;国际金融市场贷款;出口信贷)1.技术性贸易壁垒的主要内容有 (ABCD 技术标准;技术法规;合格评定程序;绿色贸易壁垒)2.外汇管制一般包括 (BCD数量性外汇管制;成本性外汇管制;混合型外汇管制)3.海关税则的主要种类有 (ABCD 单式税则;复式税则;自主税则;协定税则)4.晚期重商主义学说的政策与措施 (ABCD禁止若干国外商品;课征保护关税;出口退税;保护农业)5.关税税率表主要包括三个部分,分别是 (BCD 税则号列;货物分类目录;税率)6.按照商品流向分类,可分为 (ACD 进口税;出口税;过境税)7.绿色贸易壁垒主要有以下几种形式 (BCD环境技术法规与标准;产品检疫制度;绿色标志)8.对外贸易政策的层次 (ABCD单边贸易政策;双边贸易政策;诸边贸易政策;多变贸易政策)1.世贸组织的基本原则 (ABCD非歧视原则;市场开放原则;公平竞争原则;透明度原则)2.区域经济一体化按贸易壁垒取消的程度可划分为 (ABCDE优惠贸易安排;自由贸易区;关税同盟;共同市场;经济联盟)3.出口信贷按时间可分为 (ABC短期信贷;中期信贷,长期信贷)4.以下属于世贸组织机构的是 (ABCDE部长会议;总理事会;理事会;委员会;秘书处)5.商品倾销的种类可分为 (ABC偶然性倾销;间歇性倾销;长期性倾销)6.关税同盟的动态效果有 (ABCD 资源合理配置;获取规模经济利益;刺激投资;加速经济发展)3.世贸组织协议的主要内容 (ABCDE世贸组织的宗旨;世贸组织的范围、职能;世贸组织的机构与法律地位;世贸组织的成员;世贸组织的决策方式)请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The ter

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