初中英语定语从句专题复习.ppt

The Attributive Clause 定 语 从 句 Exercise 1 :用关系代词填空 1. The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate. 2. The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister. 3. I hate people _ talk much but do little. 4. The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful. who / that which/ that who / that which / that 5. The man _ hair is white is his grandfather. 6. Is there a student _ father is a business man? 7. This is the house in _ we have lived for 10 years. 8.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now. whose whose which that 当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词 只能用that. Exercise 2. 1. My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons and things _ they couldnt remember. 2. Say all _ you know. 3. Is there anything _ I can do for you? that that that 当先行词是something, anything, nothing, all 等词时，关系代词只能用 that. 4.This is the first play _ I have seen since I came here. 5. This is the best novel _ I have read. that that 当先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系 代词只能用that. 6.Who is the girl _is standing under the tree? 7. Which is the machine _ we used last Sunday. 当主句是who或which 引导的特殊疑问句 ，而中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用 that. that that Jack saw a bicycle advertisement in a newspaper. The price was 68 dollars. So he went to the shop and asked to see the bicycle. The salesman was happy to show him . Jack checked the bicycle carefully. Soon,he said , “There isnt a lamp on this bicycle ,but there was one on the bicycle in the ad.” “Yes ,sir,” answered the man , “but the lamp isnt included in the price of the bicycle. “Not included in the price of the bicycle ?” Jack said angrily, “but the lamp was in the ad.It should be in the price.” “Well ,sir ,” answer the shop owner coldly, “there was also a girl on the bicycle in the ad ,but we cant give you a girl with the bicycle,either.” It is an ad _ Jack is a person_ The bicycle in the ad is the one _ Its an invention which is used for keeping off the rain . 飘 Its a book that was written by Margaret Mitchell. Gone with the wind Its the Wall that was built by Chinese people. Its an animal that/which. 这三组句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同学 们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错 。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示 的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如1A 句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是 on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引 导词指的是状语,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一 种“谓状“关系,要分别用 where, when, where;而上 面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语 或主语,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的 fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,从句谓语 动词与先行词之间是一种“动宾“或“主谓“关系,因 此,引导词要用关系代词that或which(3B句是一个 非限制性定语从句,只能用which)。 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如 ：The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel 3我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上 演了两次。A. That is the school _we studied three years ago. B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2.A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy. B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he fixed for me to have the operation. 3. A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace. B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities. 通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看 先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用 关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。 2. 定冠词的有无 (1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore. (2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore. 有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如: sell取单数还是复数?分析:在(1)中,that 引导的定语从句修饰的是the books, 而(2)中one 前有了一个the, 句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是the one。因此(1)应用sell, (2)应用 sells。 再看: (1) Is this the boy _ you want to talk to? (2) Is this boy _ you want to talk to? 在这两个句子中,(1)the boy 是先行词,它在主句中是表语,定语从句修饰的是主句的表语 ,因此空格处应用whom, that(甚至who 也可以); 但(2)则不同,从结构上看,这个主句不全 ,this boy是主语,is是系动词,没有表语(先行词),所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词),写 成Is this boy the boy _ you want to talk to?这里boy重复,用one代替,然后再在空 白处加上关系代词whom(who),或that,即是Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to? 3. 注意标点符号的形式 有时我们会见到这样的句子: (1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: “Ive left for Harbin.“ (1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: “Ive left for Harbin.“ 一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句 子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。 (2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语, 代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。 超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析 定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样 的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。 1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you? 答案:去掉it。 解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词 作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾 语,故it是多余的。 2. Have you been to the company where she works there? 答案:去掉there。 解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。 3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you. 答案:将when改为which/that。 解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状 语。 4. Is this all what you want to say? 答案:将what改为that。 解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而 what不能引导定语从句。 5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers. 答案:将it改为which。 解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。 6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday. 答案:将when改为which。 解析: which指代时间(December 21)作定语从句的主语。 7. This is the ring for which she is looking. 答案:将for移到looking之后。 解析:look for是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。 8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week? 答案:在that前加the one。 解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把this history museum看作是定语从句的先行词。根据句子结 构,this history museum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词the one作主句中语。 9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class. 答案:将her改为whose。 解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词the monitor。 10. As you know it, he has left for Australia. 答案:去掉it。 解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。 11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted. 答案:将that改为which。 解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。 此处which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。 12. I dont like the way which you treat your mother. 答案: 1)在which前加in。 2) 将which改为that。 3) 去掉which。 解析:当先行词the way在定语从句中作状语时,其关系代词可用that/in which或不用。 13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting. 答案:将was改为were。 解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是 those, 故应用were。 14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai. 答案:在visited前加who。 解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。 15. Whos the old man whom you just shook hands? 答案:在hands后加上with。 解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略. 定语从句归纳拓展(一) 引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;关系副词有when、 where 、 why等。它们具有三个功能: 1.连接主句和从句; 2. 指代先行词; 3. 在从句中充当一种成分。如 :“This is the book that I want to buy.“that“连接主句“This is the book“和从句“I want to buy“,指代先行词“book“,并在从句中作 “buy“的宾语。 一、关系代词的用法 关系代词的选用:第一,取决于它指代的是人还是物,指代人时可用who 、 whom、 that或as, 指代物时用that、 which或as;第二,取决于它 在从句中充当的成分,关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等。 如: 1) The man who / that is standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在门口的那个人是我的英语老师。(who / that在从句中充 当主语) 2) Do you know the man whom / that we met in 指人的who和whom有格的区别:who在从句中作主语(在非正式说法 中也可作宾语),whom在从句中只能作宾语,不能作主语,也可以省略。 3) The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish the work in time. 使我们烦恼的问题是怎样才能按时完成这项工作。 (that / which在从句中作主语) 4) The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我买的这本书 值得一读。(that / which在从句中作宾语,这时可以省略) 关系代词whose一般指人,表示“该人的“,也可指物,表示“该物的“,在从句中作定语。如: Thats the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高 评价的画家。 The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel. 我们在这儿望得见屋顶 的那座房子是一个旅馆。 whose在以物为先行词时,可用of which代替,尤其是口语中。上例相当于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hotel. 二、“介词+关系代词“引导的定语从句 关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句 之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能 省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的 后面,这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在从句有关动词的后面时,关系代词which, that, whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。如: This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. 这是他过去居住过的房间。 Whos the man with whom you just shook hands? =Whos the man (that / whom) you just shook hands with? 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁? 但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如: This is the book (which / that) Im looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。 在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要,如上述几例,或者根据先行词来决定 。如: There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山顶总 是覆盖着雪的山。 三、关于使用关系代词的几点说明: 1. 指物的关系代词that和which常可互换,但下列情况下通常用关系代词that: 1)当先行词是:all, none, much, little, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代词时。如: All (that) he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在会上说的一切, 使我们受到很大的鼓舞。 2)当先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词及the last, the same, the only, the very等修饰时。如: This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我所看过影片中最好的一部 。 The first article (that) Lucy wrote in Chinese was good. 露西用汉语写的第一 篇文章很好。 3)先行词中既含有“人“也含有“物“时。如: He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. 他谈起他所 访问过的老师和学校。 2. 关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如: He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语 ) 3. 若含有疑问代词:who, which, what等时,应避免使用关系代词who, which,而 应用that。如: Who that knows him will believe him. 认识他的人会相信他。 Which of the two cows (that) you keep produces more milk? 你养的两头奶 牛,哪头产奶多? 定语从句归纳拓展(二) -when, where, why 引导定语从句学习四要素 when、where、why引导的定语从句是定语从句重要内 容,也是高考重要考点,学习这些定语从句时应注意下列几 点: 一、掌握when、 where、 why基本用法 when、 where、 why是关系副词,其基本用法如下表。 关系副词 属性 在句中作用 例 句 when 表时间 时间状语 I remember the days when I stayed there. where 表地点 地点状语 This is the room where I lost my pen. why 表原因 原因状语 This is the reason why was late. 二、熟悉易误用when, where, why的场合 若先行词虽表时间、地点、原因,但在定语从句中不作时间、地点和原 因状语而作主语或宾语,属于关系代词范畴,应用关系代词that或 which,而不能用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句。 例: I regret the days (that / which) I wasted in the woods. 我后悔在森 林里虚度的日子。(先行词在从句中作宾语) Ill never forget the year 1976 which /that was full of sadness.我 不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。(先行词在从句中作主语) That is the factory that/which produces cars.那是生产小汽车的工 厂。(先行词在从句中作主语) That is the factory (that / which) he visited yesterday. 那是他昨 天参观的工厂。(先行词在从句中作宾语) He gave the reason that / which was unreasonable. 他给出一个 没道理的理由。(先行词在从句中作主语) What is the reason (that/which) he raised? 他提出的理由是什么?( 先行词在从句中作宾语) 三、了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律 关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提 前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句( 这种方法更为正式)。例: Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩。 Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗? 常见的有以下几种情况: 1. where=in/on which 例: This is the room where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间。 I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们 进行运动的操场。 2. when= on/in/at which 例: I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入 党的那一年。 I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入 党的那一天。 I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍 然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。 3. why=for which 例: This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。 但下列情况下介词不能提前: 用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能 提前。例: Hes the boy who I learned English from.这是我 向他学英语的男孩。 This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。 当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例: Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起 去那儿的男孩吗? This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。 当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾 语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例: Youre the very man whom Im looking for. 你正 是我在找的那个人。 再看下面几种结构: (一)介词+whose引导的定语从句 whose引导定语从句时,可出现创新句型:介词+whose引导定语从句。解这种定语从句 时需弄清从句的动词与先行词、whose后边的名词及定语从句主语之间的关系,并发挥 合理想象,不难发现其中正确的逻辑关系。例: She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday. 她就是昨天我和其父亲谈话的女 孩。 He is the boy for whose boss I work. 他就是我为其老板打工的男孩。 (二)复杂介词+whom/which引导定语从句 I stay at the hotel at the back of which is a small garden. 我住在后面有一座花园 的旅馆。 (三)数词(不定量数词)/ 含所属关系名词+of whom/which引导定语从句。例: She has many books, only one of which is interesting. 她有许多书,只有一本是有 趣的。 四、明确when, where引导定语从句需特别注意的情况 1. when引导定语从句需特别注意的情况 (1)当先行词为time,time前面有序数词或last 加以修饰时,应用that而不用when引导定 语从句。例: This is the first/last time that I shall give you a lesson. 这是我第一次/最后一次给 你们上课。 This is the third time that he has been to Beijing. 这是他第三次去北京。 (2)当time前面没有序数词或last加以修饰时,既可用when又可用that引导定语从句。例 : Can you tell me the exact time when/that the sports meeting will be held? 你告 诉我运动会举行的确切时间吗? Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. 她的病发展到 没人能治的地步 Match the two sentences 1.Im reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates. _ 2.He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese. _ 3.I dont like the man. He is smoking. _ 4.Where is the picture? You bought it last week. _ Im reading a book that/which is about Bill Gates. He is a teacher who/ that teaches us Chinese. I dont like the man who is smoking. Where is the picture that you bought last week? 1.The person _ you should write to is Mr Ball . 2. The teacher from _ I learnt most was Mrs Zhu . 3. The runner _ you are asking about is over there . 4 .The girl _ you are looking for is in the classroom . 5. The meeting _ we shall take part in will be held in a hotel . 6. The factory _ I worked in for over two years has been closed . 7. The airport _ is 30 kilometres away is the only one in the city 8. The person _ won the race was a woman from Sichuan . who whom who/whom who/whom that which that who Discussing Topic 1: What kind of teacher do you like ? Topic 2: What kind of books would you like to read ? Topic 3: What kind of classmate do you like ? Topic 4: What kind of students do you think the teachers like best ? 1. The house that they built it in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake. 2. I will never forget the poor boy who have no arms. 3. We have done everything which can be done . 4. He is the only man who I know in the city . 5. I have been to the park which there are a lot of flowers . 6. The park where the old people usually go to is called Zhongshan park . 7. Jim asked that who won . 8. Look ! The tree where Jack is climbing is quite tall . 改错 （在学习定语从句时常会出现以下的错句） .单项填空。 1. -Do you know the man is talking with your father？-Yes， hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river can swim？ A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city know. A. where B. which C. that D. it 4. Can you lend me the dictionary the other day ?A. that you bought B. you bought C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 6. My watch is not the only thing is missing. A. that B. it C. which D. who 7. The man coat is black is waiting at the gate A. whos B. whose C. that D. of which. 8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _ _my sister. A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was 9. I love places _the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world _ _ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in . 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。 1. The first thing _ _you must do is to have a meal. 2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west. 3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _we live in is very old. 5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now？ 1. I still remember the night _I first came to the house. 2. Ill never forget the day_ we met each other las