灌注桩外文文献翻译.doc

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文 系 部 城建学部 专 业 土木工程 年 级 2009级 班级名称 09土木工程4班 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 2013 年 5月目 录1 灌注桩12 Bored pile63 全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中的应用124 Total station in the highway center line conductors and Measurement16 21灌 注 桩概 述钻（冲、挖）孔灌注桩，从20世纪60年代初在河南省南阳地区研制应用以来，因其具有众多的优点，已广泛应用于包括软土、黄土、膨胀土等特殊土在内的各类地基和工业、民用、市政、铁路、公路、港口等各类工程实践中。和预制桩相比，钻孔桩施工时无噪声、无振动，对周围建筑及环境影响小，桩径大，入土深，承载力大。据统计，我国钻（冲）孔桩最大桩径已达到4000mm，最大桩深已达104m，儿钢管桩最大桩径为1200mm，最大桩深为83m，预应力混凝土管桩最大桩径为1300mm，最大桩深为40m。 随着我国社会主义建设事业的迅速发展，伴随着高层建筑，大跨度桥梁的兴起，对桩基础的承载力有了更高的要求。大直径灌注桩因此得到快速发展，桩长和桩径也越做越大。然而，在现有的各种成桩方法中，钻孔桩虽有许多优点而被广泛采用，但在施工中却难以避免泥浆的影响，这不仅降低桩承载力的期望值，而且造成材料的严重浪费。人工挖孔桩因难以达到更大的深度，其承载力也难尽如人意。鉴于灌注桩的这种现状，如何提高桩的施工工艺水平，使投入的材料得到更为合理的利用，以大幅度提高单桩承载力，就成为工程界备受关注的热点问题。1、钻孔灌注桩的简介灌注桩是指在工程现场通过机械钻孔、钢管挤土或人力挖掘等手段在地基土中形成桩孔，并在其内放置钢筋笼、灌注混凝土而做成的桩，依照成孔方法不同，灌注桩又可分为沉管灌注桩、钻孔灌注桩和挖孔灌注桩等几类。钻孔灌注桩是按成桩方法分类而定义的一种桩型。2、钻孔灌注桩的特点（1）与沉入桩中的锤击法相比，施工噪音和震动要小的多；（2）能建造比预制桩的直径大的多的桩；（3）在各种地基上均可使用；（4）施工质量的好坏对桩的承载力影响很大；（5）因混凝土时在泥水中灌注的，因此混凝土质量较难控制。3、钻孔灌注桩施工方法 冲击钻孔，冲抓钻孔和回转钻削成孔等均可采用泥浆护壁施工法。该施工法的过程是：平整场地泥浆制备埋设护筒铺设工作平台安装钻机并定位钻进成孔清孔并检查成孔质量下放钢筋笼灌注水下混凝土拔出护筒检查质量。施工顺序：(1) 施工准备施工准备包括：选择钻机、钻具、场地布置等。钻机是钻孔灌注桩施工的主要设备，可根据地质情况和各种钻孔机的应用条件来选择。（2）钻孔机的安装与定位安装钻孔机的基础如果不稳定，施工中易产生钻孔倾斜、桩倾斜和桩偏心等不良影响，因此要求安装地基稳固。对地层较软和有坡度的地基，可用推土机推平，在垫上钢板或枕木加固。为防止桩位不准，施工中很重要的是定好中心位置和正确的安装钻孔机，对有钻塔的钻孔机，先利用钻机的动力与附近的地笼配合，将钻杆移动大致定位，再用千斤顶将机架顶起，准确定位，使起重滑轮、钻头或固定钻杆的卡孔与护筒中心在一垂线上，以保证钻机的垂直度。钻机位置的偏差不大于2cm。对准桩位后，永枕木垫平钻机横梁，并在塔顶对称于钻机轴线上拉上缆风绳。（3）埋设护筒钻孔成败的关键是防止孔壁坍塌。当钻孔较深时，在地上水位以下的孔壁土在静水压力下会向孔内坍塌、甚至发生流砂现象。钻孔内若能保持壁地下水位高的水头，增加孔内静水压力，能为孔壁、防止坍孔。护筒除起到这个作用外，同时好有隔离地表水、保护孔口地面、固定桩孔位置和钻头导向作用等。（4）泥浆制备钻孔泥浆由水、粘土（膨润土）和添加剂组成。具有浮悬钻渣、冷却钻头、润滑钻具，增大静水压力，并在孔壁形成泥皮，隔断孔内外渗流，防止坍孔的作用。调制的钻孔泥浆及经过循环净化的泥浆，应根据钻孔方法和地层情况来确定泥浆稠度，泥浆稠度应视地层变化或操作要求机动掌握，泥浆太稀，排渣能力小、护臂效果差；泥浆太稠会削弱钻头冲击功能，降低钻进速度。（5）钻孔钻孔是一道关键工序，在施工中必须严格按照操作要求进行，才能保证成孔质量，首先要注意开孔质量，为此必须对好中线及垂直度，并压好护筒。在施工中要注意不断添加泥浆和抽渣（冲击式用），还要随时检查成孔是否有偏斜现象。采用冲击式或冲抓式钻机施工时，附近土层因受到震动而影响邻孔的稳固。所以钻好的孔应及时清孔，下放钢筋笼和灌注水下混凝土。钻孔的顺序也应实事先规划好，既要保证下一个桩孔的施工不影响上一个桩孔，又要使钻机的移动距离不要过远和相互干扰。（6）清孔钻孔的深度、直径、位置和孔形直接关系到成桩质量与桩身曲直。为此，除了钻孔过程中密切观测监督外，在钻孔达到设计要求深度后，应对孔深、孔位、孔形、孔径等进行检查。在终孔检查完全符合设计要求时，应立即进行孔底清理，避免隔时过长以致泥浆沉淀，引起钻孔坍塌。对于摩擦桩当孔壁容易坍塌时，要求在灌注水下混凝土前沉渣厚度不大于30cm；当孔壁不易坍塌时，不大于20cm。对于柱桩，要求在射水或射风前，沉渣厚度不大于5cm。清空方法是使用的钻机不同而灵活应用。通常科采用正循环旋转钻机、反循环旋转机真空吸泥机以及抽渣筒等清孔。其中用吸泥机清孔，所需设备不多，操作方便，清孔也较彻底，但在不稳定土层中应慎重使用。其原理就是用压缩机产生的高压空气吹入吸泥机管道内将泥渣吹出。，（7）灌注水下混凝土完孔之后，就可将预制的钢筋笼垂直吊放到孔内，定位后要加以固定，然后用导管灌注混凝土，灌注时混凝土不要中断，否则易出现断桩现象。影响钻孔灌注桩承载性能的因素在施工过程中，由于地质、施工机械的影响，常造成桩底虚土（软弱层段），其厚度一般为0.20.5m，厚者可达1m。特别是松软地层中钻孔，用泥浆护壁，孔底沉渣更不可避免；即使经过特别仔细清孔，清孔后至灌注混凝土前，仍会沉淀一些沉渣，且在程控过程中，都普遍存在对孔壁和孔底土层的扰动。所有这些都影响了钻孔灌注桩承载力的发挥。桩的静载试验表明，钻孔灌注桩的端承力仅占其极限荷载的15%35%，侧阻与端阻的发挥存在不同步现象。要充分发挥测摩阻力只需几个毫米的桩顶位移，而要充分发挥端阻力的作用，需要达到桩径的10%30%的桩顶位移。这么大的位移在工程上是不允许的。桩达到破坏时，测摩阻力达到极限而破坏，而端阻力得不到充分发挥，其潜力却很大。这就是钻孔灌注桩承载力上不去的原因。研究表明，桩底虚土的存在，不仅影响端阻的发挥，也是测摩阻力受到损失。桩周软弱夹层的存在，使得桩体与土体之间的摩擦性质发生改变，对于以桩土之间通过摩擦传递荷载来讲，是非常不利的。这正是钻孔灌注桩承载效益不高的另一原因。4、提高钻孔灌注桩承载力的对策根据以上钻孔灌注桩承载力上不去的原因分析，工程界出现的一些提高桩基承载力的方法，大体上都是围绕消除桩底沉渣、桩周软弱夹层而设的。（1）预加载法：预先对桩底进行预压，使桩底虚土压密，提高桩的承载力。但费时、费钱，且不易实施。（2）扩大端承面积。即扩底桩，在过去的工程中用的较多，但对桩底虚土的存在仍无能为力。（3）砂衬桩技术：该法用于沉管灌注桩，施工时，利用双层套管在桩周围灌砂，成为砂套约310cm，砂套的存在科提高桩侧壁的摩阻力。（4）灌浆技术：灌浆法可分为先灌浆法。先灌浆法是在钻孔桩成孔后至灌注混凝土前进行灌浆，即将喷头铁管放入孔底插入虚土，喷射水泥浆，使桩底虚土与水泥混合，最后再灌注桩身混凝土。承台指的是为承受、分布由墩身传递的荷载，在基桩顶部设置的联结各桩顶的钢筋混凝土平台。5、桩承台承台指的是为承受、分布由墩身传递的荷载，在基桩顶部设置的联结各桩顶的钢筋混凝土平台。承台是桩与柱或墩联系部分。承台把几根，甚至十几根柱联系在一起形成桩基础。承台分为高桩承台和低桩承台：低桩承台一般埋在土中或部分埋进土中，高桩承台一般露出地面或水面。高桩承台由于具有一段自由长度，其周围无支撑体共同承受水平外力。基桩的受力情况极为不利。桩身内力和位移都比同样水平外力作用下低桩承台要大，其稳定性因为比低桩承台差。高桩承台一般用于港口、码头、海洋工程及桥梁工程。低桩承台一般用于工业与民用房屋建筑物。桩头一般伸入承台0.1米，并有钢筋锚入承台。承台上再建柱或墩，形成完整的传力体系。近年来由于大直径钻孔灌注桩的采用，桩的刚度、强度都较大，因而高桩承台在桥梁基础工程中已得到广泛采用。Bored pileSummary：Drill ( flushing, dig ) pile from the nineteen sixties, beginning in Henan province Nanyang region since the development application, because of its many advantages, has been widely used in soft soil, loess, including soil, expansive soil and other special types of foundation and industrial, civil, municipal, railway, highway, port and other types of Engineering ,practice. And precast pile, bored pile construction of no noise, no vibration, on the surrounding buildings and small environmental impact, pile diameter, buried deep, large bearing capacity. Chinas drilling pile maximum diameter of pile has reached 4000mm, maximum deep pile has reached 104m, and the steel pipe pile maximum diameter of 1200mm, the largest pile of prestressed concrete pipe pile with deep 83m,maximum diameter of 1300mm, the biggest pile depth 40m. Along with our country socialist construction is booming, with high-rise buildings, large span bridges on the rise, the bearing capacity of pile foundation with higher requirements. Large diameter bored pile therefore gets rapid development, pile length and pile diameter also do bigger more. However, in the existing various methods of pile, bored pile has many advantages and is widely used in construction, but it is hard to avoid the impact of mud, which not only reduces the bearing capacity of pile expectations, but also caused a serious waste of materials. Manual hole digging of pile is difficult to achieve greater depth, its bearing capacity is also difficult to just as one wishes. In view of bored pile in this situation, how to improve the pile construction technology level, make the input material to be more reasonable to use, so as to greatly increase the bearing capacity of single pile in engineering field, have become hot issues in recent years.1.The introduction of bored cast-in-place pile Perfusion pile refers to the construction site by mechanical drilling, steel pipe soil compaction or human mining method in the foundation pile hole in form, and on its inner placed reinforcement cage, concrete made with different pile, drilling method, grouting pile can be divided again for cast-in-place pile, bored pile and digging several types of piles. Bored pile by pile into the definition and classification of a kind of pile.2.The characteristics of bored cast-in-place pile1) And sinking pile of hammering method, construction noise and vibration is smaller2) To construct than the precast pile of large diameter of pile3) In all kinds of ground can be used4) The construction quality of the pile bearing capacity influence5) Because the concrete is in the mud perfusion is difficult to control, so the quality of concrete3.Bored pile construction methodPercussion drilling, punching grabbing drilling and rotary drilling hole can adopt slurry wall construction method. The construction process is: site formation, slurry preparation, buried tube and laying work platform rig and positioning, drilling, hole cleaning and inspection of hole quality and lower steel cage, underwater concrete perfusion to pull out the barrel to check quality. Construction sequence:(1) the construction preparationConstruction preparation comprise: selecting drill, drill, layout. Construction of bored pile drilling rig is the main equipment, according to the geological conditions and various drilling machine applied to select conditions(2) drilling machine installation and positioningInstallation of drilling machine based if not stable, easy to produce in the drilling machine construction, pile and pile inclined inclined eccentric and other adverse effects, therefore requires the installation of foundation stability. On the formation of softer, sloping ground, be bulldozed, the pad plate or tie reinforcement.In order to prevent the pile position allowed, construction is very important to the set the center position and the correct installation of drilling machine, the rig drilling machine, first use of the power drill and near the cage with the drill pipe, moving roughly position, and then Jack rack jacking, accurate positioning, so that the lifting pulley, drill bit or fixed drill hole cards and casing center in a vertical line, in other to ensure the verticality of the drilling rig. Drilling position deviation is not more than 2cm. Aligned with the pile location, with sleeper flat drill beam at the top of the tower, and symmetrical to the drill axis pulling cable wind rope.(3) buried tubeUnderground water level below the Kong Bitu under the hydrostatic pressure to the hole collapse, and even the phenomenon of flow of sand. If you can keep the borehole wall high underground water head, increase the hole hydrostatic pressure, to prevent collapse hole, hole wall. Casing in addition to play this role, at the same time, good isolation of surface water, ground, protecting the orifice pile hole drill guide fixed(4) slurry preparationDrilling mud is composed of water, clay ( bentonite ) and an additive composition. A floating drilling waste slag cooling the drill bit, drill, lubrication, increasing hydrostatic pressure, and in the hole wall to form a slurry, partition within the bore to prevent seepage, the hole collapse effect. Modulation of the drilling mud and circulating purifying mud, should be based on the drilling method and formation conditions to determine the slurry consistency, slurry consistency should be considered stratigraphic changes or operational requirements of motor control, the mud is too thin, small, poor effect of elimination of slag wall; slurry is too thick will weaken bit impact function, reduce drilling speed.(5) drillingThe borehole is a key working procedure, in construction must strictly according to the operating requirements, in order to ensure drilling quality, attention must be given to the hole quality, must be opposite for this good midline and verticality, and pressed well casing. Must pay attention in the construction are continuously added and pumping the slurry slag ( impact type ), but also at any time to check whether there is deviation phenomenon into hole. Using the impulse or clamshell type drilling machine construction, soil due to vibration and impact near the adjacent hole stability. So the drilled hole should be timely cleaning hole, decentralization and pouring underwater concrete reinforcing cage. Drill order should also be practical to plan, should not only guarantee a pile hole construction does not affect the last pile hole drill, and the moving distance of not too far and mutual interference.(6) the hole cleaningThe drilling depth, diameter, location and shape of hole is directly related to the quality of pile and pile body black. Therefore, in addition to drilling process close observation supervision, to meet the design requirements in drilling hole depth, with deep, hole pore shape, pore size and other inspections. In the end hole inspection in full compliance with the design requirements, shall immediately proceed to bottom hole cleaning, avoid it too long that mud settling, caused by borehole collapse. For fiction pile when the hole wall is easy to collapse, in underwater concrete perfusion before the sediment thickness of not more than 30cm; when the hole wall is not easy to collapse, not more than 20cm. For the post, in water or shoot the breeze, sediment thickness less than 5cm. Hole cleaning method is to use different and flexible application of drilling rig. Usually you can use normal circulation rotary drilling rig, reverse circulation rotary machine vacuum suction machine and slay pumping cylinder hole cleaning. The mud suction machine hole cleaning, required equipment, convenient operation, hole cleaning is thorough, but unstable in the soil should be used cautiously. Its principle is to use compressor generates high pressure air into a suction dredge pipeline will mud blowing.(7) pouring underwater concreteAfter finishing hole, can be prefabricated reinforcement cage banging vertically into the hole, positioning to be fixed, and then using a perfusion catheter concrete, pouring concrete dont interrupt, or prone to the phenomenon of broken pile.Effect of bored pile bearing performance factorsIn the construction process, construction machinery, due to geological effects, often caused by pile soil ( weak layers ), the thickness of 0.20.5m, thick and up to 1m. Especially in soft soil with mud, drilling, hole bottom sediment is inevitable; even after careful cleaning hole, the hole cleaning after and before concrete, will precipitate some sediment, and in drilling process, widespread presence on the hole wall and the hole bottom soil disturbance. All of these affect the bearing capacity of bored pile play.Pile static load test show that, bored pile end bearing capacity of only the ultimate load of the 15%35%, the side resistance and tip resistance of the existing synchronization phenomenon. Give full play to the role of lateral friction resistance is only a few millimeters of the displacement of pile top, to give full play to the role of tip resistance of pile diameter, needed to reach 10%30% of the displacement of pile top. Such a large displacement in engineering is not allowed. Pile side friction resistance to damage, and the damage limit is reached, and the end resistance cannot get sufficient play, its potential is great. That is the ultimate bearing capacity of bored pile is not to cause.Research shows that, at the bottom of pile soil exists, not only affects the tip resistance of the play, also make the side friction resistance loss. The existence of weak interlayer of pile, the pile body and the soil friction between the nature of the change, the friction between pile and soil by load transfer, is very bad. This is the bored pile bearing not tall benefit is another reason.4.Improve the bearing capacity of Bored Piles According to the bearing capacity of bored pile is not to cause analysis, engineering and some improving bearing capacity of pile foundation of the method, mostly around the elimination of pile bottom sediment, a pile of weak interlayer.(1) pre loading method in advance of the pile bottom for preloading, the pile soil compaction, improve the bearing capacity of piles. But time-consuming, costly, and not easy to implement. (2) extending end bearing area. The belled pile, in the past used in engineeringis more, but on the bottom of pile soil are still incapable of action.(3) sand lining pile technology : the method for cast-in-place pile, construction,use double sleeve around the pile in sand filling, become sand set of about 310cm, sand set can improve the lateral wall of the friction resistance of pile. (4) grouting technology : routing technology grouting method can be divided into the first grouting and grouting method. The first method of grouting is drilled in the Kong Zhuangcheng hole and before concrete grouting, the nozzle pipe into the hole bottom is inserted into the soil, spraying slurry, so that at the bottom of pile soil mixed with cement, then pile concrete.5.Pile capCap refers to bear, distribution from pier to carry the load on pile top, set to connect all the top of the pile of reinforced concrete platform.Cap is piles and columns or piers contact part. The root cap, even ten piles are linked with the formation of the pile foundation. Cap for high pile cap generally above the ground or water. High rise pile cap having a free length, the surrounding supporting body to withstand horizontal load. Pile stress situation is extremely unfavorable. Pile internal force and displacement under the action of extremely unfavorable. Pile internal force and displacement under the action of external force than the same level of low pile cap to be big, the stability is poor because of low pile cap.High rise pile cap is generally used for port, wharf, marine engineering and bridge engineering. Low pile cap is generally used in industrial and civil buildings. Pile head generally into platform 0.1 meters, and a reinforced anchor into the cap. Platform to build on the columns or piers, forming a complete power transmission system.In recent years due to the large diameter bored pile, pile rigidity, strength is big, so high pile in bridge foundation construction has been widely used.全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中的应用摘 要介绍全站仪在公路导线和中线测量等方面的应用技巧，提出全站仪使用中应注意的事项。关键词：全站仪，公路，测量，技巧1、全站仪在导线测量中的应用（1）全站仪坐标法的优点 采用全站仪测点可直接用坐标法，而不需要极坐标法，使仪器操作员从繁重的数据计算中解脱出来现在外业几乎不用记录，只是简单记一下点号和点与点之间的关系，以备内业整理时参考，也不必配备记录计算员。内业整理的时候只要将数据从全站仪传输至PC2E500计算器或直接将数据输入到计算机中，经过坐标平差，在计算机上用Auto CAD等软件绘出点位、取舍点位，求出每一弯道的偏角值、交点间距离以及逐桩坐标等即可。（2）注意应用国家控制点及其三维坐标 在用坐标法测点前，尽量找到国家控制点和这些控制点的三维坐标，通过和这些控制点的联测，不仅可以检验自己的测量精度，而且在误差允许范围内可以通过这些坐标进行平差，使测量精确度更高。（3）点的设置应兼顾放中线的需要在设点时，不仅应设路线控制导线点，即转点，也应为放中线做准备，在路线上通视条件好、地势较高处可以布设一些架仪器的点，这样做的好处是在放中线是有了更多的选择机会，不必为增设架仪器点而多次让仪器转站。（4）仪器操作人员配置及后视人员的作用一般用全站仪配合公路导线测量一共需要56人，其中前视位置34人，仪器操作员1人，后视1人。后视人员可让全站仪记录更多的点，对后期中线测量和路线设计可以起到非常大的作用。下面通过具体的工程实例来说明后视人员的重要性。在省道豫23线南阳市境邓州至孟楼二级公路改建工程的导线测量中，由于是老路改造，因此测量原则是在满足规范要求的前提下尽可能利用老路。一般直线段容易控制，而弯道处要想尽可能地沿老路就必须让弯道半径选择得非常合适。我们测量的做法是:后视的人对完后视后，再到弯道处沿老路的弯道放56个控制弯道半径的点，让全站仪记录下点的坐标，这样在内业处理导线时，到这些弯道处利用海地等路线设计软件，通过调试半径使得曲线尽可能多地通过这些点。如在一个较长且两侧房屋很多的平曲线处，后视人员在老路曲线下测得12个点来控制曲线，在业内处理时发现该位置设复曲线是最佳方案，避免了设一个曲线半径造成拆迁多而且线形不理想的失误。（5）导线测量应注意的问题用全站仪配合打导线也有一些需要特别注意的地方，否则可能引起较大误差甚至导致返工。1）对后视的时候一定要注意后视人立的后视点的点号和坐标是否与仪器中输入的点号和坐标一致，最好用对讲机互相通报一下点号，用棱镜对完后视后，再用仪器放后视点，看位置是否一致，这样可将出错几率降至最小。在省道豫48线西峡境的导线测量中，由于初次使用坐标法，仪器操作员将架站点和后视点的坐标输反了，结果在电脑上展图时才发现路线在这个位置折了180角返回了，使得全天的工作都成了无用功。2）在可能的情况下，后视点离架点的距离越远越好，一般情况下，架站点与后视点之间的距离不应小于架站至测点之间的距离，这样可以保证测量精度。3）在坐标法测量中不要打倒镜，因为全站仪的坐标法核心实质还是将由偏角、距离得来的数据经全站仪内部计算模块处理后换算成坐标，所以打倒镜等于讲整个坐标系旋转180，也就是说偏角少偏了180，结果当然是错误的。4）全站仪测高程有它的局限性，其测高程的误差主要为竖直角观测误差、测距误差、仪器高与棱镜高量测误差，而这3种误差中竖直角观测误差的影响最大，只能采取适当的措施来提高观测精度，如采用觇牌代替棱镜作为照准目标、适当增加测回数、短距离传递高程、仔细量取仪器高和棱镜高等。一般情况下，导线测量中测点的高程值只作参考，而不能用作水准测量。2、全站仪在中线测量中的应用（1）架站位置的选择尽量选择那些地势较高、通视条件好、可以看到更多中线上点位的位置。我们在刚开始用全站仪的时候，对这一点不太重视，结果往往搬站过多，不仅影响进度，也影响精度。特别是在山区，如一个山头上的点可以看到周围几公里的中桩位置，而沿路线两侧架站往往需要好几站